- POST /strip: accepts any image, strips all metadata (EXIF, GPS, IPTC, XMP),
returns clean anonymous JPEG at original dimensions (quality 92)
- GET / now serves a minimal web UI with drag-and-drop upload
- Token prompt on first use, saved to localStorage
- Add CLAUDE.md with project context
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
