Unified Stream trait: read() and write() on one type

Stream trait: read() returns PesFrame, write() accepts PesFrame. A stream is a stream — you read from it or write to it. No separate Input/Output traits. API: libfreemkv::input(url) and libfreemkv::output(url, title, codecs) Returns Box<dyn Stream>.
2026-04-15 03:33:29 +00:00
parent 323d04b7b7
commit 547babf39a
33 changed files with 689 additions and 400 deletions
@@ -6,6 +6,16 @@ on:
  pull_request:

 jobs:
+  lint:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@1.86.0
+        with:
+          components: clippy, rustfmt
+      - run: cargo fmt --check
+      - run: cargo clippy -- -D warnings
+
  test:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
@@ -31,3 +31,7 @@ libc = "0.2"
 [target.'cfg(target_os = "macos")'.dependencies]
 libc = "0.2"

+[[bench]]
+name = "sgio_read"
+harness = false
+
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+// Mimics ISO dump exactly — read + write + progress
+use libfreemkv::Drive;
+use std::io::Write;
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::time::Instant;
+
+fn main() {
+    let device = std::env::args()
+        .skip(1)
+        .find(|a| !a.starts_with('-'))
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            let drives = libfreemkv::find_drives();
+            if drives.is_empty() {
+                eprintln!("No drives found");
+                std::process::exit(1);
+            }
+            drives[0].device_path().to_string()
+        });
+
+    let mut drive = Drive::open(Path::new(&device)).unwrap_or_else(|e| {
+        eprintln!("Cannot open {}: {}", device, e);
+        std::process::exit(1);
+    });
+    eprintln!("wait_ready...");
+    let _ = drive.wait_ready();
+    eprintln!("read_capacity...");
+    let cap = drive.read_capacity().unwrap();
+    eprintln!("capacity: {} sectors", cap);
+
+    let batch = libfreemkv::disc::detect_max_batch_sectors(drive.device_path());
+    let mut buf = vec![0u8; batch as usize * 2048];
+
+    // Open /dev/null writer like ISO dump does
+    let file = std::fs::File::create("/dev/null").unwrap();
+    let mut writer = std::io::BufWriter::with_capacity(4 * 1024 * 1024, file);
+
+    eprintln!("Reading 1000 batches ({:.1} MB) with write + progress...",
+        1000.0 * batch as f64 * 2048.0 / 1_048_576.0);
+
+    let start = Instant::now();
+    let mut ok = 0u32;
+    let mut fail = 0u32;
+    let mut bytes: u64 = 0;
+
+    for i in 0..1000u32 {
+        let lba = i * batch as u32;
+        match drive.read(lba, batch, &mut buf) {
+            Ok(_) => {
+                writer.write_all(&buf).unwrap();
+                ok += 1;
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                fail += 1;
+                if fail <= 5 { eprintln!("  FAIL LBA {}: {}", lba, e); }
+                buf.fill(0);
+                writer.write_all(&buf).unwrap();
+            }
+        }
+        bytes += buf.len() as u64;
+
+        if i % 50 == 0 && i > 0 {
+            let elapsed = start.elapsed().as_secs_f64();
+            let mb = bytes as f64 / 1_048_576.0;
+            eprint!("\r  {:.1} MB | {:.1} MB/s    ", mb, mb / elapsed);
+        }
+    }
+
+    let elapsed = start.elapsed().as_secs_f64();
+    let mb = ok as f64 * batch as f64 * 2048.0 / 1_048_576.0;
+    eprintln!("\n{} ok, {} fail, {:.1} MB in {:.1}s = {:.1} MB/s", ok, fail, mb, elapsed, mb / elapsed);
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+// Minimal ISO dumper — find exact stall point
+use libfreemkv::Drive;
+use std::io::{BufWriter, Write};
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::time::Instant;
+
+fn main() {
+    let args: Vec<String> = std::env::args().collect();
+    if args.len() < 3 {
+        eprintln!("Usage: iso_dump <device> <output>");
+        std::process::exit(1);
+    }
+
+    let mut drive = Drive::open(Path::new(&args[1])).unwrap();
+    drive.wait_ready().unwrap();
+    let _ = drive.init();
+    let _ = drive.probe_disc();
+
+    // AACS handshake — required to read past the protected area
+    eprint!("Scanning disc... ");
+    let _ = libfreemkv::Disc::scan(&mut drive, &libfreemkv::ScanOptions::default());
+    eprintln!("OK");
+
+    let cap = drive.read_capacity().unwrap();
+    let batch = libfreemkv::disc::detect_max_batch_sectors(drive.device_path());
+
+    eprintln!("Device: {} | {} sectors | batch {}", args[1], cap, batch);
+
+    let file = std::fs::File::create(&args[2]).unwrap();
+    let mut w = BufWriter::with_capacity(4 * 1024 * 1024, file);
+    let mut buf = vec![0u8; batch as usize * 2048];
+    let mut lba: u32 = 0;
+    let start = Instant::now();
+    let mut last = Instant::now();
+    let mut bytes: u64 = 0;
+    let mut last_bytes: u64 = 0;
+
+    while lba < cap {
+        let count = ((cap - lba) as u16).min(batch);
+        let n = count as usize * 2048;
+
+        // Tiny yield between reads — test if pacing prevents firmware throttle
+        std::thread::yield_now();
+        let t0 = Instant::now();
+        let ok = drive.read(lba, count, &mut buf[..n]).is_ok();
+        let read_ms = t0.elapsed().as_millis();
+
+        // Flag slow reads
+        if read_ms > 2000 {
+            eprintln!("\n  SLOW READ: LBA {} took {}ms (ok={})", lba, read_ms, ok);
+        }
+
+        if !ok { buf[..n].fill(0); }
+        w.write_all(&buf[..n]).unwrap();
+        lba += count as u32;
+        bytes += n as u64;
+
+        if last.elapsed().as_millis() >= 1000 {
+            let delta = bytes - last_bytes;
+            let speed = delta as f64 / last.elapsed().as_secs_f64() / 1_048_576.0;
+            let avg = bytes as f64 / start.elapsed().as_secs_f64() / 1_048_576.0;
+            let pct = bytes as f64 / (cap as f64 * 2048.0) * 100.0;
+            eprint!("\r  {:.1}% LBA {} | {:.0} MB/s (avg {:.0}) | {:.1} GB    ", pct, lba, speed, avg, bytes as f64 / 1e9);
+            last_bytes = bytes;
+            last = Instant::now();
+        }
+    }
+    w.flush().unwrap();
+    eprintln!("\nDone: {:.1} GB in {:.0}s", bytes as f64 / 1e9, start.elapsed().as_secs_f64());
+}
@@ -1050,10 +1050,7 @@ pub fn read_volume_id(session: &mut Drive, auth: &mut AacsAuth) -> Result<[u8; 1
 }

 /// Read data keys after successful authentication (for AACS 2.0 bus encryption).
-pub fn read_data_keys(
-    session: &mut Drive,
-    auth: &mut AacsAuth,
-) -> Result<([u8; 16], [u8; 16])> {
+pub fn read_data_keys(session: &mut Drive, auth: &mut AacsAuth) -> Result<([u8; 16], [u8; 16])> {
    // REPORT DISC STRUCTURE format 0x84
    let cdb = cdb_report_disc_structure(auth.agid, 0x84, 36);
    let response = scsi_read(session, &cdb, 36).map_err(|_| Error::AacsDataKey)?;
@@ -188,9 +188,13 @@ pub fn derive_media_key_from_pk(mkb: &[u8], processing_keys: &[[u8; 16]]) -> Opt
    // Try each processing key against each UV/cvalue pair
    for pk in processing_keys {
        for i in 0..num_uvs {
-            if (i + 1) * 16 > cvalues.len() { continue; }
+            if (i + 1) * 16 > cvalues.len() {
+                continue;
+            }
            let record_start = i * 5;
-            if record_start + 5 > uvs.len() { continue; }
+            if record_start + 5 > uvs.len() {
+                continue;
+            }
            let _u_mask_shift = uvs[record_start];
            let uv = &uvs[record_start + 1..record_start + 5];
            let cv = &cvalues[i * 16..(i + 1) * 16];
@@ -448,9 +452,7 @@ const MKB_PACK_SIZE: usize = 32772;

 /// Read MKB from drive via SCSI (REPORT DISC STRUCTURE format 0x83).
 /// Returns the concatenated MKB data from all packs.
-pub fn read_mkb_from_drive(
-    session: &mut crate::drive::Drive,
-) -> crate::error::Result<Vec<u8>> {
+pub fn read_mkb_from_drive(session: &mut crate::drive::Drive) -> crate::error::Result<Vec<u8>> {
    use crate::scsi::{DataDirection, SCSI_READ_DISC_STRUCTURE};

    let cdb = [
@@ -104,8 +104,8 @@ impl Disc {
                    1 | 6 | 7 => Some(Stream::Video(VideoStream {
                        pid: s.pid,
                        codec,
-                        resolution: format_resolution(s.video_format, s.video_rate),
-                        frame_rate: format_framerate(s.video_rate),
+                        resolution: Resolution::from_video_format(s.video_format),
+                        frame_rate: FrameRate::from_video_rate(s.video_rate),
                        hdr: match s.dynamic_range {
                            1 => HdrFormat::Hdr10,
                            2 => HdrFormat::DolbyVision,
@@ -137,9 +137,9 @@ impl Disc {
                            Some(Stream::Audio(AudioStream {
                                pid: s.pid,
                                codec,
-                                channels: format_channels(s.audio_format),
+                                channels: AudioChannels::from_audio_format(s.audio_format),
                                language: s.language.clone(),
-                                sample_rate: format_samplerate(s.audio_rate),
+                                sample_rate: SampleRate::from_audio_rate(s.audio_rate),
                                secondary: s.stream_type == 5,
                                label: String::new(),
                            }))
@@ -20,20 +20,13 @@ impl Disc {
        let mut title_number: u16 = 0;

        for ts in &dvd_info.title_sets {
-            // Map DvdVideoAttr to Stream::Video
-            let video_codec = match ts.video.codec.as_str() {
-                "mpeg2" => Codec::Mpeg2,
-                "mpeg1" => Codec::Mpeg2, // treat MPEG-1 as MPEG-2 for container purposes
-                _ => Codec::Mpeg2,
-            };
-
            let video_stream = Stream::Video(VideoStream {
                pid: 0xE0, // DVD video PID (standard MPEG PS video stream)
-                codec: video_codec,
-                resolution: ts.video.resolution.clone(),
+                codec: ts.video.codec,
+                resolution: ts.video.resolution,
                frame_rate: match ts.video.standard.as_str() {
-                    "PAL" => "25".to_string(),
-                    _ => "29.97".to_string(),
+                    "PAL" => FrameRate::F25,
+                    _ => FrameRate::F29_97,
                },
                hdr: HdrFormat::Sdr,
                color_space: ColorSpace::Bt709,
@@ -47,31 +40,13 @@ impl Disc {
                .iter()
                .enumerate()
                .map(|(i, a)| {
-                    let codec = match a.codec.as_str() {
-                        "ac3" => Codec::Ac3,
-                        "dts" => Codec::Dts,
-                        "lpcm" => Codec::Lpcm,
-                        "mpeg1" | "mpeg2" => Codec::Mpeg2,
-                        _ => Codec::Unknown(0),
-                    };
-                    let channels = match a.channels {
-                        1 => "mono".to_string(),
-                        2 => "stereo".to_string(),
-                        6 => "5.1".to_string(),
-                        8 => "7.1".to_string(),
-                        n => format!("{n}ch"),
-                    };
-                    let sample_rate = match a.sample_rate {
-                        48000 => "48kHz".to_string(),
-                        96000 => "96kHz".to_string(),
-                        sr => format!("{}kHz", sr / 1000),
-                    };
+                    let codec = a.codec;
                    Stream::Audio(AudioStream {
                        pid: 0xBD00 + i as u16, // DVD private stream 1 sub-IDs
                        codec,
-                        channels,
+                        channels: AudioChannels::from_count(a.channels),
                        language: a.language.clone(),
-                        sample_rate,
+                        sample_rate: SampleRate::from_hz(a.sample_rate),
                        secondary: false,
                        label: String::new(),
                    })
@@ -87,18 +87,30 @@ pub fn capture_drive_data(session: &mut Drive) -> Result<DriveCapture> {

 /// Mask a string for privacy (letters->A, digits->0).
 pub fn mask_string(s: &str) -> String {
-    s.chars().map(|c| {
-        if c.is_ascii_alphabetic() { 'A' }
-        else if c.is_ascii_digit() { '0' }
-        else { c }
-    }).collect()
+    s.chars()
+        .map(|c| {
+            if c.is_ascii_alphabetic() {
+                'A'
+            } else if c.is_ascii_digit() {
+                '0'
+            } else {
+                c
+            }
+        })
+        .collect()
 }

 /// Mask bytes for privacy.
 pub fn mask_bytes(data: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
-    data.iter().map(|&b| {
-        if b.is_ascii_alphabetic() { b'A' }
-        else if b.is_ascii_digit() { b'0' }
-        else { b }
-    }).collect()
+    data.iter()
+        .map(|&b| {
+            if b.is_ascii_alphabetic() {
+                b'A'
+            } else if b.is_ascii_digit() {
+                b'0'
+            } else {
+                b
+            }
+        })
+        .collect()
 }
@@ -10,6 +10,11 @@ pub fn find_drives() -> Vec<(String, DriveId)> {
        if !std::path::Path::new(&path).exists() {
            continue;
        }
+        // Skip stale device nodes — sysfs entry must exist
+        let sysfs = format!("/sys/class/scsi_generic/sg{i}/device/model");
+        if !std::path::Path::new(&sysfs).exists() {
+            continue;
+        }
        if let Ok(mut transport) = crate::scsi::open(std::path::Path::new(&path)) {
            if let Ok(id) = DriveId::from_drive(transport.as_mut()) {
                if !id.raw_inquiry.is_empty() && (id.raw_inquiry[0] & 0x1F) == 0x05 {
@@ -21,6 +26,7 @@ pub fn find_drives() -> Vec<(String, DriveId)> {
    drives
 }

+#[allow(dead_code)]
 pub fn resolve_device(path: &str) -> Result<(String, Option<String>)> {
    if path.contains("/sg") {
        if !std::path::Path::new(path).exists() {
@@ -39,9 +45,8 @@ pub fn resolve_device(path: &str) -> Result<(String, Option<String>)> {
                && sg_id.product_id == sr_id.product_id
                && sg_id.serial_number == sr_id.serial_number
            {
-                let warning = format!(
-                    "{path} is a block device (sr) — using {sg_path} (sg) for raw access"
-                );
+                let warning =
+                    format!("{path} is a block device (sr) — using {sg_path} (sg) for raw access");
                return Ok((sg_path, Some(warning)));
            }
        }
@@ -7,7 +7,9 @@ pub fn find_drives() -> Vec<(String, DriveId)> {
    let mut drives = Vec::new();
    for i in 0..16 {
        let path = format!("/dev/disk{}", i);
-        if !std::path::Path::new(&path).exists() { continue; }
+        if !std::path::Path::new(&path).exists() {
+            continue;
+        }
        match crate::scsi::open(std::path::Path::new(&path)) {
            Ok(mut transport) => {
                if let Ok(id) = DriveId::from_drive(transport.as_mut()) {
@@ -25,6 +25,25 @@ pub struct Event {
 /// Types of events the lib can fire.
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub enum EventKind {
+    // ── Init sequence events ────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /// Drive opened successfully.
+    DriveOpened { device: String },
+
+    /// Drive is ready (disc spun up).
+    DriveReady,
+
+    /// Firmware init completed.
+    InitComplete { success: bool },
+
+    /// Disc probe completed.
+    ProbeComplete { success: bool },
+
+    /// Disc scan completed.
+    ScanComplete { titles: usize },
+
+    // ── Read events ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
    /// Bytes successfully read and written to output.
    BytesRead {
        /// Bytes written so far.
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 //! The parser reads IFO files via UDF and extracts enough information
 //! to build DiscTitle structs (parallel to MPLS for Blu-ray).

+use crate::disc::{Codec, Resolution};
 use crate::error::{Error, Result};
 use crate::sector::SectorReader;
 use crate::udf::UdfFs;
@@ -61,8 +62,8 @@ pub struct DvdCell {
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 #[allow(dead_code)]
 pub struct DvdVideoAttr {
-    pub codec: String,
-    pub resolution: String,
+    pub codec: Codec,
+    pub resolution: Resolution,
    pub aspect: String,
    pub standard: String,
 }
@@ -70,7 +71,7 @@ pub struct DvdVideoAttr {
 /// DVD audio stream attributes.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct DvdAudioAttr {
-    pub codec: String,
+    pub codec: Codec,
    pub channels: u8,
    pub sample_rate: u32,
    pub language: String,
@@ -349,41 +350,15 @@ fn parse_video_attr(data: &[u8]) -> Result<DvdVideoAttr> {
        _ => "4:3",
    };

-    let resolution = match (b0 >> 4) & 0x03 {
-        0 => {
-            if standard == "PAL" {
-                "720x576"
+    let resolution = if standard == "PAL" {
+        Resolution::R576i
    } else {
-                "720x480"
-            }
-        }
-        1 => {
-            if standard == "PAL" {
-                "704x576"
-            } else {
-                "704x480"
-            }
-        }
-        2 => {
-            if standard == "PAL" {
-                "352x576"
-            } else {
-                "352x480"
-            }
-        }
-        3 => {
-            if standard == "PAL" {
-                "352x288"
-            } else {
-                "352x240"
-            }
-        }
-        _ => "720x480",
+        Resolution::R480i
    };

    Ok(DvdVideoAttr {
-        codec: "mpeg2".to_string(),
-        resolution: resolution.to_string(),
+        codec: Codec::Mpeg2,
+        resolution,
        aspect: aspect.to_string(),
        standard: standard.to_string(),
    })
@@ -396,12 +371,12 @@ fn parse_audio_attr(data: &[u8], offset: usize) -> Result<DvdAudioAttr> {

    let coding_mode = (b0 >> 5) & 0x07;
    let codec = match coding_mode {
-        0 => "ac3",
-        2 => "mpeg1",
-        3 => "mpeg2",
-        4 => "lpcm",
-        6 => "dts",
-        _ => "unknown",
+        0 => Codec::Ac3,
+        2 => Codec::Mpeg1,
+        3 => Codec::Mp2,
+        4 => Codec::Lpcm,
+        6 => Codec::Dts,
+        _ => Codec::Unknown(coding_mode),
    };

    let sample_rate_flag = (b0 >> 3) & 0x03;
@@ -434,7 +409,7 @@ fn parse_audio_attr(data: &[u8], offset: usize) -> Result<DvdAudioAttr> {
    };

    Ok(DvdAudioAttr {
-        codec: codec.to_string(),
+        codec,
        channels,
        sample_rate,
        language,
@@ -688,15 +663,15 @@ mod tests {
        assert_eq!(title.cells.len(), 1);

        let video = DvdVideoAttr {
-            codec: "mpeg2".to_string(),
-            resolution: "720x480".to_string(),
+            codec: Codec::Mpeg2,
+            resolution: Resolution::R480i,
            aspect: "16:9".to_string(),
            standard: "NTSC".to_string(),
        };
-        assert_eq!(video.codec, "mpeg2");
+        assert_eq!(video.codec, Codec::Mpeg2);

        let audio = DvdAudioAttr {
-            codec: "ac3".to_string(),
+            codec: Codec::Ac3,
            channels: 6,
            sample_rate: 48000,
            language: "en".to_string(),
@@ -730,8 +705,8 @@ mod tests {
        let attr = parse_video_attr(&data).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(attr.standard, "NTSC");
        assert_eq!(attr.aspect, "16:9");
-        assert_eq!(attr.resolution, "720x480");
-        assert_eq!(attr.codec, "mpeg2");
+        assert_eq!(attr.resolution, Resolution::R480i);
+        assert_eq!(attr.codec, Codec::Mpeg2);
    }

    #[test]
@@ -743,7 +718,7 @@ mod tests {
        let attr = parse_video_attr(&data).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(attr.standard, "PAL");
        assert_eq!(attr.aspect, "4:3");
-        assert_eq!(attr.resolution, "720x576");
+        assert_eq!(attr.resolution, Resolution::R576i);
    }

    #[test]
@@ -759,7 +734,7 @@ mod tests {
        data[3] = b'n';

        let attr = parse_audio_attr(&data, 0).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(attr.codec, "ac3");
+        assert_eq!(attr.codec, Codec::Ac3);
        assert_eq!(attr.sample_rate, 48000);
        assert_eq!(attr.channels, 6);
        assert_eq!(attr.language, "en");
@@ -777,7 +752,7 @@ mod tests {
        data[3] = b'r';

        let attr = parse_audio_attr(&data, 0).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(attr.codec, "dts");
+        assert_eq!(attr.codec, Codec::Dts);
        assert_eq!(attr.sample_rate, 96000);
        assert_eq!(attr.channels, 2);
        assert_eq!(attr.language, "fr");
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ pub use mux::MkvStream;
 pub use mux::NetworkStream;
 pub use mux::NullStream;
 pub use mux::StdioStream;
-pub use mux::{open_input, open_output, open_pes_input, open_pes_output, parse_url, InputOptions, StreamUrl};
+pub use mux::{input, output, open_input, open_output, parse_url, InputOptions, StreamUrl};
 pub use scsi::ScsiTransport;
 pub use sector::SectorReader;
 pub use speed::DriveSpeed;
@@ -172,7 +172,8 @@ fn parse_vc1_resolution(sh: &[u8]) -> Option<(u32, u32)> {
 }

 fn find_next_sc(data: &[u8], from: usize) -> Option<usize> {
-    (from..data.len().saturating_sub(2)).find(|&i| data[i] == 0x00 && data[i + 1] == 0x00 && data[i + 2] == 0x01)
+    (from..data.len().saturating_sub(2))
+        .find(|&i| data[i] == 0x00 && data[i + 1] == 0x00 && data[i + 2] == 0x01)
 }

 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -333,8 +333,8 @@ impl IOStream for DiscStream {
    }
 }

-impl crate::pes::InputStream for DiscStream {
-    fn next_frame(&mut self) -> io::Result<Option<crate::pes::PesFrame>> {
+impl crate::pes::Stream for DiscStream {
+    fn read(&mut self) -> io::Result<Option<crate::pes::PesFrame>> {
        // Return buffered frame if available
        if let Some(frame) = self.pending_frames.pop_front() {
            return Ok(Some(frame));
@@ -399,6 +399,15 @@ impl crate::pes::InputStream for DiscStream {
        }
    }

+    fn write(&mut self, _frame: &crate::pes::PesFrame) -> io::Result<()> {
+        Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Unsupported, "disc is read-only"))
+    }
+
+    fn finish(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        self.drive.unlock_tray();
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
    fn info(&self) -> &DiscTitle {
        &self.title
    }
@@ -256,8 +256,8 @@ impl IsoStream {
    }
 }

-impl crate::pes::InputStream for IsoStream {
-    fn next_frame(&mut self) -> io::Result<Option<crate::pes::PesFrame>> {
+impl crate::pes::Stream for IsoStream {
+    fn read(&mut self) -> io::Result<Option<crate::pes::PesFrame>> {
        // Return buffered frame
        if let Some(frame) = self.pending_frames.pop_front() {
            return Ok(Some(frame));
@@ -301,6 +301,12 @@ impl crate::pes::InputStream for IsoStream {
        }
    }

+    fn write(&mut self, _frame: &crate::pes::PesFrame) -> io::Result<()> {
+        Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Unsupported, "ISO is read-only for PES"))
+    }
+
+    fn finish(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> { Ok(()) }
+
    fn info(&self) -> &crate::disc::DiscTitle {
        &self.disc_title
    }
@@ -412,7 +412,7 @@ impl<W: Write + Seek> IsoWriter<W> {
            icb[ad_offset..ad_offset + 4].copy_from_slice(&(extent_len as u32).to_le_bytes());
            icb[ad_offset + 4..ad_offset + 8].copy_from_slice(&sector_pos.to_le_bytes());
            ad_offset += 8; // each short_ad is 8 bytes
-            let extent_sectors = ((extent_len + SECTOR_SIZE - 1) / SECTOR_SIZE) as u32;
+            let extent_sectors = extent_len.div_ceil(SECTOR_SIZE) as u32;
            sector_pos += extent_sectors;
            remaining -= extent_len;
        }
@@ -3,9 +3,7 @@
 //! Format: [8B magic] [4B json_len] [JSON] [padding to 192B boundary] [BD-TS data...]
 //! Other tools skip the header during TS sync recovery (scan for 0x47).

-use crate::disc::{
-    AudioStream, Codec, ColorSpace, DiscTitle, HdrFormat, Stream, SubtitleStream, VideoStream,
-};
+use crate::disc::{AudioStream, ColorSpace, DiscTitle, Stream, SubtitleStream, VideoStream};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use std::io::{self, Read, Seek, SeekFrom, Write};

@@ -84,25 +82,25 @@ impl M2tsMeta {
            .map(|s| match s {
                Stream::Video(v) => MetaStream::Video {
                    pid: v.pid,
-                    codec: codec_to_str(v.codec),
-                    resolution: v.resolution.clone(),
-                    frame_rate: v.frame_rate.clone(),
-                    hdr: hdr_to_str(v.hdr),
+                    codec: v.codec.id().into(),
+                    resolution: v.resolution.to_string(),
+                    frame_rate: v.frame_rate.to_string(),
+                    hdr: v.hdr.id().into(),
                    label: v.label.clone(),
                    secondary: v.secondary,
                },
                Stream::Audio(a) => MetaStream::Audio {
                    pid: a.pid,
-                    codec: codec_to_str(a.codec),
-                    channels: a.channels.clone(),
+                    codec: a.codec.id().into(),
+                    channels: a.channels.to_string(),
                    language: a.language.clone(),
-                    sample_rate: a.sample_rate.clone(),
+                    sample_rate: a.sample_rate.to_string(),
                    label: a.label.clone(),
                    secondary: a.secondary,
                },
                Stream::Subtitle(s) => MetaStream::Subtitle {
                    pid: s.pid,
-                    codec: codec_to_str(s.codec),
+                    codec: s.codec.id().into(),
                    language: s.language.clone(),
                    forced: s.forced,
                },
@@ -133,10 +131,10 @@ impl M2tsMeta {
                    secondary,
                } => Stream::Video(VideoStream {
                    pid: *pid,
-                    codec: str_to_codec(codec),
-                    resolution: resolution.clone(),
-                    frame_rate: frame_rate.clone(),
-                    hdr: str_to_hdr(hdr),
+                    codec: codec.parse().unwrap(),
+                    resolution: resolution.parse().unwrap(),
+                    frame_rate: frame_rate.parse().unwrap(),
+                    hdr: hdr.parse().unwrap(),
                    color_space: ColorSpace::Bt709,
                    secondary: *secondary,
                    label: label.clone(),
@@ -151,10 +149,10 @@ impl M2tsMeta {
                    secondary,
                } => Stream::Audio(AudioStream {
                    pid: *pid,
-                    codec: str_to_codec(codec),
-                    channels: channels.clone(),
+                    codec: codec.parse().unwrap(),
+                    channels: channels.parse().unwrap(),
                    language: language.clone(),
-                    sample_rate: sample_rate.clone(),
+                    sample_rate: sample_rate.parse().unwrap(),
                    secondary: *secondary,
                    label: label.clone(),
                }),
@@ -165,7 +163,7 @@ impl M2tsMeta {
                    forced,
                } => Stream::Subtitle(SubtitleStream {
                    pid: *pid,
-                    codec: str_to_codec(codec),
+                    codec: codec.parse().unwrap(),
                    language: language.clone(),
                    forced: *forced,
                    codec_data: None,
@@ -277,58 +275,5 @@ pub fn read_header_from_stream(r: &mut impl Read) -> io::Result<Option<M2tsMeta>
    Ok(Some(meta))
 }

-// Codec string conversion (compact, no English — just codec identifiers)
-fn codec_to_str(c: Codec) -> String {
-    match c {
-        Codec::Hevc => "hevc",
-        Codec::H264 => "h264",
-        Codec::Vc1 => "vc1",
-        Codec::Mpeg2 => "mpeg2",
-        Codec::TrueHd => "truehd",
-        Codec::DtsHdMa => "dtshd_ma",
-        Codec::DtsHdHr => "dtshd_hr",
-        Codec::Dts => "dts",
-        Codec::Ac3 => "ac3",
-        Codec::Ac3Plus => "eac3",
-        Codec::Lpcm => "lpcm",
-        Codec::Pgs => "pgs",
-        Codec::DvdSub => "dvdsub",
-        Codec::Unknown(_) => "unknown",
-    }
-    .into()
-}
-
-fn str_to_codec(s: &str) -> Codec {
-    match s {
-        "hevc" => Codec::Hevc,
-        "h264" => Codec::H264,
-        "vc1" => Codec::Vc1,
-        "mpeg2" => Codec::Mpeg2,
-        "truehd" => Codec::TrueHd,
-        "dtshd_ma" => Codec::DtsHdMa,
-        "dtshd_hr" => Codec::DtsHdHr,
-        "dts" => Codec::Dts,
-        "ac3" => Codec::Ac3,
-        "eac3" => Codec::Ac3Plus,
-        "lpcm" => Codec::Lpcm,
-        "pgs" => Codec::Pgs,
-        _ => Codec::Unknown(0),
-    }
-}
-
-fn hdr_to_str(h: HdrFormat) -> String {
-    match h {
-        HdrFormat::Sdr => "sdr",
-        HdrFormat::Hdr10 => "hdr10",
-        HdrFormat::DolbyVision => "dv",
-    }
-    .into()
-}
-
-fn str_to_hdr(s: &str) -> HdrFormat {
-    match s {
-        "hdr10" => HdrFormat::Hdr10,
-        "dv" => HdrFormat::DolbyVision,
-        _ => HdrFormat::Sdr,
-    }
-}
+// Serialization uses Codec::id() / HdrFormat::id() and Display impls.
+// Deserialization uses FromStr impls (.parse()) on each enum.
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ impl MkvTrack {
            Codec::Mpeg2 => "V_MPEG2",
            _ => "V_MPEG2",
        };
-        let (w, h) = parse_resolution(&v.resolution);
+        let (w, h) = v.resolution.pixels();
        Self {
            track_type: ebml::TRACK_TYPE_VIDEO,
            codec_id,
@@ -61,8 +61,8 @@ impl MkvTrack {
            Codec::Lpcm => "A_PCM/INT/BIG",
            _ => "A_AC3",
        };
-        let sr = parse_sample_rate(&a.sample_rate);
-        let ch = parse_channels(&a.channels);
+        let sr = a.sample_rate.hz();
+        let ch = a.channels.count();
        Self {
            track_type: ebml::TRACK_TYPE_AUDIO,
            codec_id,
@@ -414,45 +414,8 @@ impl<W: Write + Seek> MkvMuxer<W> {
 // Helpers
 // ============================================================

-fn parse_resolution(s: &str) -> (u32, u32) {
-    if s.contains("2160") {
-        (3840, 2160)
-    } else if s.contains("1080") {
-        (1920, 1080)
-    } else if s.contains("720") {
-        (1280, 720)
-    } else if s.contains("576") {
-        (720, 576)
-    } else if s.contains("480") {
-        (720, 480)
-    } else {
-        (1920, 1080)
-    }
-}
-
-fn parse_sample_rate(s: &str) -> f64 {
-    if s.contains("192") {
-        192_000.0
-    } else if s.contains("96") {
-        96000.0
-    } else {
-        48000.0
-    }
-}
-
-fn parse_channels(s: &str) -> u8 {
-    if s.contains("7.1") {
-        8
-    } else if s.contains("5.1") {
-        6
-    } else if s.contains("stereo") || s.contains("2.0") {
-        2
-    } else if s.contains("mono") {
-        1
-    } else {
-        6
-    }
-}
+// Old parse_resolution/parse_sample_rate/parse_channels removed —
+// Resolution::pixels(), SampleRate::hz(), AudioChannels::count() replace them.

 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
@@ -6,11 +6,12 @@
 use super::mkv::{MkvMuxer, MkvTrack};
 use super::WriteSeek;
 use crate::disc::DiscTitle;
-use crate::pes::{OutputStream, PesFrame};
+use crate::pes::PesFrame;
 use std::io;

 pub struct MkvOutputStream {
    muxer: Option<MkvMuxer<Box<dyn WriteSeek>>>,
+    title: DiscTitle,
 }

 impl MkvOutputStream {
@@ -43,12 +44,16 @@ impl MkvOutputStream {
            &title.chapters,
        )?;

-        Ok(Self { muxer: Some(muxer) })
+        Ok(Self { muxer: Some(muxer), title: title.clone() })
    }
 }

-impl OutputStream for MkvOutputStream {
-    fn write_frame(&mut self, frame: &PesFrame) -> io::Result<()> {
+impl crate::pes::Stream for MkvOutputStream {
+    fn read(&mut self) -> io::Result<Option<PesFrame>> {
+        Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Unsupported, "MKV output is write-only"))
+    }
+
+    fn write(&mut self, frame: &PesFrame) -> io::Result<()> {
        if let Some(ref mut muxer) = self.muxer {
            muxer.write_frame(frame.track, frame.pts, frame.keyframe, &frame.data)
        } else {
@@ -63,4 +68,6 @@ impl OutputStream for MkvOutputStream {
            Ok(())
        }
    }
+
+    fn info(&self) -> &DiscTitle { &self.title }
 }
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ pub use m2ts::M2tsStream;
 pub use mkvstream::MkvStream;
 pub use network::NetworkStream;
 pub use null::NullStream;
-pub use resolve::{open_input, open_output, open_pes_input, open_pes_output, parse_url, InputOptions, StreamUrl};
+pub use resolve::{input, output, open_input, open_output, parse_url, InputOptions, StreamUrl};
 pub use stdio::StdioStream;

 use crate::disc::DiscTitle;
@@ -148,7 +148,8 @@ impl Read for NetworkStream {
 mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use crate::disc::{
-        AudioStream, Codec, ColorSpace, ContentFormat, HdrFormat, Stream, VideoStream,
+        AudioChannels, AudioStream, Codec, ColorSpace, ContentFormat, FrameRate, HdrFormat,
+        Resolution, SampleRate, Stream, VideoStream,
    };
    use std::io::{Read, Write};
    use std::net::TcpListener;
@@ -165,8 +166,8 @@ mod tests {
                Stream::Video(VideoStream {
                    pid: 0x1011,
                    codec: Codec::Hevc,
-                    resolution: "2160p".into(),
-                    frame_rate: "23.976".into(),
+                    resolution: Resolution::R2160p,
+                    frame_rate: FrameRate::F23_976,
                    hdr: HdrFormat::Hdr10,
                    color_space: ColorSpace::Bt2020,
                    secondary: false,
@@ -175,9 +176,9 @@ mod tests {
                Stream::Audio(AudioStream {
                    pid: 0x1100,
                    codec: Codec::TrueHd,
-                    channels: "7.1".into(),
+                    channels: AudioChannels::Surround71,
                    language: "eng".into(),
-                    sample_rate: "48kHz".into(),
+                    sample_rate: SampleRate::S48,
                    secondary: false,
                    label: "English".into(),
                }),
@@ -1,19 +1,15 @@
-//! PES output adapters — every output format muxes from PES frames.
-//!
-//! Each output knows its own format:
-//! - M2TS: PES → BD-TS packets → file (via TsMuxer)
-//! - Null: discard
-//! - Stdio: raw frame data to stdout
-//! - Network: PES → BD-TS → TCP (via TsMuxer)
+//! PES output streams — each writes its own format from PES frames.

 use super::tsmux::TsMuxer;
 use crate::disc::DiscTitle;
-use crate::pes::{OutputStream, PesFrame};
+use crate::pes::PesFrame;
 use std::io::{self, Write};

-/// M2TS output — PES frames → BD-TS packets → file.
+// ── M2TS ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
 pub struct M2tsOutputStream {
    muxer: TsMuxer<io::BufWriter<std::fs::File>>,
+    title: DiscTitle,
 }

 impl M2tsOutputStream {
@@ -21,11 +17,89 @@ impl M2tsOutputStream {
        let file = std::fs::File::create(path)
            .map_err(|e| io::Error::new(e.kind(), format!("m2ts://{}: {}", path, e)))?;
        let writer = io::BufWriter::with_capacity(4 * 1024 * 1024, file);
-        let pids = Self::extract_pids(title);
-        Ok(Self {
-            muxer: TsMuxer::new(writer, &pids),
-        })
+        let pids = extract_pids(title);
+        Ok(Self { muxer: TsMuxer::new(writer, &pids), title: title.clone() })
    }
+}
+
+impl crate::pes::Stream for M2tsOutputStream {
+    fn read(&mut self) -> io::Result<Option<PesFrame>> {
+        Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Unsupported, "M2TS output is write-only"))
+    }
+    fn write(&mut self, frame: &PesFrame) -> io::Result<()> {
+        self.muxer.write_frame(frame.track, frame.pts, &frame.data)
+    }
+    fn finish(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> { self.muxer.finish_ref() }
+    fn info(&self) -> &DiscTitle { &self.title }
+}
+
+// ── Null ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+pub struct NullOutputStream { title: DiscTitle }
+
+impl NullOutputStream {
+    pub fn new(title: &DiscTitle) -> Self { Self { title: title.clone() } }
+}
+
+impl crate::pes::Stream for NullOutputStream {
+    fn read(&mut self) -> io::Result<Option<PesFrame>> { Ok(None) }
+    fn write(&mut self, _: &PesFrame) -> io::Result<()> { Ok(()) }
+    fn finish(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> { Ok(()) }
+    fn info(&self) -> &DiscTitle { &self.title }
+}
+
+// ── Stdio ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+pub struct StdioOutputStream {
+    writer: io::BufWriter<io::Stdout>,
+    title: DiscTitle,
+}
+
+impl StdioOutputStream {
+    pub fn new(title: &DiscTitle) -> Self {
+        Self { writer: io::BufWriter::new(io::stdout()), title: title.clone() }
+    }
+}
+
+impl crate::pes::Stream for StdioOutputStream {
+    fn read(&mut self) -> io::Result<Option<PesFrame>> {
+        Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Unsupported, "stdio output is write-only"))
+    }
+    fn write(&mut self, frame: &PesFrame) -> io::Result<()> {
+        self.writer.write_all(&frame.data)
+    }
+    fn finish(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> { self.writer.flush() }
+    fn info(&self) -> &DiscTitle { &self.title }
+}
+
+// ── Network ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+pub struct NetworkOutputStream {
+    muxer: TsMuxer<io::BufWriter<std::net::TcpStream>>,
+    title: DiscTitle,
+}
+
+impl NetworkOutputStream {
+    pub fn connect(addr: &str, title: &DiscTitle) -> io::Result<Self> {
+        let stream = std::net::TcpStream::connect(addr)?;
+        let writer = io::BufWriter::with_capacity(256 * 1024, stream);
+        let pids = extract_pids(title);
+        Ok(Self { muxer: TsMuxer::new(writer, &pids), title: title.clone() })
+    }
+}
+
+impl crate::pes::Stream for NetworkOutputStream {
+    fn read(&mut self) -> io::Result<Option<PesFrame>> {
+        Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Unsupported, "network output is write-only"))
+    }
+    fn write(&mut self, frame: &PesFrame) -> io::Result<()> {
+        self.muxer.write_frame(frame.track, frame.pts, &frame.data)
+    }
+    fn finish(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> { self.muxer.finish_ref() }
+    fn info(&self) -> &DiscTitle { &self.title }
+}
+
+// ── Helpers ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 fn extract_pids(title: &DiscTitle) -> Vec<u16> {
    title.streams.iter().map(|s| match s {
@@ -34,66 +108,3 @@ impl M2tsOutputStream {
        crate::disc::Stream::Subtitle(s) => s.pid,
    }).collect()
 }
-}
-
-impl OutputStream for M2tsOutputStream {
-    fn write_frame(&mut self, frame: &PesFrame) -> io::Result<()> {
-        self.muxer.write_frame(frame.track, frame.pts, &frame.data)
-    }
-    fn finish(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
-        self.muxer.finish_ref()
-    }
-}
-
-/// Null output — discards all frames.
-pub struct NullOutputStream;
-
-impl OutputStream for NullOutputStream {
-    fn write_frame(&mut self, _frame: &PesFrame) -> io::Result<()> { Ok(()) }
-    fn finish(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> { Ok(()) }
-}
-
-/// Stdio output — writes raw frame data to stdout.
-pub struct StdioOutputStream {
-    writer: io::BufWriter<io::Stdout>,
-}
-
-impl StdioOutputStream {
-    pub fn new() -> Self {
-        Self { writer: io::BufWriter::new(io::stdout()) }
-    }
-}
-
-impl OutputStream for StdioOutputStream {
-    fn write_frame(&mut self, frame: &PesFrame) -> io::Result<()> {
-        self.writer.write_all(&frame.data)
-    }
-    fn finish(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
-        self.writer.flush()
-    }
-}
-
-/// Network output — PES frames → BD-TS → TCP.
-pub struct NetworkOutputStream {
-    muxer: TsMuxer<io::BufWriter<std::net::TcpStream>>,
-}
-
-impl NetworkOutputStream {
-    pub fn connect(addr: &str, title: &DiscTitle) -> io::Result<Self> {
-        let stream = std::net::TcpStream::connect(addr)?;
-        let writer = io::BufWriter::with_capacity(256 * 1024, stream);
-        let pids = M2tsOutputStream::extract_pids(title);
-        Ok(Self {
-            muxer: TsMuxer::new(writer, &pids),
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-impl OutputStream for NetworkOutputStream {
-    fn write_frame(&mut self, frame: &PesFrame) -> io::Result<()> {
-        self.muxer.write_frame(frame.track, frame.pts, &frame.data)
-    }
-    fn finish(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
-        self.muxer.finish_ref()
-    }
-}
@@ -82,7 +82,6 @@ impl PsDemuxer {
        let mut pos = 0;

        while let Some(sc) = find_start_code(&self.buffer, pos) {
-
            if sc + 3 >= self.buffer.len() {
                // Not enough bytes to read the start code ID.
                break;
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ pub struct InputOptions {
 // ── PES-based open ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 /// Open a PES input stream (produces PES frames).
-pub fn open_pes_input(url: &str, opts: &InputOptions) -> io::Result<Box<dyn crate::pes::InputStream>> {
+pub fn input(url: &str, opts: &InputOptions) -> io::Result<Box<dyn crate::pes::Stream>> {
    let parsed = parse_url(url);
    match parsed {
        StreamUrl::Iso { ref path } => {
@@ -369,11 +369,11 @@ pub fn open_pes_input(url: &str, opts: &InputOptions) -> io::Result<Box<dyn crat
 }

 /// Open a PES output stream (consumes PES frames).
-pub fn open_pes_output(
+pub fn output(
    url: &str,
    title: &crate::disc::DiscTitle,
    codec_privates: &[Option<Vec<u8>>],
-) -> io::Result<Box<dyn crate::pes::OutputStream>> {
+) -> io::Result<Box<dyn crate::pes::Stream>> {
    let parsed = parse_url(url);
    match parsed {
        StreamUrl::Mkv { ref path } => {
@@ -393,10 +393,10 @@ pub fn open_pes_output(
            Ok(Box::new(super::pesout::NetworkOutputStream::connect(addr, title)?))
        }
        StreamUrl::Stdio => {
-            Ok(Box::new(super::pesout::StdioOutputStream::new()))
+            Ok(Box::new(super::pesout::StdioOutputStream::new(title)))
        }
        StreamUrl::Null => {
-            Ok(Box::new(super::pesout::NullOutputStream))
+            Ok(Box::new(super::pesout::NullOutputStream::new(title)))
        }
        StreamUrl::Disc { .. } => {
            Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Unsupported, "disc:// is read-only"))
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
-//! PES frame — the universal intermediate format.
+//! Stream — read PES frames in, write PES frames out.
 //!
-//! Every input stream produces PES frames. Every output stream consumes them.
-//! The pipeline just moves frames: input.next_frame() → output.write_frame().
+//! A stream is a stream. You read() from it or write() to it.
+//! The stream handles its own format internally.
 //!
-//! A PES frame is one unit of elementary stream data: a video frame,
-//! an audio frame, a subtitle packet. It carries a track ID, timestamp,
-//! and the raw codec data.
+//! disc.read()  → PES frame (sectors → decrypt → demux internally)
+//! mkv.write(frame) → MKV file (mux internally)

 /// One frame of elementary stream data.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
@@ -32,27 +31,23 @@ impl PesFrame {
    }
 }

-/// Input stream — produces PES frames from any source.
-pub trait InputStream {
-    /// Get the next frame. Returns None at end of stream.
-    fn next_frame(&mut self) -> std::io::Result<Option<PesFrame>>;
+/// A stream. Read from it or write to it. Not both.
+pub trait Stream {
+    /// Read the next frame. Returns None at end of stream.
+    fn read(&mut self) -> std::io::Result<Option<PesFrame>>;

-    /// Stream metadata (tracks, duration, etc).
-    fn info(&self) -> &crate::disc::DiscTitle;
-
-    /// Codec initialization data for a track (SPS/PPS for HEVC, etc).
-    /// Returns None until enough frames have been parsed.
-    fn codec_private(&self, track: usize) -> Option<Vec<u8>>;
-
-    /// True when codec_private is available for all video tracks.
-    fn headers_ready(&self) -> bool;
-}
-
-/// Output stream — consumes PES frames to any destination.
-pub trait OutputStream {
-    /// Write one frame.
-    fn write_frame(&mut self, frame: &PesFrame) -> std::io::Result<()>;
+    /// Write a frame.
+    fn write(&mut self, frame: &PesFrame) -> std::io::Result<()>;

    /// Finalize (flush, write index, close).
    fn finish(&mut self) -> std::io::Result<()>;
+
+    /// Stream metadata.
+    fn info(&self) -> &crate::disc::DiscTitle;
+
+    /// Codec initialization data for a track (SPS/PPS, etc).
+    fn codec_private(&self, _track: usize) -> Option<Vec<u8>> { None }
+
+    /// True when codec_private is available for all video tracks.
+    fn headers_ready(&self) -> bool { true }
 }
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ impl Mt1959 {

    fn run_init(&mut self, scsi: &mut dyn ScsiTransport) -> Result<()> {
        let mut unlocked = false;
-        for _attempt in 0..6 {
+        for _attempt in 0..3 {
            match self.do_unlock(scsi) {
                Ok(_) => {
                    unlocked = true;
@@ -188,15 +188,17 @@ impl Mt1959 {
                    return Err(Error::UnlockFailed);
                }
                Err(_) => {
-                    let ok = if self.mode == MODE_A {
+                    let loaded = if self.mode == MODE_A {
                        variant_a::load_firmware(self, scsi).is_ok()
                    } else {
                        variant_b::load_firmware(self, scsi).is_ok()
                    };
-                    if ok {
-                        unlocked = true;
-                        break;
+                    if !loaded {
+                        continue;
                    }
+                    // Firmware upload resets the drive. Give it time to
+                    // fully recover before retrying unlock.
+                    std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_secs(10));
                }
            }
        }
@@ -319,7 +321,9 @@ impl PlatformDriver for Mt1959 {

    fn probe_disc(&mut self, scsi: &mut dyn ScsiTransport) -> Result<()> {
        if !self.unlocked {
-            self.run_init(scsi)?;
+            // Don't retry init here — if init() failed, probing can't work either.
+            // Retrying causes repeated USB bus resets on BU40N.
+            return Ok(());
        }
        if self.probed {
            return Ok(());
@@ -187,6 +187,50 @@ impl UdfFs {
        Ok(merged)
    }

+    /// All sector ranges that contain data (metadata + all files including STREAM).
+    /// For full disc-to-ISO dumps — reads only allocated sectors, skips gaps.
+    pub fn all_sector_ranges(&self, reader: &mut dyn SectorReader) -> Result<Vec<(u32, u32)>> {
+        let mut ranges = Vec::new();
+
+        // UDF structure sectors
+        let meta_end = self.metadata_start + self.metadata_sectors;
+        ranges.push((0, meta_end));
+
+        // Walk entire tree including STREAM directories
+        self.collect_all_file_ranges(reader, &self.root, &mut ranges)?;
+
+        // Merge overlapping/adjacent ranges and sort
+        ranges.sort_by_key(|r| r.0);
+        let merged = merge_ranges(&ranges);
+        Ok(merged)
+    }
+
+    fn collect_all_file_ranges(
+        &self,
+        reader: &mut dyn SectorReader,
+        entry: &DirEntry,
+        ranges: &mut Vec<(u32, u32)>,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        for child in &entry.entries {
+            if child.is_dir {
+                self.collect_all_file_ranges(reader, child, ranges)?;
+            } else {
+                // Include the ICB sector
+                ranges.push((self.meta_to_abs(child.meta_lba), 1));
+
+                // Include ALL file data extents (large m2ts files have many)
+                if let Ok(extents) = self.read_icb_extents(reader, child.meta_lba) {
+                    for (data_lba, data_len) in extents {
+                        let abs_start = self.partition_start + data_lba;
+                        let sector_count = (data_len as u64).div_ceil(2048) as u32;
+                        ranges.push((abs_start, sector_count));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
    fn collect_file_ranges(
        &self,
        reader: &mut dyn SectorReader,
@@ -363,8 +363,7 @@ fn ref_aes_cbc_encrypt(key: &[u8; 16], iv: &[u8; 16], data: &mut [u8]) {
 /// The standard AACS IV, copied here independently so we are NOT importing
 /// the library's constant — this IS the cross-validation reference value.
 const CROSS_AACS_IV: [u8; 16] = [
-    0x0B, 0xA0, 0xF8, 0xDD, 0xFE, 0xA6, 0x1F, 0xB3,
-    0xD8, 0xDF, 0x9F, 0x56, 0x6A, 0x05, 0x0F, 0x78,
+    0x0B, 0xA0, 0xF8, 0xDD, 0xFE, 0xA6, 0x1F, 0xB3, 0xD8, 0xDF, 0x9F, 0x56, 0x6A, 0x05, 0x0F, 0x78,
 ];

 /// Build a plaintext aligned unit with TS sync markers and recognisable
@@ -373,8 +372,8 @@ const CROSS_AACS_IV: [u8; 16] = [
 #[test]
 fn aacs_cross_validation_encrypt_then_decrypt() {
    let unit_key: [u8; 16] = [
-        0x01, 0x23, 0x45, 0x67, 0x89, 0xAB, 0xCD, 0xEF,
-        0xFE, 0xDC, 0xBA, 0x98, 0x76, 0x54, 0x32, 0x10,
+        0x01, 0x23, 0x45, 0x67, 0x89, 0xAB, 0xCD, 0xEF, 0xFE, 0xDC, 0xBA, 0x98, 0x76, 0x54, 0x32,
+        0x10,
    ];

    let mut plaintext = vec![0u8; aacs::ALIGNED_UNIT_LEN];
@@ -403,7 +402,11 @@ fn aacs_cross_validation_encrypt_then_decrypt() {
    for i in 0..16 {
        dk[i] = derived[i] ^ header[i];
    }
-    ref_aes_cbc_encrypt(&dk, &CROSS_AACS_IV, &mut plaintext[16..aacs::ALIGNED_UNIT_LEN]);
+    ref_aes_cbc_encrypt(
+        &dk,
+        &CROSS_AACS_IV,
+        &mut plaintext[16..aacs::ALIGNED_UNIT_LEN],
+    );

    // Sanity: ciphertext should differ
    assert_ne!(
@@ -414,7 +417,10 @@ fn aacs_cross_validation_encrypt_then_decrypt() {

    // -- Decrypt with the library --
    let ok = aacs::decrypt_unit(&mut plaintext, &unit_key);
-    assert!(ok, "decrypt_unit returned false (TS sync verification failed)");
+    assert!(
+        ok,
+        "decrypt_unit returned false (TS sync verification failed)"
+    );
    assert_eq!(plaintext[0] & 0xC0, 0x00, "encryption flag not cleared");

    // Compare (byte 0 flag was cleared)
@@ -432,8 +438,8 @@ fn aacs_cross_validation_encrypt_then_decrypt() {
 #[test]
 fn aacs_cross_validation_alternate_key() {
    let unit_key: [u8; 16] = [
-        0xDE, 0xAD, 0xBE, 0xEF, 0xCA, 0xFE, 0xBA, 0xBE,
-        0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07, 0x08,
+        0xDE, 0xAD, 0xBE, 0xEF, 0xCA, 0xFE, 0xBA, 0xBE, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07,
+        0x08,
    ];

    let mut plaintext = vec![0xFFu8; aacs::ALIGNED_UNIT_LEN];
@@ -452,7 +458,11 @@ fn aacs_cross_validation_alternate_key() {
    for i in 0..16 {
        dk[i] = derived[i] ^ header[i];
    }
-    ref_aes_cbc_encrypt(&dk, &CROSS_AACS_IV, &mut plaintext[16..aacs::ALIGNED_UNIT_LEN]);
+    ref_aes_cbc_encrypt(
+        &dk,
+        &CROSS_AACS_IV,
+        &mut plaintext[16..aacs::ALIGNED_UNIT_LEN],
+    );

    assert!(aacs::decrypt_unit(&mut plaintext, &unit_key));

@@ -469,8 +479,8 @@ fn aacs_cross_validation_alternate_key() {
 #[test]
 fn aacs_bus_decrypt_cross_validation() {
    let read_data_key: [u8; 16] = [
-        0x11, 0x22, 0x33, 0x44, 0x55, 0x66, 0x77, 0x88,
-        0x99, 0xAA, 0xBB, 0xCC, 0xDD, 0xEE, 0xFF, 0x00,
+        0x11, 0x22, 0x33, 0x44, 0x55, 0x66, 0x77, 0x88, 0x99, 0xAA, 0xBB, 0xCC, 0xDD, 0xEE, 0xFF,
+        0x00,
    ];

    let mut plaintext = vec![0u8; aacs::ALIGNED_UNIT_LEN];
@@ -552,10 +562,22 @@ fn css_roundtrip_with_snapshot() {
 #[test]
 fn css_roundtrip_multiple_keys() {
    let cases: &[([u8; 5], [u8; 5])] = &[
-        ([0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00], [0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00]),
-        ([0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF], [0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF]),
-        ([0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05], [0xAA, 0xBB, 0xCC, 0xDD, 0xEE]),
-        ([0xAB, 0xCD, 0xEF, 0x01, 0x23], [0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, 0x9A]),
+        (
+            [0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00],
+            [0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00],
+        ),
+        (
+            [0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF],
+            [0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF],
+        ),
+        (
+            [0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05],
+            [0xAA, 0xBB, 0xCC, 0xDD, 0xEE],
+        ),
+        (
+            [0xAB, 0xCD, 0xEF, 0x01, 0x23],
+            [0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, 0x9A],
+        ),
    ];

    for (idx, (key, seed)) in cases.iter().enumerate() {
@@ -594,11 +616,26 @@ fn css_roundtrip_multiple_keys() {
 #[test]
 fn css_stevenson_attack_validates_cracked_key() {
    let candidates: &[([u8; 5], [u8; 5])] = &[
-        ([0x42, 0x13, 0x37, 0xBE, 0xEF], [0x11, 0x22, 0x33, 0x44, 0x55]),
-        ([0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05], [0xAA, 0xBB, 0xCC, 0xDD, 0xEE]),
-        ([0x10, 0x20, 0x30, 0x40, 0x50], [0x05, 0x06, 0x07, 0x08, 0x09]),
-        ([0xAB, 0xCD, 0xEF, 0x01, 0x23], [0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, 0x9A]),
-        ([0x55, 0xAA, 0x55, 0xAA, 0x55], [0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00]),
+        (
+            [0x42, 0x13, 0x37, 0xBE, 0xEF],
+            [0x11, 0x22, 0x33, 0x44, 0x55],
+        ),
+        (
+            [0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05],
+            [0xAA, 0xBB, 0xCC, 0xDD, 0xEE],
+        ),
+        (
+            [0x10, 0x20, 0x30, 0x40, 0x50],
+            [0x05, 0x06, 0x07, 0x08, 0x09],
+        ),
+        (
+            [0xAB, 0xCD, 0xEF, 0x01, 0x23],
+            [0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, 0x9A],
+        ),
+        (
+            [0x55, 0xAA, 0x55, 0xAA, 0x55],
+            [0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00],
+        ),
    ];

    let mut any_cracked = false;
@@ -143,9 +143,15 @@ fn scan_options_with_keydb_pathbuf() {

 // ── detect_format integration tests ───────────────────────────────────────

-use libfreemkv::{Codec, ColorSpace, ContentFormat, HdrFormat, Stream, VideoStream};
+use libfreemkv::{
+    Codec, ColorSpace, ContentFormat, FrameRate, HdrFormat, Resolution, Stream, VideoStream,
+};

-fn title_with_video(codec: Codec, resolution: &str, content_format: ContentFormat) -> DiscTitle {
+fn title_with_video(
+    codec: Codec,
+    resolution: Resolution,
+    content_format: ContentFormat,
+) -> DiscTitle {
    DiscTitle {
        playlist: "00800.mpls".into(),
        playlist_id: 800,
@@ -155,8 +161,8 @@ fn title_with_video(codec: Codec, resolution: &str, content_format: ContentForma
        streams: vec![Stream::Video(VideoStream {
            pid: 0x1011,
            codec,
-            resolution: resolution.into(),
-            frame_rate: "23.976".into(),
+            resolution,
+            frame_rate: FrameRate::F23_976,
            hdr: HdrFormat::Sdr,
            color_space: ColorSpace::Bt709,
            secondary: false,
@@ -191,13 +197,13 @@ fn disc_title_duration_display_edge_cases() {

 #[test]
 fn content_format_default_bdts() {
-    let t = title_with_video(Codec::H264, "1080p", ContentFormat::BdTs);
+    let t = title_with_video(Codec::H264, Resolution::R1080p, ContentFormat::BdTs);
    assert_eq!(t.content_format, ContentFormat::BdTs);
 }

 #[test]
 fn content_format_dvd_mpegps() {
-    let t = title_with_video(Codec::Mpeg2, "480i", ContentFormat::MpegPs);
+    let t = title_with_video(Codec::Mpeg2, Resolution::R480i, ContentFormat::MpegPs);
    assert_eq!(t.content_format, ContentFormat::MpegPs);
 }

@@ -368,6 +374,125 @@ fn resolve_encryption_no_aacs_dir() {
    assert!(disc.aacs.is_none(), "aacs should be None without /AACS dir");
 }

+// ── Batch count arithmetic tests ──────────────────────────────────────────
+// Regression tests for the u16 truncation bug: when (remaining as u16) was
+// used instead of remaining.min(batch as u32) as u16, any remaining count
+// that was a multiple of 65536 would truncate to 0, causing an infinite loop.
+
+/// Simulates the fixed batch count calculation from pipe.rs / drive.rs
+fn safe_batch_count(remaining: u32, batch_sectors: u16) -> u16 {
+    remaining.min(batch_sectors as u32) as u16
+}
+
+/// Simulates the BUGGY calculation that caused the infinite loop
+fn buggy_batch_count(remaining: u32, batch_sectors: u16) -> u16 {
+    (remaining as u16).min(batch_sectors)
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn batch_count_normal() {
+    // Normal case: remaining > batch_sectors
+    assert_eq!(safe_batch_count(1000, 60), 60);
+    assert_eq!(safe_batch_count(47533152, 60), 60);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn batch_count_last_batch() {
+    // Last batch: remaining < batch_sectors
+    assert_eq!(safe_batch_count(30, 60), 30);
+    assert_eq!(safe_batch_count(1, 60), 1);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn batch_count_exact_boundary() {
+    // Exact boundary: remaining == batch_sectors
+    assert_eq!(safe_batch_count(60, 60), 60);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn batch_count_u16_overflow_regression() {
+    // THE BUG: remaining is a multiple of 65536 → truncates to 0
+    // 47513600 = 725 * 65536, lower 16 bits = 0
+    let remaining: u32 = 47533152 - 19552; // = 47513600
+    assert_eq!(remaining, 47513600);
+    assert_eq!(remaining % 65536, 0, "remaining should be multiple of 65536");
+
+    // Buggy version produces 0 → infinite loop
+    assert_eq!(buggy_batch_count(remaining, 60), 0);
+
+    // Fixed version produces 60
+    assert_eq!(safe_batch_count(remaining, 60), 60);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn batch_count_other_u16_overflow_values() {
+    // Other multiples of 65536
+    assert_eq!(safe_batch_count(65536, 60), 60);
+    assert_eq!(safe_batch_count(131072, 60), 60);
+    assert_eq!(safe_batch_count(65536 * 100, 60), 60);
+
+    // Verify buggy version fails on all of these
+    assert_eq!(buggy_batch_count(65536, 60), 0);
+    assert_eq!(buggy_batch_count(131072, 60), 0);
+    assert_eq!(buggy_batch_count(65536 * 100, 60), 0);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn batch_count_near_u16_boundary() {
+    // Values just below and above 65536
+    assert_eq!(safe_batch_count(65535, 60), 60);
+    assert_eq!(safe_batch_count(65536, 60), 60);
+    assert_eq!(safe_batch_count(65537, 60), 60);
+
+    // Buggy: 65535 as u16 = 65535, min(60) = 60 (OK by accident)
+    assert_eq!(buggy_batch_count(65535, 60), 60);
+    // Buggy: 65536 as u16 = 0, min(60) = 0 (BUG)
+    assert_eq!(buggy_batch_count(65536, 60), 0);
+    // Buggy: 65537 as u16 = 1, min(60) = 1 (wrong but doesn't loop)
+    assert_eq!(buggy_batch_count(65537, 60), 1);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn batch_count_real_disc_sizes() {
+    let batch: u16 = 60;
+
+    // DVD-5: ~2,295,104 sectors
+    assert_eq!(safe_batch_count(2295104, batch), 60);
+
+    // BD-25: ~12,219,392 sectors
+    assert_eq!(safe_batch_count(12219392, batch), 60);
+
+    // BD-50: ~24,438,784 sectors
+    assert_eq!(safe_batch_count(24438784, batch), 60);
+
+    // UHD BD-66: ~33,554,432 sectors
+    assert_eq!(safe_batch_count(33554432, batch), 60);
+
+    // UHD BD-100: ~47,533,152 sectors
+    assert_eq!(safe_batch_count(47533152, batch), 60);
+
+    // Last few sectors of each
+    assert_eq!(safe_batch_count(52, batch), 52);
+    assert_eq!(safe_batch_count(3, batch), 3);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn batch_count_zero_remaining() {
+    // Zero remaining should produce 0 (loop exits before this)
+    assert_eq!(safe_batch_count(0, 60), 0);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn batch_count_max_batch_sizes() {
+    // Test with different batch sizes used by detect_max_batch_sectors
+    for &batch in &[3u16, 6, 9, 30, 60, 120, 240, 510] {
+        // Large remaining should always return batch
+        assert_eq!(safe_batch_count(47533152, batch), batch);
+        // Small remaining should return remaining
+        assert_eq!(safe_batch_count(1, batch), 1);
+    }
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn resolve_encryption_no_keydb() {
    // A UDF image with /AACS directory but no keydb path -> aacs is None
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ fn sample_disc_title() -> DiscTitle {
            Stream::Video(VideoStream {
                pid: 0x1011,
                codec: Codec::Hevc,
-                resolution: "2160p".into(),
-                frame_rate: "23.976".into(),
+                resolution: Resolution::R2160p,
+                frame_rate: FrameRate::F23_976,
                hdr: HdrFormat::Hdr10,
                color_space: ColorSpace::Bt709,
                secondary: false,
@@ -25,18 +25,18 @@ fn sample_disc_title() -> DiscTitle {
            Stream::Audio(AudioStream {
                pid: 0x1100,
                codec: Codec::TrueHd,
-                channels: "7.1".into(),
+                channels: AudioChannels::Surround71,
                language: "eng".into(),
-                sample_rate: "48kHz".into(),
+                sample_rate: SampleRate::S48,
                secondary: false,
                label: "English Atmos".into(),
            }),
            Stream::Audio(AudioStream {
                pid: 0x1101,
                codec: Codec::Ac3,
-                channels: "5.1".into(),
+                channels: AudioChannels::Surround51,
                language: "fra".into(),
-                sample_rate: "48kHz".into(),
+                sample_rate: SampleRate::S48,
                secondary: false,
                label: "French".into(),
            }),
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ fn m2ts_meta_roundtrip() {
    // Check video
    if let Stream::Video(v) = &restored.streams[0] {
        assert_eq!(v.codec, Codec::Hevc);
-        assert_eq!(v.resolution, "2160p");
+        assert_eq!(v.resolution, Resolution::R2160p);
        assert_eq!(v.label, "Main");
    } else {
        panic!("expected video");
@@ -413,8 +413,8 @@ fn meta_codec_roundtrip() {
        streams.push(Stream::Video(VideoStream {
            pid: (0x1011 + i) as u16,
            codec,
-            resolution: "1080p".into(),
-            frame_rate: "23.976".into(),
+            resolution: Resolution::R1080p,
+            frame_rate: FrameRate::F23_976,
            hdr: HdrFormat::Sdr,
            color_space: ColorSpace::Bt709,
            secondary: false,
@@ -425,9 +425,9 @@ fn meta_codec_roundtrip() {
        streams.push(Stream::Audio(AudioStream {
            pid: (0x1100 + i) as u16,
            codec,
-            channels: "5.1".into(),
+            channels: AudioChannels::Surround51,
            language: "eng".into(),
-            sample_rate: "48kHz".into(),
+            sample_rate: SampleRate::S48,
            secondary: false,
            label: String::new(),
        }));
@@ -509,8 +509,8 @@ fn meta_all_stream_types() {
            Stream::Video(VideoStream {
                pid: 0x1011,
                codec: Codec::Hevc,
-                resolution: "2160p".into(),
-                frame_rate: "23.976".into(),
+                resolution: Resolution::R2160p,
+                frame_rate: FrameRate::F23_976,
                hdr: HdrFormat::Hdr10,
                color_space: ColorSpace::Bt709,
                secondary: false,
@@ -519,9 +519,9 @@ fn meta_all_stream_types() {
            Stream::Audio(AudioStream {
                pid: 0x1100,
                codec: Codec::TrueHd,
-                channels: "7.1".into(),
+                channels: AudioChannels::Surround71,
                language: "eng".into(),
-                sample_rate: "48kHz".into(),
+                sample_rate: SampleRate::S48,
                secondary: false,
                label: "Primary Audio".into(),
            }),
@@ -535,9 +535,9 @@ fn meta_all_stream_types() {
            Stream::Audio(AudioStream {
                pid: 0x1110,
                codec: Codec::Ac3,
-                channels: "stereo".into(),
+                channels: AudioChannels::Stereo,
                language: "eng".into(),
-                sample_rate: "48kHz".into(),
+                sample_rate: SampleRate::S48,
                secondary: true,
                label: "Commentary".into(),
            }),
@@ -553,7 +553,7 @@ fn meta_all_stream_types() {
    // Video preserved
    if let Stream::Video(v) = &restored.streams[0] {
        assert_eq!(v.codec, Codec::Hevc);
-        assert_eq!(v.resolution, "2160p");
+        assert_eq!(v.resolution, Resolution::R2160p);
        assert_eq!(v.label, "Primary");
        assert!(!v.secondary);
    } else {
@@ -563,7 +563,7 @@ fn meta_all_stream_types() {
    // Primary audio preserved
    if let Stream::Audio(a) = &restored.streams[1] {
        assert_eq!(a.codec, Codec::TrueHd);
-        assert_eq!(a.channels, "7.1");
+        assert_eq!(a.channels, AudioChannels::Surround71);
        assert!(!a.secondary);
    } else {
        panic!("expected audio");
@@ -642,9 +642,9 @@ fn mkvstream_roundtrip_bdts() {
        streams: vec![Stream::Audio(AudioStream {
            pid: 0x1100,
            codec: Codec::Ac3,
-            channels: "5.1".into(),
+            channels: AudioChannels::Surround51,
            language: "eng".into(),
-            sample_rate: "48kHz".into(),
+            sample_rate: SampleRate::S48,
            secondary: false,
            label: "English".into(),
        })],
@@ -688,8 +688,8 @@ fn mkvstream_meta_preserves_all_streams() {
            Stream::Video(VideoStream {
                pid: 0x1011,
                codec: Codec::H264,
-                resolution: "1080p".into(),
-                frame_rate: "23.976".into(),
+                resolution: Resolution::R1080p,
+                frame_rate: FrameRate::F23_976,
                hdr: HdrFormat::Sdr,
                color_space: ColorSpace::Bt709,
                secondary: false,
@@ -698,18 +698,18 @@ fn mkvstream_meta_preserves_all_streams() {
            Stream::Audio(AudioStream {
                pid: 0x1100,
                codec: Codec::Ac3,
-                channels: "5.1".into(),
+                channels: AudioChannels::Surround51,
                language: "eng".into(),
-                sample_rate: "48kHz".into(),
+                sample_rate: SampleRate::S48,
                secondary: false,
                label: "English".into(),
            }),
            Stream::Audio(AudioStream {
                pid: 0x1101,
                codec: Codec::DtsHdMa,
-                channels: "7.1".into(),
+                channels: AudioChannels::Surround71,
                language: "fra".into(),
-                sample_rate: "48kHz".into(),
+                sample_rate: SampleRate::S48,
                secondary: false,
                label: "French".into(),
            }),
@@ -781,8 +781,8 @@ fn mkvstream_e2e_h264_produces_valid_mkv() {
        streams: vec![Stream::Video(VideoStream {
            pid: 0x1011,
            codec: Codec::H264,
-            resolution: "1080p".into(),
-            frame_rate: "23.976".into(),
+            resolution: Resolution::R1080p,
+            frame_rate: FrameRate::F23_976,
            hdr: HdrFormat::Sdr,
            color_space: ColorSpace::Bt709,
            secondary: false,
@@ -961,7 +961,11 @@ fn mkvstream_e2e_h264_produces_valid_mkv() {
    let data = output2.lock().unwrap().clone().into_inner();

    // Verify output starts with EBML magic (0x1A45DFA3)
-    assert!(data.len() >= 4, "MKV output too small: {} bytes", data.len());
+    assert!(
+        data.len() >= 4,
+        "MKV output too small: {} bytes",
+        data.len()
+    );
    assert_eq!(
        &data[0..4],
        &[0x1A, 0x45, 0xDF, 0xA3],
@@ -970,17 +974,13 @@ fn mkvstream_e2e_h264_produces_valid_mkv() {

    // Verify output contains a Tracks element (0x1654AE6B)
    let tracks_needle = [0x16, 0x54, 0xAE, 0x6B];
-    let has_tracks = data
-        .windows(4)
-        .any(|w| w == tracks_needle);
+    let has_tracks = data.windows(4).any(|w| w == tracks_needle);
    assert!(has_tracks, "output should contain Tracks element");

    // Verify codecPrivate is non-empty (not all zeros)
    // CodecPrivate element ID is 0x63A2
    let cp_needle = [0x63, 0xA2];
-    let cp_pos = data
-        .windows(2)
-        .position(|w| w == cp_needle);
+    let cp_pos = data.windows(2).position(|w| w == cp_needle);
    if let Some(pos) = cp_pos {
        // After the ID, there's a size VINT, then the data
        let after_id = pos + 2;