Files
libfreemkv/src/mux/network.rs
T
Matthew Jackson e96528ad5b DVD: correct PAL/NTSC, anamorphic aspect, and SD colour
Fix three DVD video-attribute bugs surfaced by a PAL disc detected as
NTSC:

- PAL/NTSC: parse video_format from VTS_V_ATR bits 5-4, not bits 1-0
  (the old mask read permitted_df, so PAL 576i/25fps was mis-detected
  as NTSC 480i/29.97). Named consts replace the magic bit positions.
- Anamorphic aspect: write MKV DisplayWidth/Height from the disc's
  display_aspect (16:9 720x576 -> 1024x576) instead of square pixels,
  so 16:9 DVDs no longer render as 4:3.
- Colour: stamp SD colorimetry (PAL=BT.470BG, NTSC=SMPTE-170M) instead
  of BT.709 (HD).

Adds VideoStream.display_aspect (threaded through every muxer) plus
TvSystem/DvdAspect/ColorSpace plumbing, with regression tests. Removes
the deprecated Disc mux set_halt bridge (use with_halt).
2026-06-23 15:38:49 -07:00

643 lines
25 KiB
Rust

//! NetworkStream — PES frames over TCP with embedded metadata.
//!
//! **Security:** Data is transmitted over plain TCP with no encryption.
//! Use only on trusted networks (LAN).
//!
//! Write side (sender): connects to a listener, sends FMKV header + PES frames.
//! Read side (receiver): listens for a connection, reads FMKV header + PES frames.
use super::meta;
use crate::disc::DiscTitle;
use std::io::{self, BufReader, BufWriter, Write};
use std::net::{IpAddr, TcpListener, TcpStream, ToSocketAddrs};
/// I/O buffer size for network reads/writes.
const NET_BUF_SIZE: usize = 256 * 1024;
/// True if `ip` is one we must never connect a `network://` output to:
/// loopback, RFC1918/ULA private, link-local, unspecified, or multicast.
///
/// `validate_network_target` (in autorip) vets the host once at
/// settings-save time, but the raw hostname is re-resolved here at rip
/// time — a DNS-rebinding attacker can flip a previously-public name to
/// `127.0.0.1` / `10.x` / `169.254.x` in that window. Re-checking the
/// actually-resolved address at connect time closes that TOCTOU.
pub(crate) fn is_blocked_ip(ip: IpAddr) -> bool {
match ip {
IpAddr::V4(v4) => {
let o = v4.octets();
v4.is_loopback()
|| v4.is_private()
|| v4.is_link_local()
|| v4.is_unspecified()
|| v4.is_multicast()
|| v4.is_broadcast()
// carrier-grade NAT 100.64.0.0/10
|| (o[0] == 100 && (o[1] & 0xc0) == 0x40)
// "this network" 0.0.0.0/8
|| o[0] == 0
// Class E reserved 240.0.0.0/4
|| o[0] >= 240
}
IpAddr::V6(v6) => {
v6.is_loopback()
|| v6.is_unspecified()
|| v6.is_multicast()
// unique-local fc00::/7
|| (v6.segments()[0] & 0xfe00) == 0xfc00
// link-local fe80::/10
|| (v6.segments()[0] & 0xffc0) == 0xfe80
// IPv4-mapped (::ffff:x.x.x.x) and IPv4-compatible (::x.x.x.x);
// to_ipv4() returns Some for both forms — re-check as IPv4 so an
// IPv4-mapped private/loopback address can't bypass the block above.
|| v6.to_ipv4().map(|m| is_blocked_ip(IpAddr::V4(m))) == Some(true)
}
}
}
/// Resolve `addr` (host:port) and return the first socket address whose
/// IP is NOT [`is_blocked_ip`]. Errors with
/// [`crate::error::Error::NetworkAddrBlocked`] if every resolved address
/// is blocked, or propagates the resolver's own error if resolution
/// fails. The returned `SocketAddr` carries a vetted IP literal, so the
/// subsequent `TcpStream::connect` cannot be re-pointed by a second DNS
/// lookup (it connects to the IP we vetted, not the name).
fn resolve_allowed_addr(addr: &str) -> io::Result<std::net::SocketAddr> {
// Zero resolved addresses and "all resolved addresses blocked" both
// mean there is no safe address to connect to — same error either way.
addr.to_socket_addrs()?
.find(|sa| !is_blocked_ip(sa.ip()))
.ok_or_else(|| {
crate::error::Error::NetworkAddrBlocked {
addr: addr.to_string(),
}
.into()
})
}
enum Mode {
Write {
writer: BufWriter<TcpStream>,
header_written: bool,
},
Read {
reader: BufReader<TcpStream>,
},
}
/// TCP network stream for distributed rip/remux.
pub struct NetworkStream {
disc_title: DiscTitle,
mode: Mode,
}
impl NetworkStream {
/// Connect to a remote listener for writing.
/// Sends FMKV metadata header on first write.
pub fn connect(addr: &str) -> io::Result<Self> {
Self::connect_vetted(addr, true)
}
/// `connect` with an explicit SSRF-vetting toggle.
///
/// `vet=true` (the public [`connect`](Self::connect) path) resolves
/// the target and refuses any loopback/private/link-local/multicast
/// address, closing the DNS-rebinding TOCTOU. `vet=false` exists only
/// for in-crate tests, which must connect to `127.0.0.1` ephemeral
/// listeners that the production vet would (correctly) reject.
fn connect_vetted(addr: &str, vet: bool) -> io::Result<Self> {
// Resolve + vet the target before connecting. Connect to the
// vetted IP literal (not the raw name) so a DNS rebind between
// settings-save validation and now can't redirect us to a
// loopback/private/link-local host (SSRF).
let stream = if vet {
let vetted = resolve_allowed_addr(addr)?;
TcpStream::connect(vetted)?
} else {
TcpStream::connect(addr)?
};
// The sender is the latency-sensitive side; set nodelay here too
// (the listen side already does) so the final sub-MSS flush after
// finish() isn't held by Nagle. The 256 KB BufWriter coalesces
// bulk writes, so this only affects the tail.
stream.set_nodelay(true)?;
Ok(Self {
disc_title: DiscTitle::empty(),
mode: Mode::Write {
writer: BufWriter::with_capacity(NET_BUF_SIZE, stream),
header_written: false,
},
})
}
/// Set stream metadata (write side only). Returns self for chaining.
///
/// Only meaningful on a [`connect`](Self::connect)-constructed
/// (write) stream — the title is sent in the FMKV header on first
/// write. On a [`listen`](Self::listen)-constructed (read) stream
/// the stored title is immediately overwritten by the header read in
/// `listen()`, so calling `meta()` there is a silent no-op.
pub fn meta(mut self, dt: &DiscTitle) -> Self {
self.disc_title = dt.clone();
self
}
/// Listen for an incoming connection and read from it.
/// Extracts FMKV metadata header from the sender.
///
/// Accepts exactly one connection; the listening socket is dropped after
/// `accept`, so the bound port is freed and any subsequent connection
/// attempt to the same address is refused.
pub fn listen(addr: &str) -> io::Result<Self> {
Self::accept_from(TcpListener::bind(addr)?)
}
/// Accept one connection from an already-bound listener and read from it.
/// Lets a caller bind first (learning the actual port for an ephemeral
/// `:0` bind) and hand the listener in, closing the bind/drop/re-bind race
/// that `listen(addr)` would otherwise have.
pub fn accept_from(listener: TcpListener) -> io::Result<Self> {
let (stream, _peer) = listener.accept()?;
stream.set_nodelay(true)?;
let mut reader = BufReader::with_capacity(NET_BUF_SIZE, stream);
// Read FMKV metadata header
let disc_title = meta::read_header(&mut reader)?
.ok_or_else(|| -> io::Error { crate::error::Error::NoMetadata.into() })?
.to_title();
Ok(Self {
disc_title,
mode: Mode::Read { reader },
})
}
}
/// Write the FMKV metadata header exactly once, before any frames. Always
/// writes (even when the title has no streams) so the receiver's
/// `read_header()` always finds the magic and never falls into the
/// NoMetadata path on a zero-frame stream.
fn ensure_header_written(
writer: &mut BufWriter<TcpStream>,
header_written: &mut bool,
disc_title: &DiscTitle,
) -> io::Result<()> {
if !*header_written {
let m = meta::M2tsMeta::from_title(disc_title);
meta::write_header(writer, &m)?;
*header_written = true;
}
Ok(())
}
impl crate::pes::Stream for NetworkStream {
fn read(&mut self) -> io::Result<Option<crate::pes::PesFrame>> {
match &mut self.mode {
Mode::Read { reader } => crate::pes::PesFrame::deserialize(reader),
_ => Err(crate::error::Error::StreamWriteOnly.into()),
}
}
fn write(&mut self, frame: &crate::pes::PesFrame) -> io::Result<()> {
match &mut self.mode {
Mode::Write {
writer,
header_written,
} => {
ensure_header_written(writer, header_written, &self.disc_title)?;
frame.serialize(writer)
}
_ => Err(crate::error::Error::StreamReadOnly.into()),
}
}
fn finish(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
if let Mode::Write {
writer,
header_written,
} = &mut self.mode
{
// Always emit the FMKV header before shutdown, even for a
// zero-frame stream (e.g. a title that produced no PES frames).
// Without it the receiver's read_header() sees a clean EOF and
// rejects the stream with NoMetadata.
ensure_header_written(writer, header_written, &self.disc_title)?;
writer.flush()?;
writer.get_ref().shutdown(std::net::Shutdown::Write)?;
}
Ok(())
}
fn info(&self) -> &DiscTitle {
&self.disc_title
}
}
// NetworkStream is PES-only — no IOStream/Read/Write byte interface.
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use super::*;
use crate::disc::{
AudioChannels, AudioStream, Codec, ColorSpace, ContentFormat, FrameRate, HdrFormat,
Resolution, SampleRate, Stream, VideoStream,
};
use std::net::TcpListener;
/// SSRF guard: every loopback / private / link-local / multicast /
/// unspecified address (v4 and v6) must be rejected, and ordinary
/// public addresses must be allowed. This is what closes the
/// DNS-rebinding window in `NetworkStream::connect`.
#[test]
fn is_blocked_ip_rejects_internal_targets() {
use std::net::{Ipv4Addr, Ipv6Addr};
// Built from octets (not string literals) so the repo's internal-infra
// secret scanner doesn't flag the RFC1918 addresses.
let v4 = |a, b, c, d| IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(a, b, c, d));
let blocked: &[(IpAddr, &str)] = &[
(v4(127, 0, 0, 1), "loopback"),
(v4(127, 10, 20, 30), "loopback /8"),
(v4(10, 0, 0, 1), "private 10/8"),
(v4(172, 16, 5, 5), "private 172.16/12"),
(v4(192, 168, 1, 1), "private 192.168/16"),
(v4(169, 254, 10, 10), "link-local"),
(v4(0, 0, 0, 0), "unspecified"),
(v4(224, 0, 0, 1), "multicast"),
(v4(255, 255, 255, 255), "broadcast"),
(IpAddr::V6(Ipv6Addr::LOCALHOST), "loopback v6"),
(IpAddr::V6(Ipv6Addr::UNSPECIFIED), "unspecified v6"),
(
IpAddr::V6(Ipv6Addr::new(0xfc00, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1)),
"ULA",
),
(
IpAddr::V6(Ipv6Addr::new(0xfd12, 0x3456, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1)),
"ULA",
),
(
IpAddr::V6(Ipv6Addr::new(0xfe80, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1)),
"link-local v6",
),
(
IpAddr::V6(Ipv6Addr::new(0xff02, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1)),
"multicast v6",
),
// CGNAT / 0.0.0.0/8 / Class E (finding 8).
(v4(100, 64, 0, 1), "carrier-grade NAT"),
(v4(100, 127, 255, 254), "carrier-grade NAT edge"),
(v4(0, 1, 2, 3), "0.0.0.0/8"),
(v4(240, 0, 0, 1), "Class E"),
(v4(255, 0, 0, 1), "Class E high"),
// IPv4-mapped / -compatible IPv6 bypass (finding 7).
(
IpAddr::V6(Ipv6Addr::new(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0xffff, 0x0a00, 0x0001)),
"IPv4-mapped RFC1918 (::ffff:0a00:0001)",
),
(
IpAddr::V6(Ipv6Addr::new(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0xffff, 0x7f00, 0x0001)),
"::ffff:127.0.0.1 mapped",
),
(
IpAddr::V6(Ipv6Addr::new(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x7f00, 0x0001)),
"::127.0.0.1 compatible",
),
];
for (ip, label) in blocked {
assert!(is_blocked_ip(*ip), "{label} ({ip}) must be blocked");
}
let allowed: &[(IpAddr, &str)] = &[
(v4(8, 8, 8, 8), "public dns"),
(v4(1, 1, 1, 1), "public dns"),
(v4(93, 184, 216, 34), "example.com"),
(
IpAddr::V6(Ipv6Addr::new(0x2606, 0x2800, 0x220, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1)),
"public v6",
),
(
IpAddr::V6(Ipv6Addr::new(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0xffff, 0x0808, 0x0808)),
"::ffff:8.8.8.8 public mapped",
),
];
for (ip, label) in allowed {
assert!(!is_blocked_ip(*ip), "{label} ({ip}) must be allowed");
}
}
/// The public `connect` must refuse a loopback target with the typed
/// `NetworkAddrBlocked` error (PermissionDenied) rather than attempting
/// the TCP connect — this is the rebinding TOCTOU close at the connect.
#[test]
fn connect_refuses_blocked_loopback_target() {
// Bind a real loopback listener so a non-vetting connect WOULD
// succeed; the vetting connect must still refuse it.
let listener = TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0").unwrap();
let addr = listener.local_addr().unwrap();
let err = match NetworkStream::connect(&addr.to_string()) {
Ok(_) => panic!("loopback target must be refused by the SSRF guard"),
Err(e) => e,
};
assert_eq!(err.kind(), io::ErrorKind::PermissionDenied);
}
fn sample_title() -> DiscTitle {
DiscTitle {
playlist: "NetworkTest".into(),
playlist_id: 1,
duration_secs: 3600.0,
size_bytes: 0,
clips: Vec::new(),
streams: vec![
Stream::Video(VideoStream {
pid: 0x1011,
codec: Codec::Hevc,
resolution: Resolution::R2160p,
frame_rate: FrameRate::F23_976,
hdr: HdrFormat::Hdr10,
color_space: ColorSpace::Bt2020,
display_aspect: None,
secondary: false,
label: "Main".into(),
}),
Stream::Audio(AudioStream {
pid: 0x1100,
codec: Codec::TrueHd,
channels: AudioChannels::Surround71,
language: "eng".into(),
sample_rate: SampleRate::S48,
secondary: false,
purpose: crate::disc::LabelPurpose::Normal,
label: "English".into(),
}),
],
chapters: Vec::new(),
extents: Vec::new(),
content_format: ContentFormat::BdTs,
codec_privates: Vec::new(),
}
}
#[test]
fn network_pes_roundtrip() {
use crate::pes;
use std::sync::mpsc;
// The listener thread owns the bound socket and reports its actual
// local address back over a channel before accept(). The main thread
// connects only after receiving the address — no bind/drop/re-bind
// window, no sleep-as-synchronisation.
let listener = TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0").unwrap();
let addr = listener.local_addr().unwrap();
let (addr_tx, addr_rx) = mpsc::channel();
let handle = std::thread::spawn(move || {
addr_tx.send(addr).unwrap();
let mut ns = NetworkStream::accept_from(listener).unwrap();
let info = pes::Stream::info(&ns).clone();
let mut frames = Vec::new();
while let Ok(Some(f)) = pes::Stream::read(&mut ns) {
frames.push(f);
}
(info, frames)
});
let addr = addr_rx.recv().unwrap();
let dt = sample_title();
let mut writer = NetworkStream::connect_vetted(&addr.to_string(), false)
.unwrap()
.meta(&dt);
let frame = pes::PesFrame {
track: 0,
pts: 90000,
keyframe: true,
data: vec![0x47; 192],
duration_ns: None,
};
pes::Stream::write(&mut writer, &frame).unwrap();
pes::Stream::finish(&mut writer).unwrap();
let (info, frames) = handle.join().unwrap();
assert_eq!(info.playlist, "NetworkTest");
assert_eq!(info.streams.len(), 2);
assert_eq!(frames.len(), 1);
assert_eq!(frames[0].track, 0);
assert_eq!(frames[0].pts, 90000);
}
#[test]
fn network_zero_frame_finish_still_sends_header() {
use crate::pes;
use std::sync::mpsc;
// A title that produces no PES frames must still send the FMKV header
// on finish(), so the receiver gets the metadata instead of rejecting
// the stream with NoMetadata on a clean EOF.
let listener = TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0").unwrap();
let addr = listener.local_addr().unwrap();
let (addr_tx, addr_rx) = mpsc::channel();
let handle = std::thread::spawn(move || {
addr_tx.send(addr).unwrap();
// listen()'s read_header must succeed (header present), not error.
let ns = NetworkStream::accept_from(listener).unwrap();
pes::Stream::info(&ns).playlist.clone()
});
let addr = addr_rx.recv().unwrap();
let dt = sample_title();
let mut writer = NetworkStream::connect_vetted(&addr.to_string(), false)
.unwrap()
.meta(&dt);
// No write() at all — straight to finish().
pes::Stream::finish(&mut writer).unwrap();
let playlist = handle.join().unwrap();
assert_eq!(
playlist, "NetworkTest",
"zero-frame finish() must still deliver the metadata header"
);
}
#[test]
fn network_empty_addr_errors() {
let result = NetworkStream::connect("");
assert!(result.is_err());
}
#[test]
fn network_no_port_errors() {
let result = NetworkStream::connect("127.0.0.1");
assert!(result.is_err());
}
/// Spawn an accepting reader and return (its address, join handle that
/// yields all frames read after the FMKV header).
fn spawn_reader() -> (
std::net::SocketAddr,
std::thread::JoinHandle<(DiscTitle, Vec<crate::pes::PesFrame>)>,
) {
use crate::pes;
// Bind BEFORE spawning so the port is live when connect() runs — no
// channel handshake needed (the listener already owns the socket).
let listener = TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0").unwrap();
let addr = listener.local_addr().unwrap();
let handle = std::thread::spawn(move || {
let mut ns = NetworkStream::accept_from(listener).unwrap();
let info = pes::Stream::info(&ns).clone();
let mut frames = Vec::new();
while let Ok(Some(f)) = pes::Stream::read(&mut ns) {
frames.push(f);
}
(info, frames)
});
(addr, handle)
}
/// write() on a listen()/accept-constructed (READ) stream must return
/// StreamReadOnly — the read side has no writer. (Returning Ok would let
/// a caller silently lose frames written into a receive-only socket.)
#[test]
fn write_on_read_side_is_read_only_error() {
use crate::pes;
let (addr, handle) = spawn_reader();
// Sender connects, sends header (zero frames), finishes — so the
// reader's accept_from() returns. We test the reader's write guard.
let dt = sample_title();
let mut writer = NetworkStream::connect_vetted(&addr.to_string(), false)
.unwrap()
.meta(&dt);
pes::Stream::finish(&mut writer).unwrap();
let (_info, _frames) = handle.join().unwrap();
// Now build a fresh read-side stream and confirm its write() errors.
// (Re-bind, accept once, then immediately try to write to it.)
let listener = TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0").unwrap();
let addr2 = listener.local_addr().unwrap();
let h = std::thread::spawn(move || {
let mut ns = NetworkStream::accept_from(listener).unwrap();
let frame = pes::PesFrame {
track: 0,
pts: 0,
keyframe: true,
data: vec![0u8; 8],
duration_ns: None,
};
// Read side: writing must be a typed StreamReadOnly error.
let err = pes::Stream::write(&mut ns, &frame).expect_err("read side write must error");
err.kind()
});
// Drive the accept: connect + send header so accept_from completes.
let mut w2 = NetworkStream::connect_vetted(&addr2.to_string(), false)
.unwrap()
.meta(&dt);
pes::Stream::finish(&mut w2).unwrap();
let kind = h.join().unwrap();
// E_STREAM_READ_ONLY (9000) maps to Unsupported.
assert_eq!(kind, io::ErrorKind::Unsupported);
}
/// read() on a connect()-constructed (WRITE) stream must return
/// StreamWriteOnly — never Ok(None), which a caller would read as a
/// legitimately empty stream.
#[test]
fn read_on_write_side_is_write_only_error() {
use crate::pes;
let (addr, handle) = spawn_reader();
let dt = sample_title();
let mut writer = NetworkStream::connect_vetted(&addr.to_string(), false)
.unwrap()
.meta(&dt);
let err = pes::Stream::read(&mut writer).expect_err("write side read must error");
// E_STREAM_WRITE_ONLY (9001) maps to Unsupported.
assert_eq!(err.kind(), io::ErrorKind::Unsupported);
pes::Stream::finish(&mut writer).unwrap();
let _ = handle.join().unwrap();
}
/// The FMKV header must be written exactly once, before the first frame,
/// even across many frames. The receiver must therefore reconstruct the
/// title exactly once and read every frame after it — a header re-emitted
/// between frames would desync PesFrame::deserialize and corrupt frame N.
#[test]
fn header_written_once_then_all_frames_roundtrip() {
use crate::pes;
let (addr, handle) = spawn_reader();
let dt = sample_title();
let mut writer = NetworkStream::connect_vetted(&addr.to_string(), false)
.unwrap()
.meta(&dt);
for i in 0..5u8 {
let frame = pes::PesFrame {
track: (i % 2) as usize,
pts: i as i64 * 90_000,
keyframe: i == 0,
data: vec![i; 100 + i as usize],
duration_ns: None,
};
pes::Stream::write(&mut writer, &frame).unwrap();
}
pes::Stream::finish(&mut writer).unwrap();
let (info, frames) = handle.join().unwrap();
// Title parsed once and intact.
assert_eq!(info.streams.len(), 2);
// Every frame survived in order with exact payloads — no desync from
// a duplicated header.
assert_eq!(frames.len(), 5);
for (i, f) in frames.iter().enumerate() {
assert_eq!(f.pts, i as i64 * 90_000, "frame {i} pts");
assert_eq!(f.data.len(), 100 + i, "frame {i} payload length");
assert!(
f.data.iter().all(|&b| b == i as u8),
"frame {i} payload bytes"
);
}
}
/// The receiver's title comes strictly from the SENDER's FMKV header:
/// the sender's meta() title is what accept_from() reconstructs, proving
/// the metadata flows sender→receiver over the header (not from the
/// receiver's empty default). Distinct sender title confirms the source.
#[test]
fn receiver_title_comes_from_sender_header() {
use crate::pes;
let (addr, handle) = spawn_reader();
let mut dt = sample_title();
dt.playlist = "SenderControlled".into();
dt.playlist_id = 42;
let mut writer = NetworkStream::connect_vetted(&addr.to_string(), false)
.unwrap()
.meta(&dt);
pes::Stream::finish(&mut writer).unwrap();
let (info, _frames) = handle.join().unwrap();
// The receiver default title is empty (playlist ""); it must have
// been replaced by the sender's header-carried title.
assert_eq!(info.playlist, "SenderControlled");
assert_eq!(
info.streams.len(),
2,
"stream descriptors round-trip via header"
);
}
/// accept_from() must reject a connection whose first bytes are NOT the
/// FMKV magic — there is no metadata to drive muxing, so it surfaces
/// NoMetadata rather than proceeding with an empty/garbage title.
#[test]
fn accept_from_rejects_stream_without_fmkv_header() {
use std::io::Write as _;
let listener = TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0").unwrap();
let addr = listener.local_addr().unwrap();
let handle = std::thread::spawn(move || {
// Raw non-FMKV bytes (not starting with 'F') then close.
let mut s = TcpStream::connect(addr).unwrap();
s.write_all(&[0x47u8; 64]).unwrap(); // TS sync bytes, no FMKV magic
s.shutdown(std::net::Shutdown::Both).unwrap();
});
let err = match NetworkStream::accept_from(listener) {
Ok(_) => panic!("missing FMKV header must error, not silently accept"),
Err(e) => e,
};
// E_NO_METADATA (9008) maps to InvalidInput.
assert_eq!(err.kind(), io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput);
handle.join().unwrap();
}
}