v1.6.6: bump version (freemkv-unlock git-pinned for the tag)

The B1 resync gate (mux/resync.rs) arms on a concealed-gap / clip-seam
discontinuity and drops video frames until it sees a keyframe. The H.264
parser flagged a keyframe only on an IDR slice (NAL type 5), so on a BD
open-GOP tail whose only random-access point is a non-IDR I-frame (the
recovery point) the gate never disarmed and dropped every remaining frame
to EOF — truncating the video by up to a GOP-plus tail and failing the
cli-acceptance timeline_sound strict span check for BD.

Promote an intra-coded access unit (measured coding_type == I) to a
keyframe, alongside the existing IDR-by-NAL-type flag. This is the H.264
equivalent of HEVC's open-GOP IRAP (CRA) handling, which the HEVC parser
already flags by NAL type — H.264 has no such NAL tag, so the measured
intra coding type is the signal. Keying off coding type rather than a
recovery_point SEI covers every signalling: an SEI-tagged recovery point
(which is intra by construction) and a disc that marks the recovery point
by GOP structure alone. Consistent with videomap.rs's model that a
keyframe IS the intra decode-restart point; the open-GOP anchor now also
gets the self-contained SPS/PPS re-assert, mirroring HEVC at CRA. IDR
stays flagged by NAL type, so a slice whose header fails to parse
(coding_type == None) is unaffected. HEVC, DVD/MPEG-2 unchanged.

Tests: open_gop_intra_access_unit_is_a_keyframe (red before this change),
inter_coded_access_unit_is_not_a_keyframe (precision guard).

.github/dependabot.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+version: 2
+
+# Dependency updates land on `dev`, never on `main`.
+#
+# `main` here is a RELEASE POINTER that release.sh moves to each tag. A bot
+# commit on it would put work there that no tag contains, which is exactly the
+# state that aborted the 1.6.2 cascade at the last step -- so pointing
+# Dependabot at main would recreate that failure on a schedule.
+updates:
+  - package-ecosystem: cargo
+    directory: /
+    target-branch: dev
+    schedule:
+      interval: weekly
+    open-pull-requests-limit: 5
+    # One PR per week for the routine bumps instead of one per crate. Eight
+    # repos times a handful of crates is a volume nobody reads, and an
+    # unread PR queue is indistinguishable from no updates at all.
+    groups:
+      minor-and-patch:
+        update-types:
+          - minor
+          - patch
+    ignore:
+      # The freemkv crates depend on each other by GIT TAG, re-pinned by
+      # release.sh as part of the release commit. Dependabot cannot see that
+      # cascade, so a PR bumping one of these would fight the release process
+      # and could pin a version whose tag does not exist yet.
+      - dependency-name: freemkv-unlock
+      - dependency-name: libfreemkv
+      - dependency-name: freemkv-keysources
+      - dependency-name: freemkv-i18n
+      - dependency-name: freemkv-engine
+
+  # The workflows are now real infrastructure -- the release cascade, the
+  # cross-platform hash matrix, the disc gate -- so their actions need the same
+  # attention as the crates.
+  - package-ecosystem: github-actions
+    directory: /
+    target-branch: dev
+    schedule:
+      interval: weekly
+    open-pull-requests-limit: 5
+    groups:
+      actions:
+        update-types:
+          - minor
+          - patch
+    ignore:
+      # NOT a dependency: `dtolnay/rust-toolchain` is versioned by the RUST
+      # release it installs, and the tag we pin is the toolchain CI is pinned
+      # to on purpose -- precommit.sh runs the same one locally so a lint that
+      # passes on a developer's newer default cannot pass CI by accident.
+      #
+      # Dependabot reads those tags as semver and proposed 1.97.0 -> 1.100.0,
+      # a Rust version that does not exist. Every such PR 404s on toolchain
+      # download across all eight repos, and they regenerate weekly -- eight
+      # permanently-red PRs that promote.yml then has to special-case when it
+      # decides whether dev is green.
+      #
+      # Bumping the toolchain is a deliberate, all-eight-repos change, made by
+      # hand together with precommit.sh. There is nothing here for a bot.
+      - dependency-name: dtolnay/rust-toolchain

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -2,50 +2,228 @@ name: CI
 
 on:
   push:
-    branches: [main]
+    # dev -> qa -> main. `dev` is where work lands and is meant to be pushed
+    # to often: these are the FAST checks, so a mistake surfaces in minutes.
+    # `qa` is the release candidate — it runs these too, plus the expensive
+    # suite in qa.yml. `main` only ever moves at release time, to a tagged
+    # commit that was already green on qa.
+    branches: [main, dev, qa]
   pull_request:
 
 jobs:
   lint:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@1.86.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
+        with:
+          path: libfreemkv
+      # libfreemkv path-deps ../freemkv-unlock on the BRANCH tip (release.sh
+      # swaps it to a git tag only inside the tagged commit, then restores the
+      # path dep). CI checks out one repo, so the branch tip has never been
+      # buildable here — every green run you have ever seen was a tag build,
+      # and Windows/Linux were first compiled at release time.
+      #
+      # Both repos go into subdirectories because actions/checkout refuses a
+      # `path:` outside $GITHUB_WORKSPACE, and `../freemkv-unlock` is outside.
+      # With this layout the path dep resolves exactly as it does locally.
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
+        with:
+          repository: freemkv/freemkv-unlock
+          ref: "${{ github.ref_name == 'qa' && 'qa' || 'dev' }}"
+          path: freemkv-unlock
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@1.97.0
         with:
           components: clippy, rustfmt
       - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+        with:
+          workspaces: libfreemkv
       - run: cargo fmt --check
+        working-directory: libfreemkv
       # libfreemkv is a library — Cargo.lock is gitignored. --locked
       # would always fail on a fresh runner because there's no committed
       # lockfile to lock against. The binary crates (freemkv, autorip,
       # bdemu) track Cargo.lock and DO use --locked.
-      - run: cargo clippy -- -D warnings
+      # --all-targets so TEST code is linted too. Without it this crate — the
+      # reference implementation for the other seven — was the only one whose
+      # tests had never been linted at all, and it was hiding 74 findings.
+      - run: cargo clippy --all-targets -- -D warnings
+        working-directory: libfreemkv
 
   test:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@1.86.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
+        with:
+          path: libfreemkv
+      # libfreemkv path-deps ../freemkv-unlock on the BRANCH tip (release.sh
+      # swaps it to a git tag only inside the tagged commit, then restores the
+      # path dep). CI checks out one repo, so the branch tip has never been
+      # buildable here — every green run you have ever seen was a tag build,
+      # and Windows/Linux were first compiled at release time.
+      #
+      # Both repos go into subdirectories because actions/checkout refuses a
+      # `path:` outside $GITHUB_WORKSPACE, and `../freemkv-unlock` is outside.
+      # With this layout the path dep resolves exactly as it does locally.
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
+        with:
+          repository: freemkv/freemkv-unlock
+          ref: "${{ github.ref_name == 'qa' && 'qa' || 'dev' }}"
+          path: freemkv-unlock
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@1.97.0
       - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+        with:
+          workspaces: libfreemkv
       - run: cargo test --tests
+        working-directory: libfreemkv
 
   check-macos:
+    # dev is the FAST lane: this job still runs, but on the release-candidate
+    # branches rather than on every push to dev. Nothing is deleted and no
+    # platform stops being checked before a release -- qa.yml independently
+    # covers macOS and Windows, and the jobs unique to this file (the Intel
+    # macOS build, the Windows release build) run here on qa and main. A push
+    # to dev is meant to be cheap and frequent; waiting on three runner pools
+    # to agree is what a release candidate is for.
+    #
+    # `if` SKIPS the job (it does not queue). A queued job would be far worse
+    # than a slow one: release.sh's CI gate refuses while any run for the
+    # commit is still in progress, so a never-scheduled job blocks releases
+    # silently -- see the note on real-media in qa.yml.
+    if: github.ref_name == 'qa' || github.ref_name == 'main'
     runs-on: macos-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@1.86.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
+        with:
+          path: libfreemkv
+      # libfreemkv path-deps ../freemkv-unlock on the BRANCH tip (release.sh
+      # swaps it to a git tag only inside the tagged commit, then restores the
+      # path dep). CI checks out one repo, so the branch tip has never been
+      # buildable here — every green run you have ever seen was a tag build,
+      # and Windows/Linux were first compiled at release time.
+      #
+      # Both repos go into subdirectories because actions/checkout refuses a
+      # `path:` outside $GITHUB_WORKSPACE, and `../freemkv-unlock` is outside.
+      # With this layout the path dep resolves exactly as it does locally.
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
+        with:
+          repository: freemkv/freemkv-unlock
+          ref: "${{ github.ref_name == 'qa' && 'qa' || 'dev' }}"
+          path: freemkv-unlock
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@1.97.0
       - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+        with:
+          workspaces: libfreemkv
       - run: cargo check
+        working-directory: libfreemkv
 
   check-windows:
+    # dev is the FAST lane: this job still runs, but on the release-candidate
+    # branches rather than on every push to dev. Nothing is deleted and no
+    # platform stops being checked before a release -- qa.yml independently
+    # covers macOS and Windows, and the jobs unique to this file (the Intel
+    # macOS build, the Windows release build) run here on qa and main. A push
+    # to dev is meant to be cheap and frequent; waiting on three runner pools
+    # to agree is what a release candidate is for.
+    #
+    # `if` SKIPS the job (it does not queue). A queued job would be far worse
+    # than a slow one: release.sh's CI gate refuses while any run for the
+    # commit is still in progress, so a never-scheduled job blocks releases
+    # silently -- see the note on real-media in qa.yml.
+    if: github.ref_name == 'qa' || github.ref_name == 'main'
     runs-on: windows-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@1.86.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
+        with:
+          path: libfreemkv
+      # libfreemkv path-deps ../freemkv-unlock on the BRANCH tip (release.sh
+      # swaps it to a git tag only inside the tagged commit, then restores the
+      # path dep). CI checks out one repo, so the branch tip has never been
+      # buildable here — every green run you have ever seen was a tag build,
+      # and Windows/Linux were first compiled at release time.
+      #
+      # Both repos go into subdirectories because actions/checkout refuses a
+      # `path:` outside $GITHUB_WORKSPACE, and `../freemkv-unlock` is outside.
+      # With this layout the path dep resolves exactly as it does locally.
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
+        with:
+          repository: freemkv/freemkv-unlock
+          ref: "${{ github.ref_name == 'qa' && 'qa' || 'dev' }}"
+          path: freemkv-unlock
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@1.97.0
       - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+        with:
+          workspaces: libfreemkv
       # Build the tests (not just `cargo check`): catches errors in test
       # code and forces full codegen of the Windows-only SPTI transport
       # (src/scsi/windows.rs), which never compiles on the Linux/macOS dev
       # hosts. We don't `cargo test` here — the suite needs no drive but the
       # extra build is the value; running tests is covered by the Linux job.
       - run: cargo build --tests
+        working-directory: libfreemkv
+
+  # ── Did this change break anything downstream? ──────────────────────────────
+  #
+  # Every job above proves libfreemkv builds. None proved its DEPENDENTS do,
+  # and that gap is real: an engine signature change broke autorip today and
+  # went unnoticed because consumer CI only fires on a push to that consumer.
+  # libfreemkv sits below all five of them, so a break here is worth strictly
+  # more than a break anywhere else in the project.
+  #
+  # `cargo check --all-targets` only — each dependent owns its own behaviour
+  # and has its own suite. The question here is just "does everything built on
+  # me still compile against this commit".
+  consumers:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
+        with: { path: libfreemkv }
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
+        with: { repository: freemkv/freemkv-unlock, ref: "${{ github.ref_name == 'qa' && 'qa' || 'dev' }}", path: freemkv-unlock }
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
+        with: { repository: freemkv/freemkv-keysources, ref: "${{ github.ref_name == 'qa' && 'qa' || 'dev' }}", path: freemkv-keysources }
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
+        with: { repository: freemkv/freemkv-engine, ref: "${{ github.ref_name == 'qa' && 'qa' || 'dev' }}", path: freemkv-engine }
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
+        with: { repository: freemkv/freemkv-i18n, ref: "${{ github.ref_name == 'qa' && 'qa' || 'dev' }}", path: freemkv-i18n }
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
+        with: { repository: freemkv/freemkv, ref: "${{ github.ref_name == 'qa' && 'qa' || 'dev' }}", path: freemkv }
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
+        with: { repository: freemkv/autorip, ref: "${{ github.ref_name == 'qa' && 'qa' || 'dev' }}", path: autorip }
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
+        with: { repository: freemkv/bdemu, ref: "${{ github.ref_name == 'qa' && 'qa' || 'dev' }}", path: bdemu }
+      - name: Point every dependent at THIS libfreemkv commit
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          for c in freemkv-keysources freemkv-engine freemkv autorip bdemu; do
+            mkdir -p "$c/.cargo"
+            cat > "$c/.cargo/config.toml" <<'EOF'
+          [patch.crates-io]
+          libfreemkv = { path = "../libfreemkv" }
+          freemkv-keysources = { path = "../freemkv-keysources" }
+          freemkv-engine = { path = "../freemkv-engine" }
+          freemkv-i18n = { path = "../freemkv-i18n" }
+          EOF
+          done
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@1.97.0
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+        with:
+          workspaces: |
+            freemkv-keysources
+            freemkv-engine
+            freemkv
+            autorip
+            bdemu
+      # `cargo check` alone only proves the dependents still COMPILE against
+      # this commit. It cannot see a behavioural change — the library keeps its
+      # signatures and a dependent's tests start failing. That is the shape of
+      # every defect worth catching here, so run their suites too.
+      - run: cargo test --tests
+        working-directory: freemkv-keysources
+      - run: cargo test --tests
+        working-directory: freemkv-engine
+      - run: cargo test --tests
+        working-directory: freemkv
+      - run: cargo test --tests
+        working-directory: autorip
+      - run: cargo test --tests
+        working-directory: bdemu

.github/workflows/leak-guard.yml

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ jobs:
   leak-guard:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
       - name: Compute commit range

.github/workflows/qa.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+name: qa
+
+# ── The qa gate: "is this production worth?" ────────────────────────────────
+#
+# dev -> qa -> main.
+#
+# `dev` is for committing often. ci.yml answers "is it green" in minutes with
+# fmt, clippy and the unit suite, so a mistake surfaces while it is still cheap
+# to fix. `qa` is the release-candidate branch, and THIS workflow is the claim
+# that a commit is production worth: everything expensive that can run without
+# physical media. `main` only ever receives a qa that went green here.
+#
+# Sibling repos are checked out at `qa`, NOT `dev`. A qa run that resolved its
+# dependencies from dev tips would be validating a combination that is not the
+# one being released, which is the exact failure this branch exists to prevent.
+#
+# What this gate CANNOT cover: `disc://` and real `iso://` need physical media,
+# and no hosted runner has an optical drive or the image hoard. Those run on a
+# self-hosted runner (see the media job at the end) and are the one leg that
+# stays on hardware.
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [qa]
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+jobs:
+  # ── Name the candidate ────────────────────────────────────────────────
+  #
+  # Every push to `qa` is a release candidate, so every push gets a tag:
+  # v<version>-rc<N>, N incrementing. That is the answer to "which build is on
+  # qa right now, and is it the one I tested?" — a question that otherwise gets
+  # answered from memory.
+  #
+  # This runs FIRST and does not depend on the gates, deliberately. A red
+  # candidate needs a name more than a green one does: "rc3 failed
+  # release-tests on windows" is a sentence you can act on; "qa is red" is not.
+  # Red on qa is a working gate, not an incident — it is the branch saying this
+  # is not production worth yet. Fix on dev, get dev green, push qa again.
+  #
+  # release.yml excludes v*-rc* so a candidate never publishes a release.
+  rc-tag:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: write
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0
+      - name: Stamp the next rc
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+          v=$(sed -n 's/^version = "\(.*\)"/\1/p' Cargo.toml | head -1)
+          [ -n "$v" ] || { echo "no version in Cargo.toml" >&2; exit 1; }
+          # Numeric sort on the rc ordinal: -rc10 must beat -rc9, and a plain
+          # lexical sort gets that backwards from the tenth candidate on.
+          n=$(git tag -l "v$v-rc*" | sed "s|^v$v-rc||" | sort -n | tail -1)
+          tag="v$v-rc$(( ${n:-0} + 1 ))"
+          git tag "$tag"
+          git push origin "$tag"
+          echo "### Candidate \`$tag\`" >> "$GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY"
+
+  # The debug suite runs on every dev push. Release is a DIFFERENT build:
+  # overflow checks are off, debug_assert! is compiled out, and inlining
+  # changes what the optimiser can prove. A test that only passes in debug is
+  # a test that never guarded the binary anyone actually ships.
+  release-tests:
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        os: ['ubuntu-latest', 'macos-latest']
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
+        with:
+          path: libfreemkv
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
+        with:
+          repository: freemkv/freemkv-unlock
+          ref: qa
+          path: freemkv-unlock
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@1.97.0
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+        with:
+          workspaces: libfreemkv
+      - run: cargo test --release --tests
+        working-directory: libfreemkv
+
+  # clippy's output is target-dependent: cfg-gated code only gets linted on
+  # the target it compiles for. Linting solely on the dev machine's host
+  # target is how a lint that CI rejects reaches a push.
+  cross-lint:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
+        with:
+          path: libfreemkv
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
+        with:
+          repository: freemkv/freemkv-unlock
+          ref: qa
+          path: freemkv-unlock
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@1.97.0
+        with:
+          components: clippy
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+        with:
+          workspaces: libfreemkv
+      - run: rustup target add x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
+      - run: cargo clippy --all-targets --target x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu -- -D warnings
+        working-directory: libfreemkv
+
+  # Windows compiles the tests but does not run them, matching the policy
+  # ci.yml already set. The value here is codegen: the #[cfg(windows)] halves
+  # of the SCSI transport and platform layers compile on no other runner, so
+  # without this they are first built at release time.
+  windows-build:
+    runs-on: windows-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
+        with:
+          path: libfreemkv
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
+        with:
+          repository: freemkv/freemkv-unlock
+          ref: qa
+          path: freemkv-unlock
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@1.97.0
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+        with:
+          workspaces: libfreemkv
+      - run: cargo build --release --tests
+        working-directory: libfreemkv

.github/workflows/release.yml

@@ -4,6 +4,11 @@ on:
   push:
     tags:
       - 'v*'
+      # NOT the release-candidate tags. Every push to `qa` stamps a
+      # v<version>-rc<N> so a run can be named, and 'v*' matches those too —
+      # which would have this workflow build and PUBLISH a GitHub release for
+      # every candidate, including the red ones.
+      - '!v*-rc*'
 
 permissions:
   contents: write
@@ -12,7 +17,7 @@ jobs:
   verify:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
       - name: Verify Cargo.toml version matches tag
         run: |
           CARGO_VER="v$(grep '^version' Cargo.toml | head -1 | sed 's/.*"\(.*\)"/\1/')"
@@ -24,7 +29,7 @@ jobs:
 
   # Tests run as a PARALLEL TRIPWIRE: they fail the run if they fail, but the
   # publish/release jobs do NOT `needs:` this job. The tag decision was already
-  # gated by the local precommit (same Rust 1.86, same commit). Binary consumers
+  # gated by the local precommit (same Rust 1.97, same commit). Binary consumers
   # (freemkv/autorip/bdemu) git-tag-pin libfreemkv and therefore start building
   # the instant this tag exists — so this test job and the crates.io publish
   # below must NOT sit on their critical path.
@@ -32,36 +37,18 @@ jobs:
     needs: verify
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@1.86.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@1.97.0
       - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
       # libfreemkv is a library — Cargo.lock isn't tracked, so --locked
       # would always fail (no lockfile to lock against on a fresh runner).
       - run: cargo test
 
-  # crates.io publish is an INDEPENDENT job: it serves EXTERNAL consumers only.
-  # The freemkv binaries no longer depend on it (they git-tag-pin libfreemkv via
-  # a committed [patch.crates-io]), so this publish runs in parallel with their
-  # release builds rather than gating them. It `needs: [verify, test]` so a
-  # failing test suite still blocks publication to crates.io — external
-  # consumers who `cargo add libfreemkv` must never receive a release whose
-  # tests were failing. (The two upstream jobs run in parallel, so this gate
-  # does not serialize publish behind test beyond their own completion.)
-  publish:
-    needs: [verify, test]
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@1.86.0
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
-      # --no-verify: CI already compiled this exact commit (in the `test` job
-      # and on every push via ci.yml). cargo publish's default re-verify does a
-      # full cold release build of the packaged tarball, which here is pure
-      # redundant work (~a cold lib build). Skip it.
-      - name: Publish to crates.io
-        run: cargo publish --no-verify
-        env:
-          CARGO_REGISTRY_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.CARGO_REGISTRY_TOKEN }}
+  # NOTE: there is no crates.io publish job. libfreemkv is git-tag-only
+  # (`package.publish = false` — it git-deps the firmware crate freemkv-unlock,
+  # which never ships to crates.io). Every consumer git-tag-pins libfreemkv via
+  # a committed [patch.crates-io]; the git tag itself IS the release artifact.
+  # A `cargo publish` here fails hard on `publish = false`, so it was removed.
 
   release:
     # Only needs `verify`; the GitHub Release can be cut as soon as the version
@@ -69,8 +56,8 @@ jobs:
     needs: verify
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
       - name: Create GitHub Release
-        uses: softprops/action-gh-release@v2
+        uses: softprops/action-gh-release@v3
         with:
           generate_release_notes: true

.github/workflows/update-readme.yml

@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-name: Update README version
-
-on:
-  release:
-    types: [published]
-
-permissions:
-  contents: write
-
-jobs:
-  update:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-        with:
-          ref: main
-          token: ${{ secrets.ORG_DISPATCH_TOKEN }}
-
-      - name: Update version in README
-        run: |
-          VERSION="${{ github.event.release.tag_name }}"
-          FILE="README.md"
-
-          # Update cargo dependency version (e.g. "0.2" -> "0.3")
-          MAJOR_MINOR="${VERSION#v}"
-          MAJOR_MINOR="${MAJOR_MINOR%.*}"
-          sed -i "s|libfreemkv = \"[0-9]*\.[0-9]*\"|libfreemkv = \"${MAJOR_MINOR}\"|" "$FILE"
-
-      - name: Commit and push
-        run: |
-          VERSION="${{ github.event.release.tag_name }}"
-          git config user.name "github-actions[bot]"
-          git config user.email "github-actions[bot]@users.noreply.github.com"
-          git add README.md
-          git diff --cached --quiet || git commit -m "Update to libfreemkv ${VERSION}"
-          git push

.gitignore

@@ -14,3 +14,12 @@ scratch/
 # internal agent context — never publish (path AND dir; leak-guard blocks both)
 CLAUDE.md
 .claude/
+
+# Nightly harness output. Written into the repo it audits, and it embeds
+# absolute paths from the machine that ran it — which must never reach a public
+# repo. Ignored rather than relocated so a run from any working copy is safe.
+.nightly/
+
+# cargo-mutants working output: large, machine-specific, never committed
+mutants.out/
+mutants.out.old/

CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ This Code of Conduct applies within all community spaces, and also applies when
 
 ## Enforcement
 
-Instances of abusive, harassing, or otherwise unacceptable behavior may be reported to the community leaders responsible for enforcement at matthew@pq.io. All complaints will be reviewed and investigated promptly and fairly.
+Instances of abusive, harassing, or otherwise unacceptable behavior may be reported privately to the project maintainer via GitHub at https://github.com/MattJackson. All complaints will be reviewed and investigated promptly and fairly.
 
 All community leaders are obligated to respect the privacy and security of the reporter of any incident.
 

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -24,4 +24,4 @@ cargo test
 
 ## License
 
-By contributing, you agree your code will be licensed under AGPL-3.0.
+By contributing, you agree your code will be licensed under MIT.

Cargo.toml

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 [package]
 name = "libfreemkv"
-version = "1.2.1"
+version = "1.6.6"
 edition = "2024"
-rust-version = "1.86"
-license = "AGPL-3.0-only"
+rust-version = "1.97"
+license = "MIT"
 description = "Open source raw disc access library for optical drives"
 repository = "https://github.com/freemkv/libfreemkv"
 keywords = ["bluray", "uhd", "optical", "scsi", "disc"]
@@ -22,21 +22,22 @@ codegen-units = 1
 serde = { version = "1", features = ["derive"] }
 serde_json = "1"
 sha1 = "0.10"
-sha2 = "0.10"
-aes = "0.8"
-cbc = "0.1"
+aes = "0.9"
 # Interim path dep for local cross-repo dev; the release script re-pins this to
 # `{ git = ".../freemkv-unlock", tag = "vX.Y.Z" }` before tagging libfreemkv (so
 # the released tag resolves freemkv-unlock from git, not a sibling path).
-freemkv-unlock = { path = "../freemkv-unlock" }
-num-bigint = "0.4"
-num-traits = "0.2"
-num-integer = "0.1"
-rand = "0.8"
-cmac = "0.7"
-zip = { version = "2", default-features = false, features = ["deflate"] }
-base64 = "0.22.1"
-# Trace-level instrumentation for Disc::copy + SgIoTransport::execute. Permitted
+freemkv-unlock = { git = "https://github.com/freemkv/freemkv-unlock", tag = "v1.6.5" }
+rand = "0.10"
+zip = { version = "8", default-features = false, features = ["deflate"] }
+base64 = "0.23"
+# Read-only XML DOM parser (pure Rust, forbid(unsafe_code), entity-expansion
+# bounded). Parses the HD-DVD Advanced-Content playlist `ADV_OBJ/VPLST000.XPL`
+# — untrusted disc bytes — into authoritative titles/clips/chapters. A real
+# parser, not a hand-rolled scanner: the XPL is genuine XML (comments, varied
+# attribute order, self-closing tags).
+roxmltree = "0.20"
+# Trace-level instrumentation for the read/transport path (SgIoTransport::execute
+# and friends). Permitted
 # under CLAUDE.md ("Acceptable strings: debug/trace logging"). Consumers (autorip)
 # wire a tracing subscriber and pipe events into the JSONL debug log.
 tracing = "0.1"

LICENSE

@@ -1,16 +1,21 @@
-GNU AFFERO GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
-Version 3, 19 November 2007
+MIT License
 
-Copyright (C) 2026 FreeMKV Contributors
+Copyright (c) 2026 Matthew Jackson & Contributors
 
-This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
-by the Free Software Foundation, version 3 of the License.
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
 
-This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
-GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 
-You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
-along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.

README.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-[![License: AGPL-3.0](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-AGPL--3.0-blue)](LICENSE)
+[![License: MIT](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue)](LICENSE)
 
 # libfreemkv
 
@@ -55,48 +55,15 @@ output.finish()?;
 
 ### Multi-pass recovery rip
 
-For damaged discs the library exposes two flat verbs — `Disc::sweep` for the
-forward Pass 1 and `Disc::patch` for retrying bad ranges. The library never
-loops; the multipass policy is the caller's job. See
-[`docs/rip-recovery.md`](docs/rip-recovery.md).
+Recovery moved OUT of this crate in 1.6.0. The sweep/patch strategy, the
+ddrescue mapfile, damage classification and the multipass loop now live in the
+`freemkv-engine` crate as `freemkv_engine::recovery::{copy, sweep, patch}`.
 
-```rust
-use libfreemkv::{SweepOptions, PatchOptions};
-use libfreemkv::disc::{mapfile, mapfile_path_for};
-use std::path::Path;
-
-let iso = Path::new("disc.iso");
-
-// Pass 1: disc → ISO. Skip-on-error, zero-fill, write the sidecar mapfile.
-disc.sweep(&mut drive, iso, &SweepOptions {
-    decrypt: true,
-    resume: false,
-    batch_sectors: None,
-    skip_on_error: true,
-    progress: None,
-    halt: None,
-})?;
-
-// Pass 2..N: retry every non-finished range. Idempotent.
-loop {
-    let map = mapfile::Mapfile::load(&mapfile_path_for(iso))?;
-    let stats = map.stats();
-    if stats.bytes_pending + stats.bytes_unreadable == 0 { break; }
-
-    let outcome = disc.patch(&mut drive, iso, &PatchOptions {
-        decrypt: true,
-        block_sectors: None,
-        full_recovery: true,
-        reverse: true,
-        wedged_threshold: 50,
-        progress: None,
-        halt: None,
-    })?;
-    if outcome.bytes_recovered_this_pass == 0 { break; }
-}
-
-// Mux from the ISO via the normal stream pipeline (no drive involvement).
-```
+libfreemkv keeps the layers underneath: the raw single-shot read
+(`Drive::read`) and the SCSI-fact translation (`SenseFamily`) that the engine's
+strategy is built on. The dependency runs engine → libfreemkv, so this crate
+cannot call into it; front-ends get recovery from the engine directly. See
+[`docs/rip-recovery.md`](docs/rip-recovery.md) for what stayed here.
 
 ## What It Does
 
@@ -114,7 +81,7 @@ loop {
 | Stream | Input | Output | Transport |
 |--------|-------|--------|-----------|
 | DiscStream | Yes | -- | Optical drive via SCSI |
-| IsoStream | Yes | -- | Blu-ray ISO image file (read via stream pipeline; written via `Disc::sweep()`) |
+| IsoStream | Yes | -- | Blu-ray ISO image file (read via stream pipeline; written by `freemkv_engine::recovery`) |
 | MkvStream | Yes | Yes | Matroska container |
 | M2tsStream | Yes | Yes | BD transport stream with FMKV metadata header |
 | NetworkStream | Yes (listen) | Yes (connect) | TCP with FMKV metadata header |
@@ -190,4 +157,4 @@ Run `freemkv info disc:// --share` with the [freemkv CLI](https://github.com/fre
 
 ## License
 
-AGPL-3.0-only
+MIT

SECURITY.md

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# Security Policy
+
+## Supported versions
+
+| Version | Supported |
+| ------- | --------- |
+| 1.6.x   | Yes       |
+| < 1.6   | No        |
+
+Only the current 1.6.x line receives security fixes.
+
+## Reporting a vulnerability
+
+Report vulnerabilities privately through GitHub Security Advisories:
+https://github.com/freemkv/libfreemkv/security/advisories/new
+
+Do not open a public issue for a security report. Include the affected
+version, steps to reproduce, and the impact you believe the issue has.
+
+## Response time
+
+You will get an initial response within 7 days.

TROUBLESHOOTING.md

@@ -141,8 +141,8 @@ If your machine has a free SATA port, use it.
 
 freemkv uses a three-layer recovery model. See [`docs/rip-recovery.md`](docs/rip-recovery.md) for full details.
 
-- **Pass 1 (Disc::copy):** Fast sweep with 64 KB reads. On failure, zero-fills the block and skips forward. Writes a ddrescue-format mapfile for later retry.
-- **Pass 2+ (Disc::patch):** Targeted re-reads of bad ranges with a long 30-second timeout per CDB. The drive firmware performs its own ECC and laser power retries within that window.
+- **Pass 1 (`freemkv_engine::recovery::sweep`):** Fast sweep with 64 KB reads. On failure, zero-fills the block and skips forward. Writes a ddrescue-format mapfile for later retry.
+- **Pass 2+ (`freemkv_engine::recovery::patch`):** Targeted re-reads of bad ranges with a long 60-second timeout per CDB. The drive firmware performs its own ECC and laser power retries within that window.
 - **In-stream (DiscStream):** Adaptive batch halving -- reduces request size on failure to isolate bad sectors within a larger block.
 
 This means a disc with some bad sectors will still produce a usable ISO. The damaged areas are zero-filled in pass 1 and retried in subsequent passes. Structure-protected sectors (deliberate unreadable regions from copy protection) will never yield, which is expected.
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ Many external drive enclosures (Vantec NexStar, Sabrent, OWC, etc.) do not adver
 When something goes wrong during a rip, gather this information before filing an issue:
 
 1. **freemkv version:** `freemkv --version` or the crate version in `Cargo.toml`.
-2. **Drive model:** from the drive label, or from `freemkv info`.
+2. **Drive model:** from the drive label, or from `freemkv info disc://`.
 3. **Connection type:** USB (with bridge chipset if known) or direct SATA.
 4. **Operating system and kernel:** `uname -a`.
 5. **Kernel messages during the failure:** `dmesg | tail -50` immediately after the crash.

build.rs

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ fn main() {
             &target_arch // x86_64 → x86_64
         };
 
-        std::process::Command::new("cc")
+        let cc_status = std::process::Command::new("cc")
             .args([
                 "-arch",
                 clang_arch,
@@ -38,12 +38,19 @@ fn main() {
                 "-O2",
             ])
             .status()
-            .expect("failed to compile macos_shim.c");
+            .expect("failed to spawn cc for macos_shim.c");
+        // `.status()` succeeding only means the process RAN. A real compile error
+        // exits non-zero, and ignoring that left no object file, which surfaced
+        // much later as an unexplained link failure against a missing symbol. The
+        // shim is macOS-only and is neither linted nor compiled on the other two
+        // platforms, so a mistake in it has exactly one chance to be noticed.
+        assert!(cc_status.success(), "cc failed to compile macos_shim.c");
 
-        std::process::Command::new("ar")
+        let ar_status = std::process::Command::new("ar")
             .args(["rcs", &lib, &obj])
             .status()
-            .expect("failed to create static lib");
+            .expect("failed to spawn ar");
+        assert!(ar_status.success(), "ar failed to create the static lib");
 
         println!("cargo:rustc-link-search=native={out_dir}");
         println!("cargo:rustc-link-lib=static=macos_scsi");
@@ -77,10 +84,10 @@ fn emit_git_suffix() {
     // Re-run when HEAD (or the branch it points at) moves so the stamp stays
     // current without a clean rebuild.
     println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=.git/HEAD");
-    if let Ok(head) = std::fs::read_to_string(".git/HEAD") {
-        if let Some(ref_path) = head.strip_prefix("ref: ") {
-            println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=.git/{}", ref_path.trim());
-        }
+    if let Ok(head) = std::fs::read_to_string(".git/HEAD")
+        && let Some(ref_path) = head.strip_prefix("ref: ")
+    {
+        println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=.git/{}", ref_path.trim());
     }
 }
 

docs/README.md

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Technical documentation for [libfreemkv](https://github.com/freemkv/libfreemkv),
 |----------|---------------|
 | [Architecture](architecture.md) | Module map, design principles, error codes, platform support |
 | [Drive Access](drive-access.md) | Drive, SCSI transport, profiles, unlock, why raw mode is needed |
-| [Rip Recovery](rip-recovery.md) | Three-layer recovery model: Disc::patch, single-shot Drive::read, DiscStream batch halving |
+| [Rip Recovery](rip-recovery.md) | What this crate owns of the recovery model: single-shot Drive::read, SenseFamily, DiscStream batch halving (the strategy itself moved to freemkv-engine in 1.6.0) |
 | [AACS Encryption](aacs.md) | Key resolution (4 paths), content decryption, bus encryption, SCSI handshake |
 | [UDF Filesystem](udf.md) | UDF 2.50 with metadata partitions, pointer chain, how files are read from disc |
 | [MPLS Playlists](mpls.md) | Playlist format, play items, STN stream table, coding types |

docs/aacs.md

@@ -65,27 +65,38 @@ if disc.encrypted {
     }
 }
 
-// Read content -- decryption is automatic
-let mut reader = disc.open_title(&mut session, 0).unwrap();
-while let Some(unit) = reader.read_unit().unwrap() {
-    // decrypted content
+// Read content -- decryption is applied on read by the DiscStream decorator.
+// Live disc does NOT go through the URL resolver: `input("disc://...")` returns
+// Error::DiscUrlNotDirect by design.
+let keys = disc.decrypt_keys();
+let mut stream = DiscStream::new(
+    Box::new(drive),
+    disc.titles[0].clone(),
+    keys,
+    batch_sectors,
+    disc.titles[0].content_format,
+    false, // raw: false → decrypt on read
+    None,  // halt
+)?;
+while let Ok(Some(frame)) = stream.read() {
+    // decrypted PES frames
 }
 ```
 
-The application never touches keys, never calls decryption functions, and never
-manages handshakes. All of that is internal to `Disc::scan()` and the content
-reader.
+The application never calls decryption functions and never manages the
+drive-level handshake. It DOES own key resolution — see below.
 
-### KEYDB Location
+### Key resolution is the caller's job
 
-`ScanOptions` controls where the keydb is loaded from. If no explicit path is
-set, the library checks the standard config locations. To specify an explicit
-path:
+`libfreemkv` is **lookup-free: it resolves no keys and reads no keydb.** There is
+no `ScanOptions::with_keydb`, and `ScanOptions` has no keydb field — its only
+scan input is the optional drive credentials for the live-drive authenticated
+handshake.
 
-```rust
-let opts = ScanOptions::with_keydb("/path/to/keydb.cfg");
-let disc = Disc::scan(&mut session, &opts).unwrap();
-```
+The caller resolves a key out-of-band through a key source and applies it with
+[`Disc::decrypt_with`]. `freemkv-keysources` is the crate that implements the
+keydb and key-server sources; `ScanOptions::key_sources` takes them as
+`Box<dyn KeySource>`.
 
 ### AacsState
 
@@ -97,7 +108,7 @@ After a successful scan, `disc.aacs` contains an `AacsState`:
 | `bus_encryption` | `bool` | Whether bus encryption is active |
 | `mkb_version` | `Option<u32>` | MKB version from disc |
 | `disc_hash` | `String` | Identifier for the disc's key-input files |
-| `key_source` | `KeySource` | How the disc's key was resolved |
+| `key_source` | `KeyOrigin` | How the disc's key was resolved |
 
 ## keydb.cfg
 

docs/api-design.md

@@ -170,17 +170,20 @@ libfreemkv/src/
 │   ├── writeback_file.rs  WritebackFile (was crate::io::Writer)
 │   └── writeback.rs    sync_file_range pipeline
 ├── drive/              Drive (open, init, single-shot read)
-│   ├── mod.rs          Drive struct, init, read (single-shot), reset, eject
+│   ├── mod.rs          Drive struct, init, read (single-shot), eject
 │   ├── capture.rs      Raw drive SCSI capture (INQUIRY/GET_CONFIG) for contribution
 │   ├── linux.rs        Linux drive discovery
 │   ├── macos.rs        macOS drive discovery
 │   └── windows.rs      Windows drive discovery
-├── disc/               Disc (scan, titles, AACS setup, sweep, patch)
-│   ├── mod.rs          Disc struct, scan, titles, formats; Disc::copy + Disc::sweep (Pass 1)
-│   ├── sweep.rs        Pass 1 internal helpers (pub(super))
-│   ├── patch.rs        Disc::patch (Pass N retry over mapfile)
-│   ├── mapfile.rs      ddrescue-format mapfile
-│   └── read_error.rs   ReadCtx / ReadAction state machine
+├── disc/               Disc (scan, titles, AACS setup, per-format parsing)
+│   ├── mod.rs          Disc struct, scan, titles, formats
+│   ├── bluray.rs       Blu-ray / UHD scanning (MPLS/CLPI-driven)
+│   ├── dvd.rs          DVD-Video scanning (IFO-driven)
+│   ├── hddvd.rs        HD-DVD scanning
+│   ├── extract.rs      Per-extent content extraction
+│   ├── encrypt.rs      Encrypted-range mapping for content reads
+│   ├── dvd_audio_probe.rs   DVD audio-stream probing
+│   └── pgs_forced_probe.rs  PGS forced-subtitle probing
 ├── scsi/               SCSI transport (Linux SG_IO, macOS IOKit, Windows SPTI)
 ├── unlock.rs           Unlocker trait + registry (pluggable unlock seam)
 ├── aacs/               AACS decryption (handshake, keys, keydb, decrypt)

docs/architecture.md

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ AACS decryption requires an external `keydb.cfg` (default
 material is compiled in; DVD CSS player keys are the only compiled-in keys.
 
 **Repository:** <https://github.com/freemkv/libfreemkv>
-**License:** AGPL-3.0-only
+**License:** MIT
 
 ---
 
@@ -96,12 +96,13 @@ After open:
 - `init()` -- routes to the matching registered unlocker (if any); otherwise
   a no-op and the cert handshake carries the disc
 - `probe_disc()` -- probe disc surface for optimal speeds
-- `read(lba, count, buf, recovery)` -- single-shot read; `recovery` only selects the per-CDB timeout (1.5 s vs. 30 s)
+- `read(lba, count, buf, recovery)` -- single-shot read; `recovery` only selects the per-CDB timeout (`READ_TIMEOUT_MS` 10 s vs. `READ_RECOVERY_TIMEOUT_MS` 60 s)
 - `wait_ready()` -- wait for disc insertion
 - `eject()` -- eject tray
 
 Recovery is layered above `Drive::read`, not inside it. Layer 1
-(`Disc::patch`) handles bad-range retry by replaying the ddrescue mapfile.
+(`freemkv_engine::recovery::patch`, in the engine crate) handles bad-range
+retry by replaying the ddrescue mapfile.
 Layer 3 (`DiscStream::fill_extents` adaptive batch sizer) handles in-loop
 request-size adaptation. Inline recovery (gentle retry → SCSI reset → retry)
 was removed in 0.13.6 — see [`rip-recovery.md`](rip-recovery.md) and

docs/clpi.md

@@ -69,13 +69,23 @@ Each stream PID entry header (14 bytes):
 ```
 Offset  Size  Field
 ------  ----  -----
-0       2     Stream PID
-2       2     Reserved + EP stream type
-4       2     Number of coarse entries
-6       4     Number of fine entries (note: 32-bit, can be large)
-10      4     EP map start offset (relative to EP map start)
+2       2     stream_PID (byte-aligned)
+4       10    Bit-packed block, 80 bits total (see below)
 ```
 
+The stream PID entry is **not** byte-aligned past `stream_PID`. Bytes 4..14 are one
+80-bit packed field, read as a `u64` plus a trailing `u16`:
+
+Bits    Width  Field
+----    -----  -----
+0-9     10     reserved
+10-13   4      EP_stream_type
+14-29   16     num_EP_coarse
+30-47   18     num_EP_fine
+48-79   32     EP_map_start_address (relative to the EP map start)
+
+Note `num_EP_fine` is **18 bits**, not 32. See `parse_cpi` in `src/clpi.rs`.
+
 libfreemkv parses only the first stream (primary video), which is sufficient for sector-level seeking.
 
 ### Two-Level Index

docs/disc-to-rip.md

@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ Insert disc
      │  Or: read sectors → decrypt → raw bytes (for ISO output)
      │  Drive::read() is single-shot. DiscStream::fill_extents adapts the
      │  batch size on failure (halve / probe-up). Bad-range retry is layer
-     │  1 above this — Disc::patch re-runs against the mapfile.
+     │  1 above this — freemkv_engine::recovery::patch re-runs against the mapfile.
      │
      ▼
   PES frames → output stream (MKV, M2TS, network, etc.)
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ output.finish()?;
 | aacs/ | [aacs.md](aacs.md) | Key resolution + content decrypt + bus handshake |
 | css/ | -- | DVD CSS cipher |
 | decrypt.rs | -- | Unified decrypt dispatcher (AACS/CSS/None) |
-| disc/ | [rip-recovery.md](rip-recovery.md) | Disc::scan + Disc::sweep + Disc::patch + mapfile |
+| disc/ | [rip-recovery.md](rip-recovery.md) | Disc::scan (sweep/patch/mapfile moved to freemkv-engine in 1.6.0) |
 | labels/ | -- | BD-J stream labels (5 format parsers) |
 | mux/ | -- | Stream implementations (7 stream types) |
 | pes.rs | -- | PES frame types + FrameSource / FrameSink traits |

docs/drive-access.md

@@ -58,15 +58,16 @@ selects the per-CDB timeout:
 
 | `recovery` | Timeout  | Used by                                  |
 |------------|----------|------------------------------------------|
-| `false`    | 1.5 s    | `Disc::sweep` fast skip-forward pass, `DiscStream::fill_extents` |
-| `true`     | 30 s     | `Disc::patch` retry pass over the mapfile |
+| `false`    | 10 s     | `freemkv_engine::recovery::sweep` fast skip-forward pass, `DiscStream::fill_extents` |
+| `true`     | 60 s     | `freemkv_engine::recovery::patch` retry pass over the mapfile |
 
 On any SCSI failure or timeout, `read` returns `Err(DiscRead)` immediately.
 There are no inline retries, no SCSI reset, no Phase 1/2/3 escalation.
 
 Recovery is layered above `Drive::read`:
 
-- **Layer 1 — `Disc::patch`** loops over the ddrescue mapfile and re-issues
+- **Layer 1 — `freemkv_engine::recovery::patch`** (in the engine crate, not
+  here) loops over the ddrescue mapfile and re-issues
   `read(.., recovery=true)` against each non-`+` range.
 - **Layer 3 — `DiscStream::fill_extents`** halves the request size on
   failure, retries at the same LBA, and probes back up on a clean-read

docs/rip-recovery.md

@@ -1,135 +1,38 @@
-# Rip recovery — three-layer architecture
+# Rip recovery — what libfreemkv owns
 
-`libfreemkv` supports a multi-stage rip model for damaged or protection-bearing
-discs: a fast forward sweep that tolerates read failures, in-loop request-size
-adaptation that survives transient drive trouble without bailing, and targeted
-retry passes against a persistent bad-range map. The stream pipeline
-(`DiscStream` + `input`/`output`) operates against the resulting ISO image, so
-the mux stage never touches the drive.
+**Recovery strategy moved OUT of this crate in 1.6.0.** The forward sweep, the
+targeted retry pass, the ddrescue mapfile, damage classification and the
+multipass loop now live in the **`freemkv-engine`** crate as
+`freemkv_engine::recovery::{copy, sweep, patch}`. The dependency runs
+engine → libfreemkv, so this crate cannot call into the engine; front-ends
+(`freemkv` CLI, autorip) get recovery from the engine directly.
 
-Recovery is layered cleanly. Each layer has one responsibility and does not
-reach into the others.
+What stayed here are the two layers underneath the strategy: the single-shot
+read primitive, and the in-stream request-size adaptation that sits in front of
+it. This document covers those, plus the design constraints they encode — the
+constraints are the reason the strategy above them looks the way it does, so
+they belong with the code that enforces them.
+
+For the strategy itself — damage-jump thresholds, pass ordering, mapfile status
+state machine, wedge detection — read `freemkv-engine/src/recovery/`.
 
 | Layer | Where it lives | What it does |
 |-------|---------------|--------------|
-| 1 — Bad-range retry | `Disc::patch` (one pass over the mapfile per call) | Re-reads non-`+` ranges with the long timeout. Idempotent; caller invokes N times. |
+| 1 — Bad-range retry | **`freemkv-engine`** (`recovery::patch`) | Re-reads non-`+` ranges with the long timeout. Idempotent; caller invokes N times. |
 | 2 — Single-shot primitive | `Drive::read` in `src/drive/mod.rs` | One CDB, one timeout, one result. No inline retries, no SCSI reset. |
-| 3 — In-loop request adaptation | `DiscStream::fill_extents` adaptive batch sizer | Halves the batch on failure, retries at the same LBA, walks back up on a clean-read streak. |
+| 3 — In-loop request adaptation | `DiscStream::fill_extents` in `src/mux/disc.rs` | Halves the batch on failure, retries at the same LBA, walks back up on a clean-read streak. |
 
-The library exposes flat verbs; the caller drives the multipass loop. Autorip
-runs `Disc::sweep` once, then loops `Disc::patch` until either the mapfile is
-clean or the configured retry budget is exhausted, then hands the ISO off to
-the mux pipeline. The `freemkv` CLI does the same shape with a
-terminal-output progress sink. Layer 3 runs inside any consumer of
-`DiscStream` (direct PES pipeline, ISO playback, etc.) without caller
-involvement.
+Layer 2 also translates drive facts: [`SenseFamily`](../src/scsi/mod.rs)
+classifies SCSI sense data into the categories the engine's strategy routes on
+(marginal vs. hardware vs. not-ready). Getting that classification wrong
+silently misroutes recovery, which is why it lives next to the transport rather
+than in the strategy.
 
-Three primitives compose the disc-side flow:
+Layer 3 runs inside any consumer of `DiscStream` — direct PES pipeline, ISO
+playback — without caller involvement, and applies whether or not the engine's
+recovery is in play.
 
-| Primitive                 | What it does                                                          |
-|---------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------|
-| `Disc::sweep`             | disc → ISO, one forward pass. Writes a sidecar `.mapfile`. Opt-in skip-on-error. |
-| `Disc::patch`             | Re-reads bad ranges from the drive. One pass per call; caller invokes N times. |
-| `DiscStream` (ISO source) | Reads sectors from the ISO, feeds decrypt → demux → codec → mux.      |
-
-## Data model
-
-### Mapfile
-
-Format: [ddrescue](https://www.gnu.org/software/ddrescue/manual/ddrescue_manual.html)-compatible
-plain text, greppable, tool-interoperable. Flushed to disk on every `record()`
-so a crashed rip loses at most one block.
-
-```
-# Rescue Logfile. Created by libfreemkv v0.13.6
-# Current pos / status / pass / pass_time
-0x000000000  ?  1  0
-#      pos        size  status
-0x000000000  0x12a35d000    +
-0x12a35d000  0x000003000    -
-0x12a360000  0x009c4a000    +
-0x12d00a000  0x000064000    *
-```
-
-Status characters match ddrescue:
-
-| Char | Meaning                                            |
-|------|----------------------------------------------------|
-| `?`  | Not yet attempted                                  |
-| `*`  | Fast-pass failed; needs edge-trim                  |
-| `/`  | Trimmed; interior needs sector scrape              |
-| `-`  | Unreadable this session                            |
-| `+`  | Finished (good)                                    |
-
-Position and size are hex byte offsets into the ISO.
-
-### `SweepOptions` and `PatchOptions`
-
-The library no longer dispatches between sweep and patch internally — the
-caller picks the verb explicitly per pass. The two option structs are flat
-and have no overlap:
-
-```rust
-SweepOptions {
-    decrypt: true,
-    resume: false,
-    batch_sectors: None,
-    skip_on_error: true,           // damage-jump + zero-fill on read failure
-    progress: Some(&reporter),
-    halt: Some(flag),
-}
-
-PatchOptions {
-    decrypt: true,
-    block_sectors: None,
-    full_recovery: true,
-    reverse: true,                 // walk bad ranges high → low LBA
-    wedged_threshold: 50,
-    progress: Some(&reporter),
-    halt: Some(flag),
-}
-```
-
-Caller-orchestrated dispatch (the policy `Disc::copy` used to embed):
-
-- No mapfile → `sweep` (fresh Pass 1).
-- Mapfile with `?` ranges → `sweep` with `resume: true`.
-- Mapfile covers full disc, only `*` / `/` / `-` ranges → `patch`.
-- Mapfile clean → done; no further pass needed.
-
-Each consumer (autorip, `freemkv` CLI) implements the loop in roughly five
-lines of `Mapfile::stats()` checks.
-
-## Algorithm
-
-### Pass 1 — fast sweep (`Disc::sweep`)
-
-1. Read one ECC block (32 sectors for UHD, 16 for BD/DVD) at the current LBA.
-2. On success: write data to ISO, mark `+`, advance.
-3. On failure (with `multipass`): zero-fill, mark `*`, advance.
-4. Track a sliding window of the last 16 ECC block results. When ≥12% are failures
-   → **damage-jump**: skip ahead by `1024×batch×multiplier` sectors (64 MB base for
-   UHD). Double the multiplier on each jump (64→128→256→512 MB...). Zero-fill the gap as `*`.
-5. On 16 consecutive good reads: reset jump multiplier to 1, restore max read speed.
-6. Speed control: damage zone entry → minimum speed, exit → maximum speed.
-7. Only transport failures (USB bridge crash) abort the pass.
-
-Pass 1 completes when every byte has been visited (either `+` or `*`).
-
-### Pass 2+ — patch (`Disc::patch`)
-
-`Disc::patch` reads the mapfile and iterates every non-`+` range. Default: **reverse** mode
-(walks ranges from highest LBA to lowest, within each range from end to start).
-
-1. Issue a single-sector read with 60 s timeout (`recovery=true`). Drive firmware
-   does its own ECC recovery inside that window.
-2. On success: write the good bytes into the ISO, mark `+`.
-3. On failure with non-marginal SCSI sense: bail immediately (drive won't produce data).
-4. On failure with marginal sense: mark `-`, continue.
-5. Update the mapfile after every block — crash-safe resume.
-6. Wedged-drive exit: 50 consecutive failures with zero recovery → bail this pass.
-
-### In-stream — adaptive batch halving (`DiscStream::fill_extents`)
+## In-stream — adaptive batch halving (`DiscStream::fill_extents`)
 
 When a consumer reads a `DiscStream` directly (no ISO intermediate),
 `fill_extents` runs an adaptive sizer in front of `Drive::read`:
@@ -143,59 +46,53 @@ When a consumer reads a `DiscStream` directly (no ISO intermediate),
    `EventKind::SectorSkipped`) when `skip_errors` is set, otherwise return
    `Err(DiscRead)`.
 
-This is layer 3. It exists so a transient single-sector glitch in a 32-sector
-batch can be isolated and read individually without the caller needing to
-implement retry logic.
+This exists so a transient single-sector glitch inside a 32-sector batch can be
+isolated and read individually without the caller implementing retry logic. See
+[`src/event.rs`](../src/event.rs) for the emitted events.
 
 ## Design choices
 
-**`Drive::read` is single-shot.** No inline retry phases, no SCSI reset,
-no eject cycle. The `recovery` flag controls only the per-CDB timeout
-(1.5 s vs. 30 s); on any failure it returns `Err(DiscRead)` immediately.
-Inline recovery (5× gentle retry → close + SCSI reset + reopen → 5× more)
-was removed in 0.13.6. See the stop-wedge postmortem (2026-04-25) for rationale:
-the inline reset on the LG BU40N (Initio USB-SATA bridge)
-wedged drive firmware below the bridge without ever recovering a sector,
-and the gentle-retry phase produced long stretches of 0 KB/s with no
-recoveries to show for it. Recovery responsibility is now layered: layer 1
-handles ranges, layer 3 handles request size, neither touches the
-wedge-prone reset path.
+These are constraints on the read path, enforced here and relied on by the
+engine's strategy.
 
-**No `MODE SELECT` to disable drive retries.** Neither ddrescue
-nor any consumer ripper does this. Drive firmware has access to raw analog signal, laser
-power control, and drive-specific ECC tuning that userspace can't replicate —
-disabling it throws away recovery headroom on marginal sectors. We fail fast
-via short SG_IO timeouts in pass 1 and let the firmware work the long timeout
-in pass 2 / patch.
+**`Drive::read` is single-shot.** No inline retry phases, no SCSI reset, no
+eject cycle. The `recovery` flag controls only the per-CDB timeout (10 s vs.
+60 s); on any failure it returns `Err(DiscRead)` immediately. Inline recovery
+(5× gentle retry → close + SCSI reset + reopen → 5× more) was removed in
+0.13.6. See the stop-wedge postmortem (2026-04-25) for rationale: the inline
+reset on the LG BU40N (Initio USB-SATA bridge) wedged drive firmware below the
+bridge without ever recovering a sector, and the gentle-retry phase produced
+long stretches of 0 KB/s with nothing to show for it. Recovery responsibility
+is layered instead: layer 1 handles ranges, layer 3 handles request size,
+neither touches the wedge-prone reset path.
 
-**No SCSI reset from any retry path.** `SgIoTransport::reset` (Linux) is
-trimmed to a kernel SG_IO state flush plus ALLOW MEDIUM REMOVAL — the
-`SG_SCSI_RESET` ioctl and STOP/START UNIT escalation were removed in 0.13.6.
-The macOS reset (which had been a no-op) was removed entirely. The top-level
-`scsi::reset()` / `reset_with_timeout()` / `reset_blocking()` wrappers were
-also removed (no callers). The remaining `Drive::reset()` is only invoked
-explicitly by callers that need an eject-cycle escape hatch — it is never
-reached from a read path.
+**No `MODE SELECT` to disable drive retries.** Neither ddrescue nor any
+consumer ripper does this. Drive firmware has access to raw analog signal,
+laser power control and drive-specific ECC tuning that userspace cannot
+replicate — disabling it throws away recovery headroom on marginal sectors. The
+fast pass fails quickly via short SG_IO timeouts and lets the firmware work the
+long timeout during retry.
 
-**ISO intermediate, even for single-pass.** Pass 1 always writes an ISO. The
-mux stage reads the ISO via `FileSectorSource`. For single-pass (no retries),
-this adds ~2-3 min (local disk mux) but gains resumability across crashes,
+**No SCSI reset from any read path.** There is no reset escape hatch on
+`Drive` at all: the `SG_SCSI_RESET` ioctl and STOP/START UNIT escalation went in
+0.13.6, the macOS reset (always a no-op) was removed entirely, and the
+top-level `scsi::reset()` wrappers went with their last callers. The only
+remaining reset is a Windows-specific device-level helper in
+[`src/scsi/windows.rs`](../src/scsi/windows.rs), never reached from a read.
+
+**ISO intermediate, even for single-pass.** The engine's Pass 1 always writes
+an ISO, and the mux stage reads it back via `FileSectorSource`. For a
+no-retry rip this costs a few minutes but buys resumability across crashes,
 re-muxability without re-ripping, and a persistent forensic artifact. Callers
-who need pure speed can bypass and use `DiscStream::new(Box::new(drive), …)`
-directly — the lib doesn't forbid it, and layer 3 (adaptive batch halving)
-still applies there.
-
-**Mapfile in ddrescue format.** Plain text so users can `less` it, `diff` it,
-or feed it to ddrescue's own tooling. Crash-safe (flush-per-record). Entries
-coalesce on adjacent same-status ranges so files stay small.
-
-**Patches target `-`, `*`, `/`, and `?` alike.** The status state machine is
-ddrescue's but `patch` collapses the distinction — it just tries every
-non-finished range with the long timeout. Future work can specialize (trim vs.
-scrape vs. retry with direction reversal) if there's measured benefit.
+who need pure speed can bypass it with `DiscStream::new(Box::new(drive), …)` —
+nothing forbids it, and layer 3 still applies there.
 
 ## References
 
 - [ddrescue manual, Algorithm chapter](https://www.gnu.org/software/ddrescue/manual/ddrescue_manual.html)
 - [ddrescue optical media notes](https://www.electric-spoon.com/doc/gddrescue/html/Optical-media.html)
-- Source: [`src/disc/mapfile.rs`](../src/disc/mapfile.rs), [`src/disc/mod.rs`](../src/disc/mod.rs) (`Disc::sweep`), [`src/disc/patch.rs`](../src/disc/patch.rs) (`Disc::patch`), [`src/drive/mod.rs`](../src/drive/mod.rs) (`Drive::read`), [`src/mux/disc.rs`](../src/mux/disc.rs) (`DiscStream::fill_extents`).
+- Recovery strategy and mapfile: `freemkv-engine/src/recovery/`
+- In this crate: [`src/drive/mod.rs`](../src/drive/mod.rs) (`Drive::read`),
+  [`src/scsi/mod.rs`](../src/scsi/mod.rs) (`SenseFamily`),
+  [`src/mux/disc.rs`](../src/mux/disc.rs) (`DiscStream::fill_extents`),
+  [`src/event.rs`](../src/event.rs) (progress events).

docs/udf.md

@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ The `read_filesystem()` function in `src/udf.rs` follows the pointer chain above
 2. Scans sectors 32-63 for the Partition Descriptor and Logical Volume Descriptor.
 3. If two partition maps exist and the second is Type 2, reads the metadata file ICB at partition_start to find metadata_start.
 4. Reads the FSD at metadata_start, extracts the root directory ICB LBA.
-5. Calls `read_directory()` recursively (max depth 3) to build the full file tree.
+5. Calls `read_directory()` recursively (max depth `MAX_DIR_DEPTH` = 8) to build the full file tree.
 
 Each directory read involves two sector reads: one for the ICB, then one or more for the directory data. File sizes are read from info_length in each file's ICB.
 

examples/iso_dump.rs

@@ -1,83 +0,0 @@
-// Minimal ISO dumper — find exact stall point
-use libfreemkv::Drive;
-use std::io::{BufWriter, Write};
-use std::path::Path;
-use std::time::Instant;
-
-fn main() {
-    let args: Vec<String> = std::env::args().collect();
-    if args.len() < 3 {
-        eprintln!("Usage: iso_dump <device> <output>");
-        std::process::exit(1);
-    }
-
-    let mut drive = Drive::open(Path::new(&args[1])).unwrap();
-    drive.wait_ready().unwrap();
-    let _ = drive.init();
-    let _ = drive.probe_disc();
-
-    // AACS handshake — required to read past the protected area
-    eprint!("Scanning disc... ");
-    let _ = libfreemkv::Disc::scan(&mut drive, &libfreemkv::ScanOptions::default());
-    eprintln!("OK");
-
-    let cap = drive.read_capacity().unwrap();
-    let batch = libfreemkv::disc::detect_max_batch_sectors(drive.device_path());
-
-    eprintln!("Device: {} | {} sectors | batch {}", args[1], cap, batch);
-
-    let file = std::fs::File::create(&args[2]).unwrap();
-    let mut w = BufWriter::with_capacity(4 * 1024 * 1024, file);
-    let mut buf = vec![0u8; batch as usize * 2048];
-    let mut lba: u32 = 0;
-    let start = Instant::now();
-    let mut last = Instant::now();
-    let mut bytes: u64 = 0;
-    let mut last_bytes: u64 = 0;
-
-    while lba < cap {
-        let count = ((cap - lba) as u16).min(batch);
-        let n = count as usize * 2048;
-
-        // Tiny yield between reads — test if pacing prevents firmware throttle
-        std::thread::yield_now();
-        let t0 = Instant::now();
-        let ok = drive.read(lba, count, &mut buf[..n], true).is_ok();
-        let read_ms = t0.elapsed().as_millis();
-
-        // Flag slow reads
-        if read_ms > 2000 {
-            eprintln!("\n  SLOW READ: LBA {} took {}ms (ok={})", lba, read_ms, ok);
-        }
-
-        if !ok {
-            buf[..n].fill(0);
-        }
-        w.write_all(&buf[..n]).unwrap();
-        lba += count as u32;
-        bytes += n as u64;
-
-        if last.elapsed().as_millis() >= 1000 {
-            let delta = bytes - last_bytes;
-            let speed = delta as f64 / last.elapsed().as_secs_f64() / 1_048_576.0;
-            let avg = bytes as f64 / start.elapsed().as_secs_f64() / 1_048_576.0;
-            let pct = bytes as f64 / (cap as f64 * 2048.0) * 100.0;
-            eprint!(
-                "\r  {:.1}% LBA {} | {:.0} MB/s (avg {:.0}) | {:.1} GB    ",
-                pct,
-                lba,
-                speed,
-                avg,
-                bytes as f64 / 1e9
-            );
-            last_bytes = bytes;
-            last = Instant::now();
-        }
-    }
-    w.flush().unwrap();
-    eprintln!(
-        "\nDone: {:.1} GB in {:.0}s",
-        bytes as f64 / 1e9,
-        start.elapsed().as_secs_f64()
-    );
-}

src/aacs/boil.rs

@@ -1,500 +0,0 @@
-//! AACS derivation "boil-down" — one public home for the key chain.
-//!
-//! Thin newtypes at the API boundary and three wrapper functions over the
-//! existing crypto. Nothing here re-implements a primitive: every function
-//! delegates to the already-audited code in [`super::keys`] and
-//! [`super::variants`], so the boil-down cannot drift from production math.
-//!
-//! The newtypes wrap bare `[u8; 16]` ONLY at this boundary — the crypto
-//! internals continue to operate on raw arrays. They exist so a caller threads
-//! the chain `DK → MK → VUK → UK` without confusing one 16-byte secret for
-//! another, not to refactor the resolver.
-//!
-//! Chain (matches `aacs::keys::resolve_keys_classical` path 1 and
-//! `aacs::keys::resolve_keys_v21` path 1 byte-for-byte):
-//!
-//! ```text
-//!   mk_from_dk(device_keys, mkb, vid)  →  MediaKey   (Km)
-//!   mk_from_pk(processing_keys, mkb)   →  MediaKey   (Km)
-//!   vuk_from_mk(MediaKey, Vid)         →  Vuk        (= AES-G(Km, VID))
-//!   uk_from_vuk(Vuk, enc_title_keys)   →  [UnitKey]  (decrypt_unit_key each)
-//! ```
-//!
-//! `mk_from_dk` and `mk_from_pk` are two entry points to the SAME Media Key,
-//! both via the MKB's Subset-Difference cvalue tables: the device-key path
-//! recovers its Processing Key at the matching SD node and walks on to the MK;
-//! the processing-key path starts from a precomputed PK. Neither needs a VID
-//! (the VID enters at `vuk_from_mk`).
-
-use super::keys::{
-    decrypt_unit_key, derive_media_key_and_pk_from_dk, derive_media_key_from_pk, derive_vuk,
-};
-use super::types::DeviceKey;
-
-/// Volume ID (16 bytes) — read from the disc via the SCSI handshake / OEM path.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct Vid(pub [u8; 16]);
-
-/// Media Key (Km, 16 bytes) — the MKB-scoped key derived from device keys.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct MediaKey(pub [u8; 16]);
-
-/// Volume Unique Key (VUK / Kvu, 16 bytes) — derived from `MediaKey` + `Vid`,
-/// decrypts the per-disc encrypted title keys in `Unit_Key_RO.inf`.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct Vuk(pub [u8; 16]);
-
-/// Processing Key (Kp, 16 bytes) — an MKB Subset-Difference key that yields the
-/// Media Key. A leaked/precomputed PK in the keydb, or the intermediate PK a
-/// device-key walk derives at its matching SD node.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct ProcessingKey(pub [u8; 16]);
-
-/// One decrypted per-CPS-unit AACS title key.
-///
-/// `idx` is the POSITIONAL index of the encrypted title key within the slice
-/// handed to [`uk_from_vuk`] (i.e. its order in `Unit_Key_RO.inf`'s key-storage
-/// area). The CPS-unit *number* association (the `u32` in
-/// `ResolvedKeys::unit_keys`) is a higher-level concern owned by
-/// [`super::keys::parse_unit_key_ro`], which pairs each positional key with its
-/// declared CPS unit; this primitive only does the AES, so it surfaces position.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct UnitKey {
-    pub idx: u32,
-    pub key: [u8; 16],
-}
-
-/// Derive the Volume Unique Key from a Media Key and Volume ID.
-///
-/// Wraps [`derive_vuk`] verbatim: `VUK = AES-128-ECB-DECRYPT(MK, VID) XOR VID`.
-/// This is byte-identical to the inline `derive_vuk(&mk, ctx.volume_id)` call in
-/// every classical resolver path AND to the `Kvu = AES-G(Km, VID)` step inside
-/// [`derive_media_key_variant`] (AES-G and `derive_vuk` are the same math), so
-/// `vuk_from_mk(mk_from_dk(..)?, vid)` reproduces the V21 variant VUK exactly.
-pub fn vuk_from_mk(mk: MediaKey, vid: Vid) -> Vuk {
-    Vuk(derive_vuk(&mk.0, &vid.0))
-}
-
-/// Decrypt the disc's encrypted title keys with a VUK.
-///
-/// Wraps [`decrypt_unit_key`] (AES-128-ECB-DECRYPT) per entry, mirroring the
-/// `derive_uks` closure in `resolve_keys_classical` / `resolve_keys_v21`. The
-/// returned `UnitKey::idx` is the slice position; pair with CPS-unit numbers via
-/// [`super::keys::parse_unit_key_ro`] when the numbering matters.
-pub fn uk_from_vuk(vuk: Vuk, enc_title_keys: &[[u8; 16]]) -> Vec<UnitKey> {
-    enc_title_keys
-        .iter()
-        .enumerate()
-        .map(|(i, enc)| UnitKey {
-            idx: i as u32,
-            key: decrypt_unit_key(&vuk.0, enc),
-        })
-        .collect()
-}
-
-/// Derive the Media Key (Km) from positioned device keys via the MKB's
-/// Subset-Difference tables.
-///
-/// Wraps [`derive_media_key_and_pk_from_dk`] — the real SD walk the resolver
-/// runs: each positioned device key is placed against the MKB's subset-diff /
-/// cvalue records, recovering its Processing Key at the matching node and
-/// continuing to the Media Key. Reachable for real discs whenever a device key
-/// applies to the MKB. No VID is involved here — it enters at [`vuk_from_mk`].
-///
-/// Returns [`Error::AacsMkUnavailable`] (E7018) when no supplied device key
-/// resolves the MKB — the same terminal error as [`mk_from_pk`]; no numeric
-/// distinction is load-bearing at this boundary.
-///
-/// [`Error::AacsMkUnavailable`]: crate::error::Error::AacsMkUnavailable
-pub fn mk_from_dk(device_keys: &[DeviceKey], mkb: &[u8]) -> Result<MediaKey, crate::error::Error> {
-    // Positioned device keys drive the real Subset-Difference MKB walk
-    // ([`derive_media_key_and_pk_from_dk`], the same walk the resolver runs). The
-    // old Media-Key-Variant path needed integrator Key Correction Data absent
-    // in-tree, so it Err'd for EVERY real disc (dead for both consumers —
-    // freemkv-keysources' DK fallback and the kdb harvester). No VID is needed
-    // for the Media Key; it enters only at [`vuk_from_mk`].
-    match derive_media_key_and_pk_from_dk(mkb, device_keys) {
-        Some((km, _pk)) => Ok(MediaKey(km)),
-        None => Err(crate::error::Error::AacsMkUnavailable),
-    }
-}
-
-/// Derive the Media Key (Km) from one or more Processing Keys and the disc MKB.
-///
-/// Wraps [`derive_media_key_from_pk`] — the Subset-Difference PK→MK walk: each
-/// processing key is validated (and tree-walked) against the MKB's cvalue tables
-/// (records `0x04`/`0x05`) until one yields the Media Key whose verify record
-/// (`0x81`/`0x86`) matches. Unlike [`mk_from_dk`] this path is reachable for
-/// real discs — a leaked/precomputed AACS Processing Key in the keydb resolves
-/// the Media Key directly. No VID is involved at this step; the VID enters at
-/// [`vuk_from_mk`].
-///
-/// Returns [`Error::AacsMkUnavailable`] (E7018) when no processing key resolves
-/// the MKB — the same terminal error as [`mk_from_dk`]; no numeric distinction
-/// is load-bearing at this boundary.
-///
-/// [`Error::AacsMkUnavailable`]: crate::error::Error::AacsMkUnavailable
-pub fn mk_from_pk(
-    processing_keys: &[[u8; 16]],
-    mkb: &[u8],
-) -> Result<MediaKey, crate::error::Error> {
-    match derive_media_key_from_pk(mkb, processing_keys) {
-        Some(km) => Ok(MediaKey(km)),
-        None => Err(crate::error::Error::AacsMkUnavailable),
-    }
-}
-
-/// A candidate key at any rung of the AACS ladder, handed to [`resolve_candidate`].
-///
-/// Each variant carries the module's existing newtype for that rung (a `Dk` is a
-/// POSITIONED [`DeviceKey`] — recover an unpositioned one with
-/// [`super::keys::recover_dk_position`] first).
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub enum KeyCandidate {
-    Uk(UnitKey),
-    Vuk(Vuk),
-    Mk(MediaKey),
-    Pk(ProcessingKey),
-    Dk(DeviceKey),
-}
-
-/// The AACS key chain derived from a candidate, from [`resolve_candidate`].
-///
-/// PURE DERIVATION — no unit sampling, no validation. `unit_keys` holds every
-/// CPS-unit key the disc's `Unit_Key_RO.inf` yields from the VUK (positional
-/// order); the caller runs [`super::decrypt::unit_key_validates`] to find which
-/// one actually opens the disc. Rungs above the candidate are `None` (a `Vuk`
-/// candidate has no `mk`/`pk`/`dk`; a `Uk` candidate has only `unit_keys`).
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct ResolvedChain {
-    /// Every unit key derived from the VUK, as `(cps_unit_number, key)` — the
-    /// CPS-unit numbers come from `Unit_Key_RO.inf` (via `parse_unit_key_ro`), so
-    /// a consumer maps `UK → CPS unit` directly. Same shape as
-    /// [`super::keys::ResolvedKeys::unit_keys`]. A `Uk` candidate yields exactly
-    /// itself, keyed by its own `idx`.
-    pub unit_keys: Vec<(u32, [u8; 16])>,
-    pub vuk: Option<Vuk>,
-    pub mk: Option<MediaKey>,
-    pub pk: Option<ProcessingKey>,
-    /// The positioned device key (for a `Dk` candidate).
-    pub dk: Option<DeviceKey>,
-}
-
-/// Derive the full AACS key chain from a candidate key of ANY ladder rung.
-///
-/// Runs the deterministic derivation DOWNWARD to the disc's terminal unit keys:
-/// `DK → MK → VUK → UKs`, `PK → MK → VUK → UKs`, `MK → VUK → UKs`,
-/// `VUK → UKs`, or `UK → itself`. Composes the module's own boil steps
-/// ([`mk_from_pk`], [`vuk_from_mk`], [`uk_from_vuk`]) and parses
-/// `Unit_Key_RO.inf` at the version the disc's MKB declares (48-byte stride for
-/// AACS-1.0, 64 for AACS-2.x), so a multi-CPS disc yields all its unit keys from
-/// the one candidate.
-///
-/// PURE DERIVATION: no sampling, no validation, no position recovery. Every step
-/// is deterministic AES, so the returned keys are only as sound as the input
-/// candidate — validate `unit_keys` against a real encrypted unit with
-/// [`super::decrypt::unit_key_validates`] to prove the candidate opens the disc.
-///
-/// Returns `None` only when derivation itself cannot proceed: a PK its MKB
-/// rejects, a `Dk` the MKB can't process, a missing VID on a path that needs
-/// one, or an unparseable/empty `Unit_Key_RO.inf`.
-pub fn resolve_candidate(
-    candidate: &KeyCandidate,
-    mkb: &[u8],
-    unit_key_ro: &[u8],
-    vid: Option<Vid>,
-) -> Option<ResolvedChain> {
-    use super::keys::{AacsVersion, derive_media_key_and_pk_from_dk, mkb_type, parse_unit_key_ro};
-
-    // Boil a VUK → all unit keys, each paired with its declared CPS-unit number.
-    // `.inf` parsing lives here: derive the stride version from the disc's own
-    // MKB, then defer the VUK→unit-keys step to the shared `derive_unit_keys`
-    // (the one place both resolvers and this path decrypt the title keys).
-    let boil = |vuk: Vuk| -> Option<Vec<(u32, [u8; 16])>> {
-        let version = mkb_type(mkb)
-            .map(|t| t.generation())
-            .unwrap_or(AacsVersion::V10);
-        let ukf = parse_unit_key_ro(unit_key_ro, version)?;
-        if ukf.encrypted_keys.is_empty() {
-            return None;
-        }
-        Some(super::keys::derive_unit_keys(&ukf, &vuk.0))
-    };
-
-    match candidate {
-        KeyCandidate::Uk(uk) => Some(ResolvedChain {
-            unit_keys: vec![(uk.idx, uk.key)],
-            vuk: None,
-            mk: None,
-            pk: None,
-            dk: None,
-        }),
-        KeyCandidate::Vuk(v) => Some(ResolvedChain {
-            unit_keys: boil(*v)?,
-            vuk: Some(*v),
-            mk: None,
-            pk: None,
-            dk: None,
-        }),
-        KeyCandidate::Mk(mk) => {
-            let vuk = vuk_from_mk(*mk, vid?);
-            Some(ResolvedChain {
-                unit_keys: boil(vuk)?,
-                vuk: Some(vuk),
-                mk: Some(*mk),
-                pk: None,
-                dk: None,
-            })
-        }
-        KeyCandidate::Pk(pk) => {
-            let mk = mk_from_pk(std::slice::from_ref(&pk.0), mkb).ok()?;
-            let vuk = vuk_from_mk(mk, vid?);
-            Some(ResolvedChain {
-                unit_keys: boil(vuk)?,
-                vuk: Some(vuk),
-                mk: Some(mk),
-                pk: Some(*pk),
-                dk: None,
-            })
-        }
-        KeyCandidate::Dk(dk) => {
-            let (km, pk) = derive_media_key_and_pk_from_dk(mkb, std::slice::from_ref(dk))?;
-            let mk = MediaKey(km);
-            let vuk = vuk_from_mk(mk, vid?);
-            Some(ResolvedChain {
-                unit_keys: boil(vuk)?,
-                vuk: Some(vuk),
-                mk: Some(mk),
-                pk: Some(ProcessingKey(pk)),
-                dk: Some(dk.clone()),
-            })
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-    use crate::aacs::decrypt::aes_ecb_encrypt;
-    use crate::aacs::keys::{decrypt_unit_key, derive_vuk};
-
-    /// `vuk_from_mk` must equal the inline `derive_vuk` path bit-for-bit, for
-    /// several known (MK, VID) vectors.
-    #[test]
-    fn vuk_from_mk_matches_inline_derive_vuk() {
-        let cases: [([u8; 16], [u8; 16]); 3] = [
-            ([0x5A; 16], [0xA5; 16]),
-            ([0x11; 16], [0x22; 16]),
-            (
-                [
-                    0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07, 0x08, 0x09, 0x0A, 0x0B, 0x0C,
-                    0x0D, 0x0E, 0x0F,
-                ],
-                [
-                    0xF0, 0xE1, 0xD2, 0xC3, 0xB4, 0xA5, 0x96, 0x87, 0x78, 0x69, 0x5A, 0x4B, 0x3C,
-                    0x2D, 0x1E, 0x0F,
-                ],
-            ),
-        ];
-        for (mk, vid) in cases {
-            let inline = derive_vuk(&mk, &vid);
-            let boiled = vuk_from_mk(MediaKey(mk), Vid(vid));
-            assert_eq!(boiled.0, inline, "vuk_from_mk must equal derive_vuk");
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// `uk_from_vuk` must equal the inline `decrypt_unit_key` path bit-for-bit
-    /// and carry positional indices 0..n. Built by encrypting known plaintext
-    /// title keys under the VUK (the same primitive the resolver inverts).
-    #[test]
-    fn uk_from_vuk_matches_inline_decrypt_unit_key() {
-        let vuk = [0x5Au8; 16];
-        let plain_keys = [[0x11u8; 16], [0x22u8; 16], [0xCDu8; 16]];
-        let enc: Vec<[u8; 16]> = plain_keys
-            .iter()
-            .map(|k| aes_ecb_encrypt(&vuk, k))
-            .collect();
-
-        let boiled = uk_from_vuk(Vuk(vuk), &enc);
-        assert_eq!(boiled.len(), enc.len());
-        for (i, uk) in boiled.iter().enumerate() {
-            assert_eq!(uk.idx, i as u32, "idx must be the positional index");
-            // Matches the inline derive_uks closure: decrypt_unit_key(vuk, enc).
-            assert_eq!(uk.key, decrypt_unit_key(&vuk, &enc[i]));
-            // And recovers the original plaintext title key.
-            assert_eq!(
-                uk.key, plain_keys[i],
-                "VUK roundtrip recovers the title key"
-            );
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// `uk_from_vuk` on an empty slice yields no keys (no panic, no phantom idx).
-    #[test]
-    fn uk_from_vuk_empty_is_empty() {
-        assert!(uk_from_vuk(Vuk([0u8; 16]), &[]).is_empty());
-    }
-
-    /// `mk_from_dk` returns `Err(AacsMkUnavailable)` when the MKB has no
-    /// processable Subset-Difference tables (empty MKB, or one with no
-    /// mk_dv/cvalues/subdiff records) — never a wrong key, never a panic.
-    #[test]
-    fn mk_from_dk_errors_on_unprocessable_mkb() {
-        let dk = DeviceKey {
-            key: [0x11; 16],
-            node: 1,
-            uv: 1,
-            u_mask_shift: 0,
-        };
-        // Empty MKB → no SD records to walk → Err.
-        let e = mk_from_dk(std::slice::from_ref(&dk), &[]);
-        assert!(matches!(e, Err(crate::error::Error::AacsMkUnavailable)));
-
-        // An MKB with no complete Subset-Difference tables (mk_dv / cvalues /
-        // subdiff) cannot yield a Media Key, so the real walk also errors —
-        // never silently yields a key.
-        let mut mkb: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();
-        mkb.extend_from_slice(&[0x82, 0x00, 0x00, 0x14]); // stray data record only
-        mkb.extend_from_slice(&[0xAB; 16]);
-        let e2 = mk_from_dk(&[dk], &mkb);
-        assert!(matches!(e2, Err(crate::error::Error::AacsMkUnavailable)));
-    }
-
-    /// Build a 4-byte MKB record header (type + 3-byte big-endian total length,
-    /// header included) and append `body`. Mirrors the MKB record framing the
-    /// parser expects; no crypto.
-    fn mkb_record(rec_type: u8, body: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
-        let total = 4 + body.len();
-        let mut rec = Vec::with_capacity(total);
-        rec.push(rec_type);
-        rec.push(((total >> 16) & 0xFF) as u8);
-        rec.push(((total >> 8) & 0xFF) as u8);
-        rec.push((total & 0xFF) as u8);
-        rec.extend_from_slice(body);
-        rec
-    }
-
-    /// `mk_from_pk` resolves a planted Processing Key against a synthetic MKB and
-    /// drives the FULL boil chain PK → MK → VUK → UK. The MKB is built with the
-    /// same (pk, cv, mk_dv, uv) construction the production SD walk validates, so
-    /// this proves a PK entry yields real Unit Keys — not just an `Ok`.
-    #[test]
-    fn mk_from_pk_drives_full_chain_to_uks() {
-        let pk: [u8; 16] = [
-            0x11, 0x22, 0x33, 0x44, 0x55, 0x66, 0x77, 0x88, 0x99, 0xAA, 0xBB, 0xCC, 0xDD, 0xEE,
-            0xFF, 0x00,
-        ];
-        let mk: [u8; 16] = [
-            0xA0, 0xA1, 0xA2, 0xA3, 0xA4, 0xA5, 0xA6, 0xA7, 0xA8, 0xA9, 0xAA, 0xAB, 0xAC, 0xAD,
-            0xAE, 0xAF,
-        ];
-        let uv: [u8; 4] = [0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00];
-
-        // cv = AES-E(pk, mk_raw), where mk_raw is mk with the last-4-bytes-uv XOR
-        // pre-undone, so the validate step XORs uv back in and recovers mk.
-        let mut mk_raw = mk;
-        for a in 0..4 {
-            mk_raw[12 + a] ^= uv[a];
-        }
-        let cv = aes_ecb_encrypt(&pk, &mk_raw);
-
-        // mk_dv = AES-E(mk, magic||pad): AES-D(mk, mk_dv) starts with the AACS
-        // verify sentinel.
-        let mut vd = [0x11u8; 16];
-        vd[..8].copy_from_slice(&[0x01, 0x23, 0x45, 0x67, 0x89, 0xAB, 0xCD, 0xEF]);
-        let mk_dv = aes_ecb_encrypt(&mk, &vd);
-
-        // Synthetic MKB: type/version (0x10), verify record (0x86 = mk_dv),
-        // one-entry SD index (0x04 = [u_mask_shift=0][uv]), one-entry cvalue
-        // table (0x05 = cv).
-        let mut sd = vec![0u8];
-        sd.extend_from_slice(&uv);
-        let mut mkb = Vec::new();
-        mkb.extend_from_slice(&mkb_record(0x10, &[0, 0, 0, 0x20, 0, 0, 0, 0x52]));
-        mkb.extend_from_slice(&mkb_record(0x86, &mk_dv));
-        mkb.extend_from_slice(&mkb_record(0x04, &sd));
-        mkb.extend_from_slice(&mkb_record(0x05, &cv));
-
-        // PK → MK.
-        let got_mk = mk_from_pk(std::slice::from_ref(&pk), &mkb).expect("planted PK resolves MK");
-        assert_eq!(got_mk, MediaKey(mk), "mk_from_pk recovers the planted MK");
-
-        // MK → VUK → UK over an encrypted title key.
-        let vid = Vid([0x42u8; 16]);
-        let plain_uk = [0x7Eu8; 16];
-        let vuk = vuk_from_mk(got_mk, vid);
-        let enc = aes_ecb_encrypt(&vuk.0, &plain_uk);
-        let uks = uk_from_vuk(vuk, std::slice::from_ref(&enc));
-        assert_eq!(uks.len(), 1);
-        assert_eq!(uks[0].key, plain_uk, "PK chain recovers the title key");
-
-        // A corrupt PK resolves nothing.
-        let mut bad = pk;
-        bad[0] ^= 0xFF;
-        assert!(matches!(
-            mk_from_pk(std::slice::from_ref(&bad), &mkb),
-            Err(crate::error::Error::AacsMkUnavailable)
-        ));
-    }
-
-    /// Minimal AACS-1.0 (48-byte stride) `Unit_Key_RO.inf` with `n` encrypted
-    /// unit keys — `parse_unit_key_ro` numbers CPS units 1..=n.
-    fn synth_inf(encs: &[[u8; 16]]) -> Vec<u8> {
-        let uk_pos = 32usize;
-        let stride = 48usize;
-        let n = encs.len();
-        let total = uk_pos + 48 + n.saturating_sub(1) * stride + 16;
-        let mut inf = vec![0u8; total.max(20)];
-        inf[..4].copy_from_slice(&(uk_pos as u32).to_be_bytes());
-        inf[uk_pos..uk_pos + 2].copy_from_slice(&(n as u16).to_be_bytes());
-        for (i, k) in encs.iter().enumerate() {
-            let o = uk_pos + 48 + i * stride;
-            inf[o..o + 16].copy_from_slice(k);
-        }
-        inf
-    }
-
-    /// A VUK candidate boils to ALL the disc's unit keys, each paired with its
-    /// declared CPS-unit number, and each key equals the VUK-decrypt of its slot.
-    #[test]
-    fn resolve_candidate_vuk_returns_all_cps_units() {
-        let vuk = Vuk([0x33u8; 16]);
-        let encs = [[0x11u8; 16], [0x22u8; 16], [0x44u8; 16]];
-        let inf = synth_inf(&encs);
-        let r = resolve_candidate(&KeyCandidate::Vuk(vuk), &[], &inf, None).expect("vuk derives");
-        let cps: Vec<u32> = r.unit_keys.iter().map(|(c, _)| *c).collect();
-        assert_eq!(
-            cps,
-            vec![1, 2, 3],
-            "every CPS unit surfaced, numbered from the inf"
-        );
-        for ((_, key), enc) in r.unit_keys.iter().zip(encs.iter()) {
-            assert_eq!(
-                *key,
-                decrypt_unit_key(&vuk.0, enc),
-                "key = VUK-decrypt of its slot"
-            );
-        }
-        assert_eq!(r.vuk, Some(vuk));
-        assert!(r.mk.is_none() && r.pk.is_none() && r.dk.is_none());
-    }
-
-    /// A bare UK candidate is terminal — it returns itself keyed by its own idx.
-    #[test]
-    fn resolve_candidate_uk_is_itself() {
-        let uk = UnitKey {
-            idx: 2,
-            key: [0x9u8; 16],
-        };
-        let r = resolve_candidate(&KeyCandidate::Uk(uk), &[], &[], None).expect("uk is terminal");
-        assert_eq!(r.unit_keys, vec![(2, uk.key)]);
-        assert!(r.vuk.is_none() && r.mk.is_none());
-    }
-
-    /// MK/PK/DK paths derive the VUK from a VID; without one, derivation stops.
-    #[test]
-    fn resolve_candidate_mk_requires_vid() {
-        let r = resolve_candidate(&KeyCandidate::Mk(MediaKey([1u8; 16])), &[], &[], None);
-        assert!(r.is_none(), "MK path returns None without a VID");
-    }
-}

src/aacs/crypto.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+//! AACS common cryptographic primitives — [C] Chapter 2 / §3.2.2.
+//!
+//! Source: `[C]` = AACS Introduction and Common Cryptographic Elements Book,
+//! Rev 0.953. The shared low-level building blocks — AES-128 ECB E/D, AES-G,
+//! the AES-G3 Triple Generator, AES-CBC decrypt — and their fixed constants
+//! (`iv0`, `s0`). Used by every AACS generation; relocated here so the
+//! primitives live in one place instead of being scattered across the
+//! content / keys / variant modules.
+
+use aes::Aes128;
+use aes::cipher::{Array, BlockCipherDecrypt, BlockCipherEncrypt, KeyInit};
+
+/// Fixed IV used by AACS for all AES-CBC operations. [C] §2.1.2 (default CBC IV, `iv0`).
+pub(crate) const AACS_IV: [u8; 16] = [
+    0x0B, 0xA0, 0xF8, 0xDD, 0xFE, 0xA6, 0x1F, 0xB3, 0xD8, 0xDF, 0x9F, 0x56, 0x6A, 0x05, 0x0F, 0x78,
+];
+
+// Per-thread count of AES-128 key schedules built through `new_cipher`.
+// Test-only instrumentation: an AES-128 key expansion is 10 round-key
+// derivations, and the CBC helpers here run on the per-aligned-unit decrypt hot
+// path of a whole disc read, so "how many times was the schedule built for one
+// loop-invariant key" is a property worth asserting rather than reasoning about.
+// THREAD-LOCAL, not a global atomic: `cargo test` runs tests concurrently, so a
+// shared counter would see every other test's expansions. See
+// `content::tests::decrypt_bus_expands_the_read_data_key_once_per_unit`.
+#[cfg(test)]
+thread_local! {
+    pub(crate) static KEY_EXPANSIONS: std::cell::Cell<usize> = const { std::cell::Cell::new(0) };
+}
+
+/// Build an AES-128 key schedule for a caller that will drive
+/// [`cbc_decrypt_blocks`] over several regions under one key.
+pub(crate) fn new_cipher_for(key: &[u8; 16]) -> Aes128 {
+    new_cipher(key)
+}
+
+/// Build an AES-128 key schedule. The single construction site for the CBC
+/// helpers, so [`KEY_EXPANSIONS`] can count them under test.
+fn new_cipher(key: &[u8; 16]) -> Aes128 {
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    KEY_EXPANSIONS.with(|c| c.set(c.get() + 1));
+    Aes128::new(&(*key).into())
+}
+
+/// AES-128-ECB encrypt a single 16-byte block. [C] §2.1.1 (`AES-128E`).
+pub(crate) fn aes_ecb_encrypt(key: &[u8; 16], data: &[u8; 16]) -> [u8; 16] {
+    let cipher = Aes128::new(&(*key).into());
+    let mut block: Array<u8, _> = (*data).into();
+    cipher.encrypt_block(&mut block);
+    let mut out = [0u8; 16];
+    out.copy_from_slice(&block);
+    out
+}
+
+/// AES-128-ECB decrypt a single 16-byte block. [C] §2.1.1 (`AES-128D`).
+pub(crate) fn aes_ecb_decrypt(key: &[u8; 16], data: &[u8; 16]) -> [u8; 16] {
+    let cipher = Aes128::new(&(*key).into());
+    let mut block: Array<u8, _> = (*data).into();
+    cipher.decrypt_block(&mut block);
+    let mut out = [0u8; 16];
+    out.copy_from_slice(&block);
+    out
+}
+
+/// AES-128-CBC ENCRYPT in place under the fixed [`AACS_IV`] — the forward
+/// direction of [`aes_cbc_decrypt`], and its exact inverse. [C] §2.1.2
+/// (`AES-128CBCE`).
+///
+/// Precondition: `data.len()` is a multiple of 16; the assert
+/// documents/enforces that contract.
+///
+/// Constructs the cipher ONCE for the whole slice. Driving this from the
+/// single-block [`aes_ecb_encrypt`] instead rebuilds the AES key schedule per
+/// 16-byte block, which for a 6144-byte aligned unit is 383 redundant key
+/// expansions.
+pub(crate) fn aes_cbc_encrypt(key: &[u8; 16], data: &mut [u8]) {
+    debug_assert!(
+        data.len().is_multiple_of(16),
+        "aes_cbc_encrypt requires a block-aligned slice"
+    );
+    let cipher = new_cipher(key);
+    let num_blocks = data.len() / 16;
+    let mut prev = AACS_IV;
+    // Forward order: each block is XORed with the PRECEDING ciphertext block.
+    for i in 0..num_blocks {
+        let offset = i * 16;
+        let mut block = [0u8; 16];
+        for j in 0..16 {
+            block[j] = data[offset + j] ^ prev[j];
+        }
+        let mut ga: Array<u8, _> = block.into();
+        cipher.encrypt_block(&mut ga);
+        data[offset..offset + 16].copy_from_slice(&ga);
+        prev.copy_from_slice(&ga);
+    }
+}
+
+/// AES-128-CBC DECRYPT in-place with the fixed AACS IV. [C] §2.1.2
+/// (`AES-128CBCD`).
+///
+/// Precondition: `data.len()` is a multiple of 16. Any trailing partial
+/// block is silently ignored; all callers pass aligned regions (6128 and
+/// 2032 bytes), and the assert documents/enforces that contract.
+///
+/// (This doc block was orphaned onto `aes_cbc_encrypt` above when that function
+/// was inserted directly after it with no separating blank line, so rustdoc
+/// rendered the crate's only forward-direction AACS primitive as "decrypt" and
+/// cited the spec's DECRYPT clause for it, while this function had no doc at
+/// all. `encrypt_unit_is_the_exact_inverse_of_decrypt_unit` in `content.rs` pins
+/// the directions behaviourally so a maintainer 'fixing' the contradiction by
+/// swapping the two bodies fails the suite instead of shipping a second
+/// decryptor behind an already-set encrypted flag.)
+pub(crate) fn aes_cbc_decrypt(key: &[u8; 16], data: &mut [u8]) {
+    debug_assert!(
+        data.len().is_multiple_of(16),
+        "aes_cbc_decrypt requires a block-aligned slice"
+    );
+    cbc_decrypt_blocks(&new_cipher(key), data);
+}
+
+/// AES-128-CBC decrypt in place under the fixed [`AACS_IV`] with an ALREADY
+/// EXPANDED key schedule.
+///
+/// Split out of [`aes_cbc_decrypt`] so a caller that decrypts several regions
+/// under one loop-invariant key expands the schedule once. `decrypt_bus`
+/// ([`super::content::decrypt_bus`]) is that caller: bus encryption
+/// ([C] §4.2 / the AACS 2.0 Read Data Key) covers bytes 16..2048 of EVERY
+/// 2048-byte sector, so a 6144-byte aligned unit is three regions under one
+/// `read_data_key` — three key schedules where one suffices, on the per-unit
+/// decrypt hot path of a whole 90 GB read.
+pub(crate) fn cbc_decrypt_blocks(cipher: &Aes128, data: &mut [u8]) {
+    let num_blocks = data.len() / 16;
+    // Process blocks in reverse to avoid clobbering ciphertext needed for XOR
+    for i in (0..num_blocks).rev() {
+        let offset = i * 16;
+        let prev = if i == 0 {
+            AACS_IV
+        } else {
+            let mut p = [0u8; 16];
+            p.copy_from_slice(&data[(i - 1) * 16..i * 16]);
+            p
+        };
+        let mut chunk = [0u8; 16];
+        chunk.copy_from_slice(&data[offset..offset + 16]);
+        let mut block: Array<u8, _> = chunk.into();
+        cipher.decrypt_block(&mut block);
+        for j in 0..16 {
+            data[offset + j] = block[j] ^ prev[j];
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// AES-G(x1, x2) = AES-128D(x1, x2) XOR x2. [C] §2.1.3 (note: uses AES-128**D**).
+///
+/// The Media Key Variant chain uses AES-G to derive both the variant
+/// number (`Kvn = AES-G(Kp, Nonce)`) and the Volume Unique Key
+/// (`Kvu = AES-G(Km, VID)`). See [`super::derive::derive_vuk`] for the
+/// classical VUK form — the math is identical, this exposes it as a
+/// neutral primitive for the variant chain.
+pub(crate) fn aes_g(x1: &[u8; 16], x2: &[u8; 16]) -> [u8; 16] {
+    let mut out = aes_ecb_decrypt(x1, x2);
+    for i in 0..16 {
+        out[i] ^= x2[i];
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+/// AACS-G3 seed constant (`s0`). [C] §3.2.2.
+pub(crate) const AESG3_SEED: [u8; 16] = [
+    0x7B, 0x10, 0x3C, 0x5D, 0xCB, 0x08, 0xC4, 0xE5, 0x1A, 0x27, 0xB0, 0x17, 0x99, 0x05, 0x3B, 0xD9,
+];
+
+/// AACS-G3: derive a subkey from a parent key. [C] §3.2.2 (Triple AES Generator:
+/// left=`D(k,s0)⊕s0` inc 0, pk=`D(k,s0+1)⊕(s0+1)` inc 1, right=`D(k,s0+2)⊕(s0+2)` inc 2).
+/// seed[15] += inc, then AES-DEC(key, seed) XOR seed.
+///
+/// Shared with [`super::variant`] (its variant chain runs the same SD
+/// tree); a single definition keeps the two walks byte-identical.
+pub(crate) fn aesg3(key: &[u8; 16], inc: u8) -> [u8; 16] {
+    let mut seed = AESG3_SEED;
+    seed[15] = seed[15].wrapping_add(inc);
+    let mut out = aes_ecb_decrypt(key, &seed);
+    for i in 0..16 {
+        out[i] ^= seed[i];
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    /// The AACS-G3 seed `s0`, transcribed independently from [C] §3.2.2 rather
+    /// than read from [`AESG3_SEED`] — a test that sourced the seed from the
+    /// production constant would assert that constant against itself and would
+    /// still pass if it were edited.
+    const S0: [u8; 16] = [
+        0x7B, 0x10, 0x3C, 0x5D, 0xCB, 0x08, 0xC4, 0xE5, 0x1A, 0x27, 0xB0, 0x17, 0x99, 0x05, 0x3B,
+        0xD9,
+    ];
+
+    /// An arbitrary non-degenerate key. Nothing about it is secret or special;
+    /// the AES-G3 relation holds for every key, and a constant-returning body
+    /// cannot satisfy it for any.
+    const K: [u8; 16] = [
+        0x0F, 0x1E, 0x2D, 0x3C, 0x4B, 0x5A, 0x69, 0x78, 0x87, 0x96, 0xA5, 0xB4, 0xC3, 0xD2, 0xE1,
+        0xF0,
+    ];
+
+    /// `aesg3` is the node function of the AACS subset-difference tree: every
+    /// Processing Key the DK walk produces (`aesg3(node_key, 1)`) and every
+    /// descent step (`aesg3(., 0)` / `aesg3(., 2)`) is one call. A body that
+    /// returned a fixed block would make every device key in the crate derive
+    /// the SAME Processing Key, and a `^` that became `|` or `&` would derive a
+    /// wrong-but-plausible one — in both cases the MKB walk simply stops
+    /// finding Media Keys, with no error to say why.
+    ///
+    /// Pinned through the spec relation rather than a re-implementation:
+    /// [C] §3.2.2 defines `AES-G3` as `AES-128D(k, s) XOR s` for
+    /// `s = s0 + inc` (added into the last seed byte), so applying the
+    /// FORWARD primitive [`aes_ecb_encrypt`] — a different function from the
+    /// one under test — to `aesg3(k, inc) XOR s` must reproduce `s` exactly.
+    #[test]
+    fn aesg3_inverts_to_the_spec_seed_under_aes_encrypt() {
+        for inc in 0u8..=2 {
+            let mut seed = S0;
+            seed[15] = seed[15].wrapping_add(inc);
+
+            let out = aesg3(&K, inc);
+
+            // out == AES-128D(K, seed) XOR seed, so out XOR seed is the raw
+            // decryption and re-encrypting it must land back on the seed.
+            let mut pre = [0u8; 16];
+            for i in 0..16 {
+                pre[i] = out[i] ^ seed[i];
+            }
+            assert_eq!(
+                aes_ecb_encrypt(&K, &pre),
+                seed,
+                "AES-G3 inc={inc} must satisfy out = AES-128D(k, s0+inc) XOR (s0+inc)"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The Triple Generator's three outputs ([C] §3.2.2: left = inc 0, the
+    /// Processing Key = inc 1, right = inc 2) are the two child node keys and
+    /// the Processing Key of ONE tree node. They must be three different keys —
+    /// if `inc` were ignored, a descent would revisit its own parent and the
+    /// walk would derive the same key at every level of the tree.
+    #[test]
+    fn aesg3_yields_three_distinct_subkeys_for_the_three_increments() {
+        let left = aesg3(&K, 0);
+        let pk = aesg3(&K, 1);
+        let right = aesg3(&K, 2);
+        assert_ne!(left, pk, "left child and Processing Key must differ");
+        assert_ne!(pk, right, "Processing Key and right child must differ");
+        assert_ne!(left, right, "left and right children must differ");
+    }
+
+    /// Distinct parent keys must yield distinct subkeys — the tree would
+    /// collapse otherwise.
+    #[test]
+    fn aesg3_separates_distinct_parent_keys() {
+        let mut other = K;
+        other[0] ^= 0x01;
+        assert_ne!(aesg3(&K, 1), aesg3(&other, 1));
+    }
+}

src/aacs/host_certs.rs

@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@
 pub fn collect_host_certs(
     opts: &crate::disc::ScanOptions,
     mkb: Option<u32>,
-) -> Vec<crate::aacs::HostCert> {
-    let mut host_certs: Vec<crate::aacs::HostCert> = Vec::new();
+) -> Vec<crate::aacs::types::HostCert> {
+    let mut host_certs: Vec<crate::aacs::types::HostCert> = Vec::new();
     if let Some(c) = &opts.credentials {
         host_certs.extend(c.host_certs.iter().cloned());
     }

src/aacs/index_select.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+//! FMTS index selection — the pure decode-time decision for a 2.1 disc.
+//!
+//! A 2.1 disc resolves to exactly one forensic index (1..=32) for a given
+//! rip. `IndividualSegment.tbl` tags each forensic segment with an index (see
+//! [`super::segment`]); the decode keeps the segments matching our index,
+//! drops the other 31, and treats everything outside a segment as ordinary
+//! (index-0) content. This module owns that classification and nothing else —
+//! no I/O, no keys, no cipher — so it is fully testable in isolation. The
+//! decrypt pipeline consumes the [`UnitDisposition`] it returns.
+//!
+//! Where the resolved index comes from is a separate concern
+//! ([`resolve_disc_index`]): today it is read off the index keys the key
+//! source handed us; when Processing Keys are available it will come from the
+//! VK derivation instead. Either way the disposition logic below is identical.
+
+use super::segment::{Segment, segment_for_unit};
+use super::types::UnitKey;
+
+/// What the decode should do with one AACS aligned unit.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum UnitDisposition {
+    /// Outside every forensic segment: ordinary content, decrypt with the
+    /// default (index-0) unit key.
+    Default,
+    /// Inside a forensic segment tagged with OUR resolved index: decrypt with
+    /// that index's key.
+    Index(u8),
+    /// Inside a forensic segment tagged with a DIFFERENT index: not our
+    /// watermark, so it is not part of our output — drop it.
+    DropForeignIndex(u8),
+    /// Inside a forensic segment but no index key is held (the disc's index
+    /// was never resolved): the segment cannot be decoded, so it is concealed
+    /// as loss. Carries the segment's index for diagnostics.
+    ForensicNoKey(u8),
+}
+
+/// Resolve the disc's single forensic index from the keys we hold.
+///
+/// Scans for an index key (`index_number` in `1..=32`) and returns its
+/// index. `None` when only default (index-0) keys are held — i.e. no
+/// index source answered, so forensic segments are not decodable. A disc has
+/// exactly one index, so the first non-zero key decides; if several distinct
+/// index keys were somehow supplied the lowest wins (deterministic), which is
+/// only a defensive tiebreak — the probe/derivation yields one.
+pub fn resolve_disc_index(unit_keys: &[UnitKey]) -> Option<u8> {
+    unit_keys
+        .iter()
+        .map(|k| k.index_number)
+        .filter(|&v| v != 0)
+        .min()
+}
+
+/// Classify the AACS aligned unit at `unit_offset` (clip-relative bytes) given
+/// the forensic segment map and the disc's resolved index (`None` if no
+/// index key is held).
+pub fn unit_disposition(
+    unit_offset: u64,
+    segments: &[Segment],
+    disc_index: Option<u8>,
+) -> UnitDisposition {
+    match segment_for_unit(segments, unit_offset) {
+        // Not in any forensic segment → ordinary content.
+        None => UnitDisposition::Default,
+        // In a forensic segment → decide by whether it is our index.
+        Some(seg) => {
+            // `seg.index` is an untrusted u16 from IndividualSegment.tbl; a real
+            // forensic index is 1..=32. Compare in u16 space so a corrupt/crafted
+            // index above 255 can't truncate into a valid u8 and alias our index.
+            // The disposition carries a u8 for diagnostics (saturated — an
+            // out-of-range index is never ours anyway).
+            let seg_index = seg.index;
+            let diag = seg_index.min(u8::MAX as u16) as u8;
+            match disc_index {
+                Some(v) if u16::from(v) == seg_index => UnitDisposition::Index(v),
+                Some(_) => UnitDisposition::DropForeignIndex(diag),
+                None => UnitDisposition::ForensicNoKey(diag),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::aacs::content::ALIGNED_UNIT_LEN;
+    use crate::aacs::segment::{SOURCE_PACKET_LEN, parse_individual_segments};
+
+    /// Build a one-record segment table (index, start_spn, end_spn).
+    fn tbl(recs: &[(u16, u32, u32)]) -> Vec<Segment> {
+        let mut v = Vec::new();
+        v.extend_from_slice(&0x0100_0000u32.to_be_bytes());
+        v.extend_from_slice(&(recs.len() as u16).to_be_bytes());
+        v.extend_from_slice(&16u16.to_be_bytes());
+        for &(n, s, e) in recs {
+            v.extend_from_slice(&0x0100_0000u32.to_be_bytes());
+            v.extend_from_slice(&n.to_be_bytes());
+            v.extend_from_slice(&1u16.to_be_bytes());
+            v.extend_from_slice(&s.to_be_bytes());
+            v.extend_from_slice(&e.to_be_bytes());
+        }
+        parse_individual_segments(&v).expect("parse")
+    }
+
+    fn uk(idx: u32, index: u8) -> UnitKey {
+        if index == 0 {
+            UnitKey::new(idx, [0u8; 16])
+        } else {
+            UnitKey::forensic(idx, [index; 16], index)
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn resolve_picks_the_single_index_key() {
+        // Default keys only → no index resolved.
+        assert_eq!(resolve_disc_index(&[uk(0, 0)]), None);
+        assert_eq!(resolve_disc_index(&[]), None);
+        // One index key among defaults → that index.
+        assert_eq!(resolve_disc_index(&[uk(0, 0), uk(1, 7)]), Some(7));
+        // Defensive: lowest of several distinct indexes (deterministic).
+        assert_eq!(resolve_disc_index(&[uk(0, 9), uk(1, 3)]), Some(3));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn unit_outside_segments_is_default() {
+        let segs = tbl(&[(1, 343680, 346239)]);
+        let off = 1000u64 * SOURCE_PACKET_LEN; // well before the segment
+        assert_eq!(
+            unit_disposition(off, &segs, Some(1)),
+            UnitDisposition::Default
+        );
+        // With no segments at all (1.0 / 2.0), everything is Default.
+        assert_eq!(
+            unit_disposition(off, &[], Some(1)),
+            UnitDisposition::Default
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn unit_in_our_index_decrypts() {
+        let segs = tbl(&[(7, 100, 200)]);
+        let off = 120u64 * SOURCE_PACKET_LEN;
+        assert_eq!(
+            unit_disposition(off, &segs, Some(7)),
+            UnitDisposition::Index(7)
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn unit_in_foreign_index_drops() {
+        // Segment tagged index 7, but our disc index is 3 → drop it.
+        let segs = tbl(&[(7, 100, 200)]);
+        let off = 120u64 * SOURCE_PACKET_LEN;
+        assert_eq!(
+            unit_disposition(off, &segs, Some(3)),
+            UnitDisposition::DropForeignIndex(7)
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn forensic_unit_with_no_key_is_concealed() {
+        // A forensic segment but we never resolved an index → conceal as loss.
+        let segs = tbl(&[(7, 100, 200)]);
+        let off = 120u64 * SOURCE_PACKET_LEN;
+        assert_eq!(
+            unit_disposition(off, &segs, None),
+            UnitDisposition::ForensicNoKey(7)
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn out_of_range_index_does_not_truncate_into_ours() {
+        // A crafted/corrupt segment index of 288 (0x0120) truncates to 32 in a
+        // u8. With our disc index resolved as 32, the old `seg.index as u8`
+        // compare would alias it to OUR index and decrypt with the wrong key.
+        // The u16 compare must instead classify it as foreign.
+        let segs = tbl(&[(288, 100, 200)]);
+        let off = 120u64 * SOURCE_PACKET_LEN;
+        assert_eq!(
+            unit_disposition(off, &segs, Some(32)),
+            UnitDisposition::DropForeignIndex(255)
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn straddling_unit_still_classified_as_its_segment() {
+        // A unit whose 32-packet span only tails into the segment still routes
+        // to the segment (matches segment_for_unit's span test).
+        let segs = tbl(&[(5, 100, 200)]);
+        let unit_packets = (ALIGNED_UNIT_LEN as u64 / SOURCE_PACKET_LEN) as u32; // 32
+        // Start so the unit covers [80, 80+31] = [80, 111]: overlaps at 100.
+        let off = 80u64 * SOURCE_PACKET_LEN;
+        assert!(80 + unit_packets > 100, "sanity: unit tails into seg");
+        assert_eq!(
+            unit_disposition(off, &segs, Some(5)),
+            UnitDisposition::Index(5)
+        );
+    }
+}

src/aacs/inf.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,881 @@
+//! AACS on-disc key-input files: `Unit_Key_RO.inf` parsing, the disc-hash
+//! keydb lookup key, the Content Certificate, and the in-drive MKB read.
+//! These turn raw disc files into the structures the key paths consume.
+
+use super::mkb::*;
+
+/// Parsed Unit_Key_RO.inf file.
+pub struct UnitKeyFile {
+    /// Disc hash (SHA1 of the entire file) — used as KEYDB lookup key
+    pub disc_hash: [u8; 20],
+    /// Application type (1 = BD-ROM)
+    pub app_type: u8,
+    /// Number of BDMV directories
+    pub num_bdmv_dir: u8,
+    /// Whether SKB MKB is used
+    pub use_skb_mkb: bool,
+    /// AACS generation this file's stride matches
+    pub version: AacsVersion,
+    /// Encrypted unit keys (CPS unit number, encrypted key)
+    pub encrypted_keys: Vec<(u32, [u8; 16])>,
+    /// Title → CPS unit index mapping (title_idx → unit_key_idx)
+    pub title_cps_unit: Vec<u16>,
+}
+
+/// Redacting `Debug`, per the policy `aacs::types` documents: this struct holds
+/// the disc's ENCRYPTED CPS unit keys — exactly the material a keydb entry stores
+/// — plus the disc hash they are looked up by. A derived `Debug` printed every key
+/// byte verbatim, so any `{:?}` (a downstream crate, an `assert_eq!` failure
+/// message, a future `tracing::debug!` in this module) leaked them. Only
+/// non-secret shape is printed. Guarded by `unit_key_file_debug_is_redacted`.
+impl std::fmt::Debug for UnitKeyFile {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("UnitKeyFile")
+            // The disc hash is the public keydb lookup key, printed as hex the
+            // same way `DiscEntry` prints its own — never as raw bytes.
+            .field("disc_hash", &disc_hash_hex(&self.disc_hash))
+            .field("app_type", &self.app_type)
+            .field("num_bdmv_dir", &self.num_bdmv_dir)
+            .field("use_skb_mkb", &self.use_skb_mkb)
+            .field("version", &self.version)
+            .field("encrypted_keys", &"<redacted>")
+            .field("encrypted_keys_len", &self.encrypted_keys.len())
+            .field("title_cps_unit", &self.title_cps_unit)
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Compute disc hash (SHA1 of Unit_Key_RO.inf content).
+pub fn disc_hash(data: &[u8]) -> [u8; 20] {
+    use sha1::{Digest, Sha1};
+    let hash = Sha1::digest(data);
+    let mut out = [0u8; 20];
+    out.copy_from_slice(&hash);
+    out
+}
+
+/// Format disc hash as hex string with 0x prefix (for KEYDB lookup).
+pub fn disc_hash_hex(hash: &[u8; 20]) -> String {
+    let mut s = String::with_capacity(42);
+    s.push_str("0x");
+    for b in hash {
+        s.push_str(&format!("{b:02X}"));
+    }
+    s
+}
+
+/// Parse Unit_Key_RO.inf from raw bytes.
+///
+/// Format (from AACS spec):
+///   [0..4]   BE32: offset to key storage area (uk_pos)
+///   [16]     app_type (1 = BD-ROM)
+///   [17]     num_bdmv_dir
+///   [18]     bit 7: use_skb_mkb
+///   [20..22] BE16: first_play CPS unit
+///   [22..24] BE16: top_menu CPS unit
+///   [24..26] BE16: num_titles
+///   [26..]   title entries: 2 bytes padding + 2 bytes CPS unit, × num_titles
+///
+///   Key storage at uk_pos:
+///   [uk_pos..uk_pos+2]   BE16: num_unit_keys
+///   [uk_pos+48..]        encrypted keys, 16 bytes each
+///                         AACS 1.0: 48-byte stride
+///                         AACS 2.0 / 2.1: 64-byte stride (48 + 16 extra)
+pub fn parse_unit_key_ro(data: &[u8], version: AacsVersion) -> Option<UnitKeyFile> {
+    if data.len() < 20 {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    let hash = disc_hash(data);
+
+    // Header
+    let app_type = data[16];
+    let num_bdmv_dir = data[17];
+    let use_skb_mkb = (data[18] >> 7) & 1 == 1;
+
+    // Key storage offset
+    let uk_pos = u32::from_be_bytes([data[0], data[1], data[2], data[3]]) as usize;
+    if uk_pos + 2 > data.len() {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    // Number of unit keys
+    let num_uk = u16::from_be_bytes([data[uk_pos], data[uk_pos + 1]]) as usize;
+    if num_uk == 0 {
+        return Some(UnitKeyFile {
+            disc_hash: hash,
+            app_type,
+            num_bdmv_dir,
+            use_skb_mkb,
+            version,
+            encrypted_keys: Vec::new(),
+            title_cps_unit: Vec::new(),
+        });
+    }
+
+    // Stride between keys
+    let stride = version.unit_key_stride();
+
+    // Validate size
+    let keys_start = uk_pos + 48; // first key at uk_pos + 48
+    if keys_start + 16 > data.len() {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    // Extract encrypted keys
+    let mut encrypted_keys = Vec::with_capacity(num_uk);
+    let mut pos = keys_start;
+    for i in 0..num_uk {
+        if pos + 16 > data.len() {
+            break;
+        }
+        let mut key = [0u8; 16];
+        key.copy_from_slice(&data[pos..pos + 16]);
+        encrypted_keys.push(((i + 1) as u32, key));
+        pos += stride;
+    }
+
+    // The loop above `break`s if the buffer runs out mid-key. A short list
+    // means the .inf is malformed/truncated — reject it rather than silently
+    // accepting fewer keys than the header declared, which would later map
+    // title CPS units to nonexistent keys.
+    if encrypted_keys.len() != num_uk {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    // Title → CPS unit mapping (AACS Unit_Key_RO format): each on-disc CPS
+    // value is in `1..=num_uk` (else zeroes it) and converts the 1-based on-disc
+    // index to a 0-based key index. We mirror that so the stored value is a safe,
+    // ready-to-use key index rather than a raw 1-based number.
+    let to_key_idx = |cps: u16| -> u16 {
+        if cps >= 1 && cps as usize <= num_uk {
+            cps - 1
+        } else {
+            0
+        }
+    };
+    let mut title_cps_unit = Vec::new();
+    if data.len() >= 26 {
+        let first_play = u16::from_be_bytes([data[20], data[21]]);
+        let top_menu = u16::from_be_bytes([data[22], data[23]]);
+        let num_titles = u16::from_be_bytes([data[24], data[25]]) as usize;
+
+        title_cps_unit.push(to_key_idx(first_play));
+        title_cps_unit.push(to_key_idx(top_menu));
+
+        for i in 0..num_titles {
+            let off = 26 + i * 4 + 2; // 2 bytes padding + 2 bytes CPS unit
+            if off + 2 <= data.len() {
+                let cps = u16::from_be_bytes([data[off], data[off + 1]]);
+                title_cps_unit.push(to_key_idx(cps));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    Some(UnitKeyFile {
+        disc_hash: hash,
+        app_type,
+        num_bdmv_dir,
+        use_skb_mkb,
+        version,
+        encrypted_keys,
+        title_cps_unit,
+    })
+}
+
+/// HD DVD Video Title Key File (`VTKF%%%.AACS`) magic — "DVD_HD_V_TKF".
+pub const VTKF_MAGIC: &[u8; 12] = b"DVD_HD_V_TKF";
+/// Fixed header length before the first Title Key Entry (AACS HD DVD Book,
+/// Table 3-8).
+const VTKF_HEADER_LEN: usize = 0x80;
+/// Title Key Entry stride (Table 3-8): 1-byte `BIFO` + 3 reserved + 16-byte
+/// encrypted title key + 16-byte binding MAC = 36 bytes.
+const VTKF_ENTRY_LEN: usize = 0x24;
+/// Byte offset of the encrypted title key within an entry (after `BIFO` + 3
+/// reserved).
+const VTKF_KEY_OFF: usize = 4;
+/// Number of Title Key Entry slots in a VTKF (Table 3-8): a fixed 64.
+const VTKF_MAX_ENTRIES: usize = 64;
+/// `BIFO` bit 7 (`AV_FLG`): set = this slot carries an available title key.
+const VTKF_AV_FLG: u8 = 0x80;
+
+/// Parse an HD DVD `VTKF%%%.AACS` into the SAME [`UnitKeyFile`] a BD/UHD
+/// `Unit_Key_RO.inf` yields — so the shared AACS crypto (`derive_unit_keys` →
+/// `decrypt_unit_key(vuk, …)`) unwraps HD DVD title keys with no change. Only
+/// the on-disc CONTAINER differs between BD and HD DVD; the title-key unwrap is
+/// the identical AES-128 VUK step (`Kt = AES-128D(Kvu, Kte)`).
+///
+/// Layout — AACS "HD DVD and DVD Pre-recorded Book" Table 3-8, a fixed
+/// 2480-byte file, verified byte-exact against real discs (Freedom `VTKF090`,
+/// Dukes of Hazzard `VTKF000`):
+/// ```text
+///   [0x00..0x0C] magic "DVD_HD_V_TKF"
+///   [0x0C..0x10] BE32 HD_VTKF_SIZE (2480)
+///   [0x10..0x1C] associated playlist name ("VPLST%%%.XPL")
+///   [0x1C..0x80] reserved
+///   [0x80..]     64 entries × 36 bytes:
+///                  BIFO (1) | reserved (3) | ENCRYPTED title key (16) | binding MAC (16)
+///                  BIFO bit 7 (AV_FLG) set = this slot holds a title key
+///                  (pre-recorded discs fill the binding MAC with 0xFF)
+///   [0x9A0..2480] 16-byte TKF MAC (CMAC keyed by Kvu — NOT a key)
+/// ```
+/// The slot index (1-based) is the CPS unit number, so an absent slot is
+/// SKIPPED (not a terminator) — collapsing gaps would renumber later keys and
+/// hand the wrong title key to CPS unit N+1. The title→CPS mapping is
+/// playlist-driven (`VPLST%%%.XPL`) and owned by the HD DVD enumerator, so
+/// `title_cps_unit` is left empty here.
+///
+/// The prior parser used a 32-byte stride (a 12-byte pad instead of the 16-byte
+/// binding MAC). That reads entry #1 correctly but drifts +4 bytes per entry
+/// after it, so it only decrypted single-CPS-unit discs; every multi-key VTKF
+/// (Freedom, Harry Potter) yielded garbage keys for CPS unit ≥2.
+pub fn parse_vtkf(data: &[u8]) -> Option<UnitKeyFile> {
+    if data.len() < VTKF_HEADER_LEN || &data[..12] != VTKF_MAGIC {
+        return None;
+    }
+    // SHA1 of the WHOLE file — the KEYDB lookup key. BackupHDDVD-family key
+    // databases index an HD DVD disc by SHA1(VTKF000.AACS), the same role the
+    // BD disc_hash plays for `Unit_Key_RO.inf`.
+    let hash = disc_hash(data);
+
+    let mut encrypted_keys = Vec::new();
+    for n in 0..VTKF_MAX_ENTRIES {
+        let pos = VTKF_HEADER_LEN + n * VTKF_ENTRY_LEN;
+        if pos + VTKF_ENTRY_LEN > data.len() {
+            break;
+        }
+        // AV_FLG clear = empty slot: skip it, but keep the slot index as the CPS
+        // number (do NOT break — a gap must not renumber the keys that follow).
+        if data[pos] & VTKF_AV_FLG == 0 {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let mut key = [0u8; 16];
+        key.copy_from_slice(&data[pos + VTKF_KEY_OFF..pos + VTKF_KEY_OFF + 16]);
+        encrypted_keys.push((n as u32 + 1, key));
+    }
+    if encrypted_keys.is_empty() {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    Some(UnitKeyFile {
+        disc_hash: hash,
+        app_type: 0,     // HD DVD VTKF carries no BD-ROM app_type
+        num_bdmv_dir: 0, // BD-only concept
+        use_skb_mkb: false,
+        version: AacsVersion::V10, // HD DVD is always AACS 1.0
+        encrypted_keys,
+        title_cps_unit: Vec::new(),
+    })
+}
+
+/// Parse a disc's title-key file, dispatching on the self-describing magic:
+/// an HD DVD `VTKF000.AACS` (`DVD_HD_V_TKF`) → [`parse_vtkf`]; anything else is a
+/// BD/UHD `Unit_Key_RO.inf` → [`parse_unit_key_ro`]. Both return the same
+/// [`UnitKeyFile`], so every downstream AACS derivation stays container-agnostic
+/// — the single seam where BD-vs-HD-DVD key layout is resolved (mirrors the key
+/// service, which classifies HD DVD by the very same magic).
+pub fn parse_title_keys(data: &[u8], version: AacsVersion) -> Option<UnitKeyFile> {
+    if data.len() >= 12 && &data[..12] == VTKF_MAGIC {
+        parse_vtkf(data)
+    } else {
+        parse_unit_key_ro(data, version)
+    }
+}
+
+/// MKB disc structure format code.
+const MKB_DISC_STRUCTURE_FORMAT: u8 = 0x83;
+
+/// MKB pack buffer size.
+const MKB_PACK_SIZE: usize = 32772;
+
+/// Read MKB from drive via SCSI (REPORT DISC STRUCTURE format 0x83).
+/// Returns the concatenated MKB data from all packs.
+pub fn read_mkb_from_drive(
+    session: &mut dyn crate::scsi::ScsiTransport,
+) -> crate::error::Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    use crate::scsi::{DataDirection, SCSI_READ_DISC_STRUCTURE};
+
+    let cdb = [
+        SCSI_READ_DISC_STRUCTURE,
+        0x01,
+        0x00,
+        0x00,
+        0x00,
+        0x00,
+        0x00,
+        MKB_DISC_STRUCTURE_FORMAT,
+        (MKB_PACK_SIZE >> 8) as u8,
+        (MKB_PACK_SIZE & 0xFF) as u8,
+        0x00,
+        0x00,
+    ];
+    let mut buf = vec![0u8; 32772];
+    session.execute(&cdb, DataDirection::FromDevice, &mut buf, 10_000)?;
+
+    let data_len = u16::from_be_bytes([buf[0], buf[1]]) as usize;
+    if data_len < 2 {
+        return Ok(Vec::new());
+    }
+    let len = data_len - 2;
+    let num_packs = buf[3] as usize;
+
+    let mut mkb = Vec::with_capacity(32768 * num_packs.max(1));
+    if len > 0 && len <= 32768 {
+        mkb.extend_from_slice(&buf[4..4 + len]);
+    }
+
+    // Read remaining packs
+    for pack in 1..num_packs {
+        let mut cdb = [
+            SCSI_READ_DISC_STRUCTURE,
+            0x01,
+            0x00,
+            0x00,
+            0x00,
+            0x00,
+            0x00,
+            MKB_DISC_STRUCTURE_FORMAT,
+            (MKB_PACK_SIZE >> 8) as u8,
+            (MKB_PACK_SIZE & 0xFF) as u8,
+            0x00,
+            0x00,
+        ];
+        // Pack number goes in address field
+        cdb[2] = ((pack >> 24) & 0xFF) as u8;
+        cdb[3] = ((pack >> 16) & 0xFF) as u8;
+        cdb[4] = ((pack >> 8) & 0xFF) as u8;
+        cdb[5] = (pack & 0xFF) as u8;
+
+        let mut buf = vec![0u8; 32772];
+        if session
+            .execute(&cdb, DataDirection::FromDevice, &mut buf, 10_000)
+            .is_ok()
+        {
+            let len = u16::from_be_bytes([buf[0], buf[1]]) as usize;
+            if len > 2 && len - 2 <= 32768 {
+                mkb.extend_from_slice(&buf[4..4 + len - 2]);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(mkb)
+}
+
+/// AACS Content Certificate — identifies disc AACS version and features.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct ContentCert {
+    /// Bus encryption enabled flag
+    pub bus_encryption: bool,
+    /// Content Certificate ID (6 bytes)
+    pub cc_id: [u8; 6],
+    /// AACS generation indicated by the certificate type byte.
+    ///
+    /// Cert type `0x00` → [`AacsVersion::V10`]; any other value →
+    /// [`AacsVersion::V20`]. The certificate alone cannot distinguish
+    /// V20 from V21 — Variant detection happens after the MKB walk.
+    pub version: AacsVersion,
+}
+
+/// Parse a Content Certificate (ContentXXX.cer) file.
+pub fn parse_content_cert(data: &[u8]) -> Option<ContentCert> {
+    if data.len() < 20 {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    // Content Certificate layout (per the AACS content-cert format):
+    //   [0]      certificate type (0x00 = AACS1, 0x10 = AACS2)
+    //   [1] bit7 bus_encryption_enabled_flag  (`p[1] >> 7`)
+    //   [14..20] cc_id (6 bytes)             (`p + 14`)
+    let version = if data[0] == 0x00 {
+        AacsVersion::V10
+    } else {
+        AacsVersion::V20
+    };
+    // The flag is bit 7 of byte 1, NOT bit 0. Reading bit 0 (the prior bug) made
+    // a bus-encrypted cert (byte1=0x80) read as `false`, defeating the
+    // AacsBusKeyUnavailable fail-loud gate in disc/encrypt.rs.
+    let bus_encryption = (data[1] >> 7) & 1 == 1;
+    let mut cc_id = [0u8; 6];
+    cc_id.copy_from_slice(&data[14..20]);
+
+    Some(ContentCert {
+        bus_encryption,
+        cc_id,
+        version,
+    })
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod vtkf_tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    /// Build a synthetic `VTKF%%%.AACS` matching the real on-disc layout (AACS
+    /// HD DVD Book Table 3-8, verified against Freedom `VTKF090` and Dukes
+    /// `VTKF000`): magic, BE32 size, playlist name, reserved to 0x80, then 64
+    /// entry slots of 36 bytes (the first `keys.len()` present with `AV_FLG`
+    /// set, the rest empty), a reserved gap, and the 16-byte trailing TKF MAC.
+    fn synth_vtkf(keys: &[[u8; 16]]) -> Vec<u8> {
+        const FILE_LEN: usize = 2480;
+        let mut v = Vec::new();
+        v.extend_from_slice(VTKF_MAGIC); // 0x00
+        v.extend_from_slice(&(FILE_LEN as u32).to_be_bytes()); // 0x0C HD_VTKF_SIZE
+        v.extend_from_slice(b"VPLST000.XPL"); // 0x10 playlist name
+        v.resize(VTKF_HEADER_LEN, 0); // reserve to first entry (0x80)
+        for n in 0..VTKF_MAX_ENTRIES {
+            if let Some(k) = keys.get(n) {
+                v.push(VTKF_AV_FLG); // BIFO: AV_FLG set (present)
+                v.extend_from_slice(&[0, 0, 0]); // reserved
+                v.extend_from_slice(k); // 16-byte encrypted title key
+                v.extend_from_slice(&[0xFFu8; 16]); // binding MAC (0xFF, pre-recorded)
+            } else {
+                v.extend_from_slice(&[0u8; VTKF_ENTRY_LEN]); // empty slot (AV_FLG clear)
+            }
+        }
+        v.resize(FILE_LEN - 16, 0); // reserved gap before the trailer
+        v.extend_from_slice(&[0xABu8; 16]); // TKF MAC (must NOT be read as a key)
+        v
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parse_vtkf_reads_present_entries_skips_empty_ignores_mac() {
+        let k1 = [0x11u8; 16];
+        let k2 = [0x22u8; 16];
+        let k3 = [0x33u8; 16];
+        let data = synth_vtkf(&[k1, k2, k3]);
+
+        let ukf = parse_vtkf(&data).expect("valid VTKF must parse");
+        // Exactly the three present entries — the empty slots and the trailing
+        // 16-byte TKF MAC are NOT mistaken for keys. Critically, k2/k3 are read
+        // at the 36-byte stride (offsets 0xA4, 0xC8); the old 32-byte stride
+        // misread them from inside the previous entry's binding MAC.
+        assert_eq!(ukf.encrypted_keys.len(), 3);
+        assert_eq!(
+            ukf.encrypted_keys[0],
+            (1, k1),
+            "CPS units = 1-based slot index"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(ukf.encrypted_keys[1], (2, k2));
+        assert_eq!(ukf.encrypted_keys[2], (3, k3));
+        assert_eq!(ukf.version, AacsVersion::V10, "HD DVD is AACS 1.0");
+        // disc_hash is SHA1 of the whole file (the KEYDB lookup key).
+        assert_eq!(ukf.disc_hash, disc_hash(&data));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parse_vtkf_reads_a_full_64_entry_file() {
+        // Real discs (Freedom, Dukes) carry all 64 slots present. Every key must
+        // come back, none dropped and none drifted — the regression the 32-byte
+        // stride failed.
+        let keys: Vec<[u8; 16]> = (0..VTKF_MAX_ENTRIES).map(|n| [n as u8; 16]).collect();
+        let ukf = parse_vtkf(&synth_vtkf(&keys)).expect("64-entry VTKF");
+        assert_eq!(ukf.encrypted_keys.len(), 64);
+        assert_eq!(
+            ukf.encrypted_keys[63],
+            (64, [63u8; 16]),
+            "entry 64 at 0x{:x}",
+            VTKF_HEADER_LEN + 63 * VTKF_ENTRY_LEN
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parse_vtkf_rejects_non_magic() {
+        let mut data = synth_vtkf(&[[0x11u8; 16]]);
+        data[0] = b'X'; // corrupt magic
+        assert!(
+            parse_vtkf(&data).is_none(),
+            "non-VTKF magic must be rejected"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            parse_vtkf(&[0u8; 4]).is_none(),
+            "too short must be rejected"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parse_title_keys_dispatches_by_magic() {
+        // VTKF magic → parse_vtkf.
+        let data = synth_vtkf(&[[0x44u8; 16], [0x55u8; 16]]);
+        let ukf = parse_title_keys(&data, AacsVersion::V10).expect("VTKF dispatch");
+        assert_eq!(ukf.encrypted_keys.len(), 2);
+
+        // Non-VTKF → parse_unit_key_ro (a 2-byte buffer is not a valid inf, so
+        // this proves it ROUTED to the BD parser rather than parse_vtkf).
+        assert!(
+            parse_title_keys(&[0x00, 0x00], AacsVersion::V10).is_none(),
+            "non-magic input must route to parse_unit_key_ro"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// The whole point of the seam: a parsed VTKF feeds the SHARED VUK→title-key
+    /// crypto (`decrypt_unit_key`) exactly like a BD `Unit_Key_RO.inf` would —
+    /// no HD-DVD-specific crypto path.
+    #[test]
+    fn vtkf_encrypted_keys_feed_shared_vuk_unwrap() {
+        let enc = [0x9Au8; 16];
+        let data = synth_vtkf(&[enc]);
+        let ukf = parse_vtkf(&data).unwrap();
+        let vuk = [0x5Cu8; 16];
+        let derived = super::super::derive::decrypt_unit_key(&vuk, &ukf.encrypted_keys[0].1);
+        // Same as applying the shared unwrap directly to the stored enc key.
+        assert_eq!(derived, super::super::derive::decrypt_unit_key(&vuk, &enc));
+    }
+
+    /// `UnitKeyFile` holds the disc's ENCRYPTED CPS unit keys. A derived `Debug`
+    /// printed every byte; the hand-written impl must not. Sentinel key byte
+    /// 0xD5 = decimal 213 (a derived `Debug` renders `[u8; 16]` in decimal), the
+    /// same probe `aacs::types::redaction_tests` uses. Mutation guard: putting
+    /// `#[derive(Debug)]` back fails this.
+    #[test]
+    fn unit_key_file_debug_is_redacted() {
+        let f = UnitKeyFile {
+            disc_hash: [0xD5; 20],
+            app_type: 1,
+            num_bdmv_dir: 1,
+            use_skb_mkb: false,
+            version: AacsVersion::V20,
+            encrypted_keys: vec![(0, [0xD5; 16]), (1, [0xD5; 16])],
+            title_cps_unit: vec![0, 1],
+        };
+        let dbg = format!("{f:?}");
+        assert!(
+            !dbg.contains("213"),
+            "UnitKeyFile Debug leaked key bytes (decimal 213): {dbg}"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            dbg.contains("redacted"),
+            "UnitKeyFile Debug missing redaction marker: {dbg}"
+        );
+        // Non-secret shape is still useful for diagnostics.
+        assert!(dbg.contains("encrypted_keys_len: 2"), "{dbg}");
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod read_mkb_tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::scsi::{DataDirection, SCSI_READ_DISC_STRUCTURE, ScsiResult, ScsiTransport};
+
+    /// A drive that answers READ DISC STRUCTURE format 0x83 from a scripted set
+    /// of packs and records every CDB it was handed.
+    struct MkbDrive {
+        /// One entry per pack: the pack's MKB payload bytes.
+        packs: Vec<Vec<u8>>,
+        cdbs: Vec<Vec<u8>>,
+    }
+
+    impl ScsiTransport for MkbDrive {
+        fn execute(
+            &mut self,
+            cdb: &[u8],
+            _direction: DataDirection,
+            data: &mut [u8],
+            _timeout_ms: u32,
+        ) -> crate::error::Result<ScsiResult> {
+            self.cdbs.push(cdb.to_vec());
+            // Pack number is carried in the CDB address field (bytes 2..6),
+            // MMC-6 READ DISC STRUCTURE.
+            let pack = u32::from_be_bytes([cdb[2], cdb[3], cdb[4], cdb[5]]) as usize;
+            let body = self.packs.get(pack).cloned().unwrap_or_default();
+            // Header: BE16 data length (counts the 2 header bytes that follow
+            // it plus the payload), reserved byte, pack count, then payload.
+            let data_len = body.len() + 2;
+            data[0..2].copy_from_slice(&(data_len as u16).to_be_bytes());
+            data[2] = 0x00;
+            data[3] = self.packs.len() as u8;
+            data[4..4 + body.len()].copy_from_slice(&body);
+            Ok(ScsiResult {
+                status: 0,
+                bytes_transferred: 4 + body.len(),
+                sense: [0u8; 32],
+            })
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// `read_mkb_from_drive` is the in-drive MKB source: every AACS derivation
+    /// downstream (`mkb_find_mk_dv`, the subset-difference walk, the whole
+    /// Media Key ladder) consumes exactly what it returns. An empty return is
+    /// not a benign "no MKB" — it is a total read failure reported as success,
+    /// and every derivation then fails with a key-not-found code that points
+    /// the operator at their keydb rather than at the drive.
+    ///
+    /// This pins the CONTENT: the concatenated payload of all packs, in pack
+    /// order, byte for byte.
+    #[test]
+    fn read_mkb_from_drive_returns_the_concatenated_pack_payload() {
+        let pack0: Vec<u8> = (0..600u32).map(|i| (i % 251) as u8).collect();
+        let pack1: Vec<u8> = (0..300u32).map(|i| (i % 253) as u8 ^ 0xA5).collect();
+        let mut drive = MkbDrive {
+            packs: vec![pack0.clone(), pack1.clone()],
+            cdbs: Vec::new(),
+        };
+
+        let mkb = read_mkb_from_drive(&mut drive).expect("scripted drive answers");
+
+        let mut expected = pack0.clone();
+        expected.extend_from_slice(&pack1);
+        assert_eq!(
+            mkb.len(),
+            expected.len(),
+            "every pack's payload must be concatenated, none dropped"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            mkb == expected,
+            "MKB bytes must be the drive's payload in pack order; first \
+             mismatch at {:?}",
+            (0..expected.len()).find(|&i| mkb[i] != expected[i])
+        );
+
+        // MMC-6 READ DISC STRUCTURE with the AACS MKB format code, one command
+        // per pack, pack number in the address field.
+        assert_eq!(drive.cdbs.len(), 2, "one command per declared pack");
+        for (i, cdb) in drive.cdbs.iter().enumerate() {
+            assert_eq!(cdb[0], SCSI_READ_DISC_STRUCTURE, "opcode");
+            assert_eq!(cdb[7], 0x83, "AACS MKB disc-structure format code");
+            assert_eq!(
+                u32::from_be_bytes([cdb[2], cdb[3], cdb[4], cdb[5]]),
+                i as u32,
+                "pack {i} must be requested by number"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The CDB is what the drive actually acts on, and every byte of it is
+    /// load-bearing: a wrong format code returns a different disc structure
+    /// entirely, and a wrong allocation length truncates the pack. The existing
+    /// test above pins the opcode, the format code and the pack number; this
+    /// pins the WHOLE 12-byte CDB, so no field can drift unnoticed.
+    ///
+    /// Expected layout (MMC-6 READ DISC STRUCTURE, AACS MKB format):
+    ///   `[0]` opcode, `[1]` media type 0x01, `[2..6]` address = pack number
+    ///   (BE32), `[6]` layer 0, `[7]` format 0x83, `[8..10]` allocation length
+    ///   BE16 = 32772 = `0x80 0x04`, `[10..12]` reserved/control.
+    #[test]
+    fn read_mkb_from_drive_issues_the_exact_mmc_cdb_for_each_pack() {
+        let mut drive = MkbDrive {
+            packs: vec![vec![0x11u8; 64], vec![0x22u8; 64], vec![0x33u8; 64]],
+            cdbs: Vec::new(),
+        };
+        read_mkb_from_drive(&mut drive).expect("scripted drive answers");
+
+        assert_eq!(drive.cdbs.len(), 3, "one command per declared pack");
+        for (pack, cdb) in drive.cdbs.iter().enumerate() {
+            let p = pack as u32;
+            let expected: [u8; 12] = [
+                SCSI_READ_DISC_STRUCTURE,
+                0x01,
+                (p >> 24) as u8,
+                (p >> 16) as u8,
+                (p >> 8) as u8,
+                p as u8,
+                0x00,
+                0x83, // AACS MKB disc-structure format
+                0x80, // allocation length 32772 = 0x8004, high byte
+                0x04, // …low byte
+                0x00,
+                0x00,
+            ];
+            assert_eq!(
+                cdb.as_slice(),
+                &expected[..],
+                "CDB for pack {pack} must match the MMC-6 READ DISC STRUCTURE layout"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A pack payload filling the FULL 32768-byte window must come back whole.
+    /// The `len > 0 && len <= 32768` bound is what stands between a maximal
+    /// pack and a silently dropped one, and the small payloads used elsewhere
+    /// in this module never reach it.
+    #[test]
+    fn read_mkb_from_drive_accepts_a_full_size_pack() {
+        let full: Vec<u8> = (0..32768u32).map(|i| (i % 251) as u8).collect();
+        let other: Vec<u8> = (0..32768u32).map(|i| (i % 241) as u8 ^ 0x5A).collect();
+        // TWO maximal packs: the first-pack read and the per-pack loop carry
+        // separate bounds, so both must accept a full-window payload.
+        let mut drive = MkbDrive {
+            packs: vec![full.clone(), other.clone()],
+            cdbs: Vec::new(),
+        };
+        let mkb = read_mkb_from_drive(&mut drive).expect("scripted drive answers");
+        assert_eq!(
+            mkb.len(),
+            65536,
+            "neither maximal pack may be dropped at the size bound"
+        );
+        let mut expected = full.clone();
+        expected.extend_from_slice(&other);
+        assert!(mkb == expected, "both maximal packs' bytes must be intact");
+    }
+
+    /// A pack that declares only the 2-byte header and NO payload contributes
+    /// nothing, and must not push a phantom byte into the MKB — an off-by-one
+    /// at the zero-length boundary corrupts every following pack's alignment.
+    #[test]
+    fn read_mkb_from_drive_zero_length_pack_contributes_nothing() {
+        let mut drive = MkbDrive {
+            packs: vec![Vec::new(), vec![0xABu8; 32]],
+            cdbs: Vec::new(),
+        };
+        let mkb = read_mkb_from_drive(&mut drive).expect("scripted drive answers");
+        assert_eq!(
+            mkb.len(),
+            32,
+            "an empty pack adds no bytes; only pack 1's payload is present"
+        );
+        assert!(mkb == vec![0xABu8; 32], "and the bytes are pack 1's");
+    }
+
+    /// A drive that DECLARES more payload than it returned must not be
+    /// believed. The BE16 length in the response header is drive-supplied data:
+    /// a firmware bug, a short transfer, or a hostile device can put a value in
+    /// it that runs past the 32772-byte buffer. Copying `len` bytes on that word
+    /// alone panics the rip thread mid-scan.
+    ///
+    /// Both the first-pack read and the per-pack loop carry the same bound, so
+    /// both are exercised here: the over-declared pack contributes nothing and
+    /// the honest pack still comes through.
+    #[test]
+    fn read_mkb_from_drive_ignores_a_pack_declaring_more_than_the_buffer_holds() {
+        /// Pack 0 is honest; pack 1 declares a 60000-byte payload it never sent.
+        struct LyingDrive {
+            honest: Vec<u8>,
+        }
+        impl ScsiTransport for LyingDrive {
+            fn execute(
+                &mut self,
+                cdb: &[u8],
+                _direction: DataDirection,
+                data: &mut [u8],
+                _timeout_ms: u32,
+            ) -> crate::error::Result<ScsiResult> {
+                let pack = u32::from_be_bytes([cdb[2], cdb[3], cdb[4], cdb[5]]);
+                data[3] = 2; // two packs declared
+                if pack == 0 {
+                    let dl = self.honest.len() + 2;
+                    data[0..2].copy_from_slice(&(dl as u16).to_be_bytes());
+                    data[4..4 + self.honest.len()].copy_from_slice(&self.honest);
+                } else {
+                    // A length far beyond the 32772-byte response buffer.
+                    data[0..2].copy_from_slice(&60_000u16.to_be_bytes());
+                }
+                Ok(ScsiResult {
+                    status: 0,
+                    bytes_transferred: 4,
+                    sense: [0u8; 32],
+                })
+            }
+        }
+
+        let honest = vec![0xC7u8; 256];
+        let mut drive = LyingDrive {
+            honest: honest.clone(),
+        };
+        let mkb = read_mkb_from_drive(&mut drive).expect("an over-declared pack is not an error");
+        assert_eq!(
+            mkb.len(),
+            honest.len(),
+            "only the honest pack's bytes may be taken; the over-declared pack \
+             contributes nothing and must not be read past the buffer"
+        );
+        assert!(mkb == honest, "and those bytes are pack 0's");
+    }
+
+    /// The same over-declaration on the FIRST pack, which uses a separate bound
+    /// from the loop's.
+    #[test]
+    fn read_mkb_from_drive_ignores_a_first_pack_declaring_more_than_the_buffer() {
+        struct LyingFirst;
+        impl ScsiTransport for LyingFirst {
+            fn execute(
+                &mut self,
+                _cdb: &[u8],
+                _direction: DataDirection,
+                data: &mut [u8],
+                _timeout_ms: u32,
+            ) -> crate::error::Result<ScsiResult> {
+                data[0..2].copy_from_slice(&60_000u16.to_be_bytes());
+                data[3] = 1;
+                Ok(ScsiResult {
+                    status: 0,
+                    bytes_transferred: 4,
+                    sense: [0u8; 32],
+                })
+            }
+        }
+        let mkb = read_mkb_from_drive(&mut LyingFirst).expect("not an error");
+        assert!(
+            mkb.is_empty(),
+            "a first pack declaring more than the buffer holds yields no bytes"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// A single-pack disc still yields that pack's bytes — the common case, and
+    /// the one where a body returning an empty vector looks most plausible.
+    #[test]
+    fn read_mkb_from_drive_returns_a_single_packs_payload() {
+        let pack: Vec<u8> = (0..1024u32).map(|i| (i * 7 % 256) as u8).collect();
+        let mut drive = MkbDrive {
+            packs: vec![pack.clone()],
+            cdbs: Vec::new(),
+        };
+        let mkb = read_mkb_from_drive(&mut drive).expect("scripted drive answers");
+        assert_eq!(mkb.len(), pack.len(), "single pack payload length");
+        assert!(mkb == pack, "single pack payload bytes");
+    }
+
+    /// A drive that reports a header-only response (`data_len < 2`) has no MKB
+    /// to give. That must be an EMPTY vec, not a partial one — the distinction
+    /// matters because the AACS paths treat a non-empty MKB as parseable.
+    #[test]
+    fn read_mkb_from_drive_empty_response_is_empty() {
+        struct NoMkb;
+        impl ScsiTransport for NoMkb {
+            fn execute(
+                &mut self,
+                _cdb: &[u8],
+                _direction: DataDirection,
+                data: &mut [u8],
+                _timeout_ms: u32,
+            ) -> crate::error::Result<ScsiResult> {
+                data[0..2].copy_from_slice(&0u16.to_be_bytes());
+                Ok(ScsiResult {
+                    status: 0,
+                    bytes_transferred: 4,
+                    sense: [0u8; 32],
+                })
+            }
+        }
+        let mkb = read_mkb_from_drive(&mut NoMkb).expect("no-MKB drive still returns Ok");
+        assert!(
+            mkb.is_empty(),
+            "a header-only response carries no MKB bytes"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// A transport failure on the FIRST pack must propagate as an error — the
+    /// MKB is the root of the whole AACS ladder, so an unreadable one cannot be
+    /// downgraded to "an MKB with no records".
+    #[test]
+    fn read_mkb_from_drive_propagates_the_first_pack_failure() {
+        struct DeadDrive;
+        impl ScsiTransport for DeadDrive {
+            fn execute(
+                &mut self,
+                _cdb: &[u8],
+                _direction: DataDirection,
+                _data: &mut [u8],
+                _timeout_ms: u32,
+            ) -> crate::error::Result<ScsiResult> {
+                Err(crate::error::Error::ScsiError {
+                    opcode: SCSI_READ_DISC_STRUCTURE,
+                    status: 0x02,
+                    sense: None,
+                })
+            }
+        }
+        assert!(
+            read_mkb_from_drive(&mut DeadDrive).is_err(),
+            "an unreadable MKB must surface as an error, not an empty MKB"
+        );
+    }
+}

src/aacs/mkb.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,540 @@
+//! AACS Media Key Block — [C] Chapter 3.
+//!
+//! The MKB record format (framing walker, the `MkbRecord` view, record-body
+//! finders), the MKBType / AACS-generation classification, and MKB-file
+//! utilities (content length, trimming, version). Consolidated here so the one
+//! place that understands MKB bytes is `mkb`. Some duplicate record finders
+//! still live side by side pending a follow-up that collapses them.
+
+// ── MKB record types ([C] Chapter 3) ──────────────────────────────────────
+// The ONE canonical set. Every record-type comparison in the `aacs` module
+// references these, so a type byte is never a bare literal scattered across
+// files (the `0x0c` variant-data record in particular used to appear in several
+// hand-rolled forms).
+
+/// Type-and-Version — carries the 32-bit MKBType / AACS generation.
+pub(crate) const REC_TYPE_AND_VERSION: u8 = 0x10;
+/// Subset-Difference index — the per-slot `(u_mask_shift, uv)` table.
+pub(crate) const REC_SUBSET_DIFFERENCE: u8 = 0x04;
+/// Media Key Data — the classical (1.0 / 2.0) per-subset cvalue table.
+pub(crate) const REC_MEDIA_KEY_DATA: u8 = 0x05;
+/// Explicit Subset-Difference — the smaller cvalue table some MKBs use.
+pub(crate) const REC_EXPLICIT_SUBSET_DIFF: u8 = 0x07;
+/// Media Key Variant Data (AACS 2.1) — the per-subset-difference `C` table
+/// (one 16-byte C per slot); the `Kmp` step reads C from HERE, not `0x2d`.
+pub(crate) const REC_MEDIA_KEY_VARIANT_DATA: u8 = 0x0c;
+/// Variant Data + Nonce (AACS 2.1) — the `VARIANTS[uv]` table (leading bytes)
+/// with the 16-byte `Kvn` Nonce at the tail.
+pub(crate) const REC_VARIANT_DATA_AND_NONCE: u8 = 0x2d;
+/// Variant Key Data table (AACS 2.1) — 65,535×16, indexed by the resolved VKD index.
+pub(crate) const REC_VKD_TABLE: u8 = 0x2f;
+/// Verify-Media-Key — AACS 1.0.
+pub(crate) const REC_VERIFY_MEDIA_KEY_V1: u8 = 0x81;
+/// Verify-Media-Key — AACS 2.x.
+pub(crate) const REC_VERIFY_MEDIA_KEY_V2: u8 = 0x86;
+
+/// A single MKB record produced by [`walk_mkb`].
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct MkbRecord {
+    /// Byte offset of the record within the MKB.
+    pub offset: usize,
+    /// Record type byte.
+    pub rec_type: u8,
+    /// Record length in bytes (includes the 4-byte header).
+    pub rec_len: usize,
+    /// Record body (the bytes after the 4-byte header).
+    pub body: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+/// Walk an MKB into a flat list of records.
+///
+/// MKB record framing per AACS: 1 byte type, 3 bytes BE length
+/// INCLUDING the 4-byte header, followed by payload. The walker stops
+/// at the first `(type=0, len=0)` end marker or at end of buffer.
+pub fn walk_mkb(mkb: &[u8]) -> Vec<MkbRecord> {
+    mkb_records(mkb)
+        .map(|(offset, rec_type, rec_len)| MkbRecord {
+            offset,
+            rec_type,
+            rec_len,
+            body: mkb[offset + 4..offset + rec_len].to_vec(),
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+/// THE single MKB record-framing walker: yields `(offset, rec_type, rec_len)`
+/// for each record — a 4-byte header (type byte + big-endian 24-bit length)
+/// then the body — stopping at the `00 000000` end marker or a
+/// malformed/out-of-bounds length. Lazy (no body clone), so a find-one-record
+/// caller never materialises the multi-MB cvalue table. [`walk_mkb`] and every
+/// MKB record walk in `aacs::resolve`/`aacs::derive` are built on this, so the framing rules — and
+/// any future fix to them — live in exactly one place (they had drifted across
+/// six hand-rolled copies).
+pub(crate) fn mkb_records(mkb: &[u8]) -> impl Iterator<Item = (usize, u8, usize)> + '_ {
+    let mut pos = 0usize;
+    std::iter::from_fn(move || {
+        if pos + 4 > mkb.len() {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let rec_type = mkb[pos];
+        let rec_len = ((mkb[pos + 1] as usize) << 16)
+            | ((mkb[pos + 2] as usize) << 8)
+            | (mkb[pos + 3] as usize);
+        if rec_type == 0 && rec_len == 0 {
+            return None;
+        }
+        if rec_len < 4 || pos + rec_len > mkb.len() {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let here = pos;
+        pos += rec_len;
+        Some((here, rec_type, rec_len))
+    })
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn mkb_find_body(records: &[MkbRecord], rec_type: u8) -> Option<&[u8]> {
+    records
+        .iter()
+        .find(|r| r.rec_type == rec_type && !r.body.is_empty())
+        .map(|r| r.body.as_slice())
+}
+
+/// AACS protection generation a disc carries.
+///
+/// The content cert byte distinguishes V10 (`0x00`) from V20 (`0x01`). V21
+/// cannot be detected from the cert alone — a V21 disc carries a V20 cert
+/// and is upgraded to `V21` only after the MKB walk turns up the real Variant
+/// records `0x2d` / `0x2f` (Encrypted Media Key Variant Data and the Variant
+/// Key Data table).
+///
+/// Key-storage stride in `Unit_Key_RO.inf` is 48 bytes for V10 and 64
+/// bytes for V20 / V21.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum AacsVersion {
+    /// AACS 1.0 — original BD-ROM.
+    V10,
+    /// AACS 2.0 — UHD-BD, classical Media Key derivation.
+    V20,
+    /// AACS 2.1 — UHD-BD with Media Key Variant chain on top of V20.
+    V21,
+}
+
+/// AACS major version as the small integer threaded through the scan / key
+/// paths (`AacsState.version`, `DiscInputs.version`, `DiscInputsCtx::new`):
+/// 1 = AACS 1.0 (BD), 2 = AACS 2.x (UHD). Centralised so the bare `1`/`2` — and
+/// the V10-vs-else stride choice it drives — lives in exactly one place.
+pub const AACS_MAJOR_BD: u8 = 1;
+
+pub const AACS_MAJOR_UHD: u8 = 2;
+
+impl AacsVersion {
+    /// Stride (in bytes) between successive encrypted unit keys in
+    /// `Unit_Key_RO.inf`.
+    pub(crate) fn unit_key_stride(self) -> usize {
+        match self {
+            AacsVersion::V10 => 48,
+            AacsVersion::V20 | AacsVersion::V21 => 64,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// This version as the major integer ([`AACS_MAJOR_BD`] / [`AACS_MAJOR_UHD`]).
+    pub fn major(self) -> u8 {
+        match self {
+            AacsVersion::V10 => AACS_MAJOR_BD,
+            AacsVersion::V20 | AacsVersion::V21 => AACS_MAJOR_UHD,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The version a bare major integer selects for stride purposes: only the
+    /// BD major is V10; every other value takes the V20/V21 64-byte stride.
+    pub fn from_major(major: u8) -> Self {
+        if major == AACS_MAJOR_BD {
+            AacsVersion::V10
+        } else {
+            AacsVersion::V20
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Find Verify Media Key Record (type 0x81 for AACS 1.0, 0x86 for AACS 2.0/2.1) in MKB.
+/// 0x81: [C] §3.2.5.1.4. 0x86 (AACS 2.x): [RE] — not in the public spec (from real 2.x MKBs).
+pub(crate) fn mkb_find_mk_dv(mkb: &[u8]) -> Option<[u8; 16]> {
+    // Verify-Media-Key record (0x81 for AACS 1.0, 0x86 for AACS 2.x): mk_dv is
+    // the 16 bytes at record offset 4 (body offset 0). Needs rec_len >= 20.
+    let found = mkb_records(mkb).find(|&(_, rt, len)| {
+        (rt == REC_VERIFY_MEDIA_KEY_V1 || rt == REC_VERIFY_MEDIA_KEY_V2) && len >= 20
+    });
+    match found {
+        Some((o, rec_type, rec_len)) => {
+            let mut dv = [0u8; 16];
+            dv.copy_from_slice(&mkb[o + 4..o + 20]);
+            tracing::debug!(
+                target: "freemkv::disc",
+                phase = "mkb_mk_dv_found",
+                rec_type,
+                pos = o,
+                rec_len,
+                "mk_dv extracted from MKB"
+            );
+            Some(dv)
+        }
+        None => {
+            tracing::warn!(
+                target: "freemkv::disc",
+                phase = "mkb_mk_dv_not_found",
+                "no 0x81/0x86 record with rec_len>=20 found"
+            );
+            None
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Find Subset-Difference records (type 0x04) in MKB. [C] §3.2.5.1.5.
+pub(crate) fn mkb_find_subdiff_records(mkb: &[u8]) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
+    find_record_body(mkb, 0x04)
+}
+
+/// Find the Media Key Data Record (cvalues table) in an MKB. [C] §3.2.4 / §3.2.5.1.7.
+///
+/// The cvalue table is record type `0x05` (Media Key Data) on BOTH AACS
+/// 1.0 and AACS 2.x MKBs — its 16-byte cvalue entries are 1:1 with the
+/// 5-byte Subset-Difference index entries in record `0x04` — the standard AACS
+/// MKB layout (`0x05` cvalues 1:1 with the `0x04` subset-difference index).
+///
+/// On AACS 2.x in-drive UHD MKBs the `0x05` table is large (the full
+/// subset-difference cvalue set: ~181k entries on a retail MKB, 1:1 with
+/// the giant `0x04` index), while record `0x07` (Explicit
+/// Subset-Difference Record) is a much smaller structure (~96 entries) and
+/// is NOT the cvalue table. An earlier version of this function preferred
+/// `0x07`, which under-tested the Subset-Difference walk on UHD discs and
+/// prevented the DK→walk path from ever finding the matching uv. The
+/// selection MUST therefore be `0x05`-first; `0x07` is only a fallback for
+/// malformed/legacy MKBs that somehow lack a `0x05` record.
+pub(crate) fn mkb_find_cvalues(mkb: &[u8]) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
+    if let Some(body) = find_record_body(mkb, 0x05) {
+        return Some(body);
+    }
+    find_record_body(mkb, 0x07)
+}
+
+/// Walk an MKB and return the payload (header stripped) of the first
+/// record matching `rec_type`. Returns `None` if no such record exists or
+/// the record is empty.
+pub(crate) fn find_record_body(mkb: &[u8], rec_type_wanted: u8) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
+    mkb_records(mkb)
+        .find(|&(_, rt, len)| rt == rec_type_wanted && len > 4)
+        .map(|(o, _, len)| mkb[o + 4..o + len].to_vec())
+}
+
+/// Real content length of an MKB: the byte offset where the record stream
+/// ends. MKB files (especially `MKB_RW.inf`, but `MKB_RO.inf` too on some
+/// discs) are allocated to a fixed size — often ~128 MiB — with the records at
+/// the front and the rest zero padding. Walking records (type+len) and stopping
+/// at the first padding byte (`type == 0` / zero-length / overrun) gives the
+/// actual size so callers can trim off megabytes of zeros before sending or
+/// archiving. Returns `mkb.len()` only if the whole buffer parsed as records.
+pub fn mkb_content_len(mkb: &[u8]) -> usize {
+    // End of the last framed record = where the fixed-region zero padding begins.
+    // (The `00 000000` terminator / overrun stops the walk; real MKBs pad with
+    // zeros, so this matches the prior "stop at the first padding byte".)
+    mkb_records(mkb)
+        .last()
+        .map(|(o, _, len)| o + len)
+        .unwrap_or(0)
+}
+
+/// Trim an MKB's trailing fixed-region padding to its real content length —
+/// but ONLY when [`mkb_content_len`] actually found one. It returns 0 for an
+/// MKB whose first record cannot be parsed; truncating to 0 in that case would
+/// hand downstream consumers (and the online key service) an EMPTY MKB that can
+/// never resolve. So a 0 (or a length that isn't strictly inside the buffer)
+/// leaves the MKB untouched. A 0.31.0 regression dropped this guard and
+/// `truncate`-d unconditionally, zeroing unrecognised MKBs.
+pub fn trim_mkb(mut mkb: Vec<u8>) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let n = mkb_content_len(&mkb);
+    if n > 0 && n < mkb.len() {
+        mkb.truncate(n);
+    }
+    mkb
+}
+
+/// Get MKB version from Type and Version Record (type 0x10).
+/// Layout: 4-byte record header at `pos` (type + BE24 length), then the
+/// record body starts at `pos + 4`. The body holds the BE u32 Type field at
+/// body offset 0 (`pos + 4`), then the BE u32 version at body offset 4
+/// (`pos + 8`).
+pub fn mkb_version(mkb: &[u8]) -> Option<u32> {
+    // Type-and-Version record (0x10): version is the BE u32 at body offset 4
+    // (record offset 8). Needs rec_len >= 12 (4 header + 4 type + 4 version).
+    mkb_records(mkb)
+        .find(|&(_, rt, len)| rt == REC_TYPE_AND_VERSION && len >= 12)
+        .map(|(o, _, _)| u32::from_be_bytes([mkb[o + 8], mkb[o + 9], mkb[o + 10], mkb[o + 11]]))
+}
+
+/// `0x00031003` — recordable media MKB (Class I & II compute Km directly).
+pub const MKB_TYPE_3_RECORDABLE: u32 = 0x0003_1003;
+
+/// `0x00041003` — AACS 1.0 pre-recorded content MKB (KCD-based). Standard BD.
+pub const MKB_TYPE_4_PRERECORDED: u32 = 0x0004_1003;
+
+/// `0x000A1003` — Class II / Unified MKB (Sequence-Key-Block functionality).
+pub const MKB_TYPE_10_CLASS_II: u32 = 0x000A_1003;
+
+/// `0x48141003` — AACS 2.0 Category C (UHD content) MKB type value.
+pub const MKB_20_CATEGORY_C: u32 = 0x4814_1003;
+
+/// `0x48151003` — AACS 2.1 Category C (UHD content) MKB type value.
+pub const MKB_21_CATEGORY_C: u32 = 0x4815_1003;
+
+/// The AACS MKB Type field, decoded.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum MkbType {
+    /// Type 3 — recordable media.
+    Recordable,
+    /// Type 4 — AACS 1.0 pre-recorded content (KCD). Standard Blu-ray.
+    Prerecorded,
+    /// Type 10 — Class II / Unified (SKB).
+    ClassII,
+    /// AACS 2.0 Category C — UHD content.
+    CategoryC20,
+    /// AACS 2.1 Category C — UHD content.
+    CategoryC21,
+    /// Unrecognized MKBType value (raw field preserved).
+    Other(u32),
+}
+
+impl MkbType {
+    pub(crate) fn from_raw(raw: u32) -> Self {
+        match raw {
+            MKB_TYPE_3_RECORDABLE => MkbType::Recordable,
+            MKB_TYPE_4_PRERECORDED => MkbType::Prerecorded,
+            MKB_TYPE_10_CLASS_II => MkbType::ClassII,
+            MKB_20_CATEGORY_C => MkbType::CategoryC20,
+            MKB_21_CATEGORY_C => MkbType::CategoryC21,
+            other => MkbType::Other(other),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// AACS generation this MKB belongs to (Category C → 2.0/2.1, else 1.0).
+    pub fn generation(self) -> AacsVersion {
+        match self {
+            MkbType::CategoryC21 => AacsVersion::V21,
+            MkbType::CategoryC20 => AacsVersion::V20,
+            _ => AacsVersion::V10,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// `true` for UHD (AACS 2.x Category C); `false` for Blu-ray (AACS 1.x).
+    pub fn is_uhd(self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, MkbType::CategoryC20 | MkbType::CategoryC21)
+    }
+}
+
+/// The raw 32-bit MKBType field from the Type-and-Version record (0x10), bytes
+/// 4-7. `None` if no 0x10 record is present. [C] §3.2.5.1.1 Table 3-2.
+pub fn mkb_type_raw(mkb: &[u8]) -> Option<u32> {
+    // Type-and-Version record (0x10): the 32-bit MKBType is bytes 4-7 (body
+    // offset 0). Needs rec_len >= 8 (4 header + 4 type).
+    mkb_records(mkb)
+        .find(|&(_, rt, len)| rt == REC_TYPE_AND_VERSION && len >= 8)
+        .map(|(o, _, _)| u32::from_be_bytes([mkb[o + 4], mkb[o + 5], mkb[o + 6], mkb[o + 7]]))
+}
+
+/// Decode an MKB's Type field. `None` if no Type-and-Version record is present.
+pub fn mkb_type(mkb: &[u8]) -> Option<MkbType> {
+    mkb_type_raw(mkb).map(MkbType::from_raw)
+}
+
+/// `Some(true)` if this MKB is a UHD (AACS 2.x Category C) block, `Some(false)`
+/// for Blu-ray (AACS 1.x), `None` if the Type record is absent.
+pub fn mkb_is_uhd(mkb: &[u8]) -> Option<bool> {
+    mkb_type(mkb).map(MkbType::is_uhd)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    /// One MKB record: 1 type byte + big-endian 24-bit total length + body.
+    fn rec(rec_type: u8, body: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let len = 4 + body.len();
+        let mut v = vec![rec_type, (len >> 16) as u8, (len >> 8) as u8, len as u8];
+        v.extend_from_slice(body);
+        v
+    }
+
+    /// Type-and-Version record (0x10): body = 4-byte MKBType + 4-byte version.
+    fn type_and_version(mkb_type: u32, version: u32) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut body = mkb_type.to_be_bytes().to_vec();
+        body.extend_from_slice(&version.to_be_bytes());
+        rec(REC_TYPE_AND_VERSION, &body)
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn walker_frames_records_and_stops_at_end_marker() {
+        let mut mkb = type_and_version(MKB_20_CATEGORY_C, 77);
+        mkb.extend(rec(REC_VKD_TABLE, &[0xAA; 16]));
+        mkb.extend([0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00]); // end marker
+        mkb.extend(rec(0x99, &[0xFF; 8])); // must NOT be walked (past the marker)
+
+        let recs = walk_mkb(&mkb);
+        assert_eq!(recs.len(), 2, "walk stops at the 00 000000 end marker");
+        assert_eq!(recs[0].rec_type, REC_TYPE_AND_VERSION);
+        assert_eq!(recs[1].rec_type, REC_VKD_TABLE);
+        assert_eq!(recs[1].body, vec![0xAA; 16]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn walker_stops_on_malformed_or_out_of_bounds_length() {
+        // A record whose declared length runs past the buffer end must terminate
+        // the walk rather than panic or read OOB.
+        let mkb = vec![REC_VKD_TABLE, 0x00, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x01, 0x02]; // len=0xFFFF, only 6 bytes
+        assert!(
+            walk_mkb(&mkb).is_empty(),
+            "over-long record yields no records"
+        );
+        // A sub-4 length (shorter than the header itself) is also rejected.
+        let short = vec![REC_VKD_TABLE, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02];
+        assert!(walk_mkb(&short).is_empty(), "sub-4 length is rejected");
+        // A truncated header (< 4 bytes) yields nothing.
+        assert!(walk_mkb(&[0x10, 0x00]).is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn mkb_type_and_version_decode_from_the_type_record() {
+        let mut mkb = type_and_version(MKB_21_CATEGORY_C, 100);
+        mkb.extend([0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00]);
+        assert_eq!(mkb_type_raw(&mkb), Some(MKB_21_CATEGORY_C));
+        assert_eq!(mkb_version(&mkb), Some(100));
+        assert_eq!(mkb_is_uhd(&mkb), Some(true), "2.1 Category C is UHD");
+
+        let bd = type_and_version(MKB_TYPE_4_PRERECORDED, 68);
+        assert_eq!(
+            mkb_is_uhd(&bd),
+            Some(false),
+            "AACS 1.0 prerecorded is not UHD"
+        );
+        // No Type record → None (not a panic, not a fabricated value).
+        assert_eq!(mkb_version(&rec(REC_VKD_TABLE, &[0; 16])), None);
+        assert_eq!(mkb_type_raw(&[]), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn trim_mkb_keeps_only_the_framed_records() {
+        let mut mkb = type_and_version(MKB_20_CATEGORY_C, 1);
+        let content_len = mkb.len(); // the single framed record, no end marker
+        mkb.extend([0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00]); // end marker
+        mkb.extend([0xDE; 4096]); // trailing padding past the end marker
+        let trimmed = trim_mkb(mkb);
+        assert_eq!(
+            trimmed.len(),
+            content_len,
+            "trim keeps the framed records, dropping the end marker and padding"
+        );
+    }
+
+    // ── BE24 length field: all THREE bytes ────────────────────────────────
+
+    /// The record length is a big-endian **24-bit** field, so the high byte
+    /// carries lengths of 64 KiB and up. The MKB records that matter most are
+    /// exactly that size — a real UHD cvalue table is `46_101 * 16` bytes and a
+    /// `0x2d` variant record is ~92 KiB — so a walker that dropped the high
+    /// byte would mis-frame every record of a real MKB from the first big one
+    /// onward, and every downstream key lookup would read the wrong bytes.
+    ///
+    /// (The pre-existing high-byte test used total length `0x0110`, whose high
+    /// byte is ZERO — it exercised the middle byte only. This one puts a
+    /// non-zero value in the high byte.)
+    #[test]
+    fn mkb_records_honors_the_high_byte_of_the_be24_length() {
+        const TOTAL: usize = 0x0001_0004; // 65_540 — high byte 0x01
+        let mut mkb = vec![REC_VKD_TABLE, 0x01, 0x00, 0x04];
+        mkb.resize(TOTAL, 0xAB);
+        // A second record follows, so a walker that mis-read the length would
+        // frame a different number of records rather than merely a short one.
+        mkb.extend(rec(REC_TYPE_AND_VERSION, &[0x11; 8]));
+
+        let recs = walk_mkb(&mkb);
+        assert_eq!(recs.len(), 2, "the big record must be framed as ONE record");
+        assert_eq!(
+            recs[0].rec_len, TOTAL,
+            "rec_len must include the high BE24 byte"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(recs[0].body.len(), TOTAL - 4);
+        assert_eq!(
+            recs[1].rec_type, REC_TYPE_AND_VERSION,
+            "the following record must start where the big one ends"
+        );
+    }
+
+    // ── Header-only records and the exact end marker ──────────────────────
+
+    /// `rec_len == 4` is a well-formed HEADER-ONLY record (the minimum the
+    /// walker accepts), including one sitting at the very end of the buffer
+    /// with no bytes after it. Rejecting either — the `pos + 4` bound or the
+    /// `rec_len < 4` floor being off by one — silently drops the MKB's last
+    /// record, and "the record isn't there" is indistinguishable from "the disc
+    /// doesn't carry it".
+    #[test]
+    fn mkb_records_yields_a_header_only_record_at_the_buffer_end() {
+        let mut mkb = rec(REC_TYPE_AND_VERSION, &[0xAA, 0xBB]);
+        mkb.extend([REC_VKD_TABLE, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04]); // 4-byte, empty body, at EOF
+        assert_eq!(
+            mkb.len(),
+            10,
+            "sanity: the last record ends at the buffer end"
+        );
+
+        let recs = walk_mkb(&mkb);
+        assert_eq!(recs.len(), 2, "the trailing header-only record is a record");
+        assert_eq!(recs[1].rec_type, REC_VKD_TABLE);
+        assert_eq!(recs[1].rec_len, 4);
+        assert!(recs[1].body.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    /// ONLY the exact `00 00 00 00` marker ends the walk. A record whose TYPE
+    /// happens to be `0x00` but which declares a real length is a record, not
+    /// the end of the MKB — stopping there would truncate everything after it,
+    /// including the cvalue and verify records the key derivation needs.
+    #[test]
+    fn mkb_records_stops_only_on_the_all_zero_end_marker() {
+        // A type-0 record of length 8, then a normal record, then the marker.
+        let mut mkb = vec![0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x08, 1, 2, 3, 4];
+        mkb.extend(rec(REC_VKD_TABLE, &[0x55; 16]));
+        mkb.extend([0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00]); // the real end marker
+        mkb.extend(rec(0x99, &[0xFF; 4])); // past the marker: not walked
+
+        let recs = walk_mkb(&mkb);
+        assert_eq!(
+            recs.len(),
+            2,
+            "a type-0 record with a non-zero length is a record, not the end"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(recs[0].rec_type, 0x00);
+        assert_eq!(recs[0].rec_len, 8);
+        assert_eq!(recs[1].rec_type, REC_VKD_TABLE);
+        assert_eq!(recs[1].body, vec![0x55; 16]);
+    }
+
+    /// `mkb_type_raw` reports the 32-bit MKBType field verbatim ([C] §3.2.5.1.1
+    /// Table 3-2), including a value this build does not recognise — the caller
+    /// uses it to tell "unknown MKB generation" from "no Type record at all".
+    /// All four bytes must come from the record body; reading any of them from
+    /// the wrong offset yields a type that silently classifies as a different
+    /// AACS generation.
+    ///
+    /// The recognised constants all share bytes with the `0x10` record-type
+    /// header byte (e.g. `MKB_21_CATEGORY_C` is `48 15 10 03`), so this uses a
+    /// value with four distinct bytes, none of them `0x10`.
+    #[test]
+    fn mkb_type_raw_reads_all_four_body_bytes() {
+        const RAW: u32 = 0xDEAD_BEEF;
+        let mkb = type_and_version(RAW, 7);
+        assert_eq!(
+            mkb_type_raw(&mkb),
+            Some(RAW),
+            "every byte of the MKBType field must come from the record body"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(mkb_version(&mkb), Some(7));
+    }
+}

src/aacs/mod.rs

@@ -13,20 +13,52 @@
 //!
 //! The VUK decrypts title keys from AACS/Unit_Key_RO.inf on disc.
 //! Title keys decrypt m2ts stream content (AES-128-CBC).
+//!
+//! ## Spec provenance
+//!
+//! The crypto below carries `[TAG] §x.y` citations back to the published AACS
+//! specification (Final Rev 0.953), so each primitive links to the section it
+//! implements:
+//!   - `[C]`  — AACS Introduction and Common Cryptographic Elements Book (primitives, MKB/key-management).
+//!   - `[PR]` — AACS Pre-recorded Video Book (Volume/Title Key layer).
+//!   - `[BD]` — AACS Blu-ray Disc Pre-recorded Book (CPS Unit Key, Aligned Unit, Block Key).
+//!   - `[RE]` — reverse-engineered from real discs, cited only where the public
+//!     spec is silent (the `0x86` verify record and the Category-C MKB type values).
 
-pub mod boil;
-pub mod decrypt;
+pub mod content;
+pub mod crypto;
+pub mod derive;
 pub mod host_certs;
-pub mod keys;
+pub mod index_select;
+pub mod inf;
+pub mod mkb;
 pub mod provider;
+pub mod resolve;
+pub mod segment;
+pub mod segment_key;
 pub mod trace;
 pub mod types;
-pub mod variants;
+pub mod variant;
 
-/// On-disc UDF paths to the AACS key-input files (with their fallbacks).
-/// Centralised so every reader (`resolve_vid_only`, `read_aacs_inputs`,
-/// `read_mkb_content`, `read_aacs_version`) walks the exact same files — adding
-/// or changing a fallback in one place can then never silently diverge the
+/// On-disc UDF paths to the AACS key-input files, plus HD DVD AACS-directory
+/// discovery.
+///
+/// BD and UHD keep their key material under a fixed `/AACS/…` tree, so those
+/// paths are constants. HD DVD keeps the equivalents in a reserved root
+/// directory whose NAME is authoring-house-specific — observed `ANY!` (Dukes
+/// of Hazzard) and `AAC!` (Freedom / Memory-Tech), each with a `<name>!_BAK`
+/// mirror — and whose title-key file is NOT always `VTKF000.AACS` (Freedom
+/// ships `VTKF090.AACS` + `VTKF100.AACS`). So the HD DVD files are DISCOVERED
+/// from the parsed UDF tree ([`find_hddvd_aacs_dir`] + [`role_paths`]), never
+/// hardcoded.
+///
+/// Each key ROLE ([`AacsRole`]) resolves to an ordered candidate list — the
+/// BD/UHD constants first, then whatever the HD DVD directory actually holds —
+/// which every reader walks with [`read_first`], first-that-reads. No reader
+/// ever branches on disc type: a BD/UHD disc has the `/AACS/` files so those
+/// win; an HD DVD has none of them, so it falls through to the discovered
+/// entries. Centralised so `resolve_vid_only`, `read_aacs_inputs`,
+/// `read_mkb_content`, and `read_aacs_version` can never silently diverge the
 /// disc_hash / MKB / VID that another reader feeds a key service.
 pub const PATH_UNIT_KEY_RO: &str = "/AACS/Unit_Key_RO.inf";
 pub const PATH_UNIT_KEY_RO_DUPLICATE: &str = "/AACS/DUPLICATE/Unit_Key_RO.inf";
@@ -35,53 +67,135 @@ pub const PATH_MKB_RW: &str = "/AACS/MKB_RW.inf";
 pub const PATH_CONTENT_CERT: &str = "/AACS/Content000.cer";
 pub const PATH_CONTENT_CERT_ALT: &str = "/AACS/Content001.cer";
 
-// Boil-down derivation primitives (thin newtypes + wrappers over the crypto).
-pub use boil::{
-    KeyCandidate, MediaKey, ProcessingKey, ResolvedChain, UnitKey, Vid, Vuk, mk_from_dk,
-    mk_from_pk, resolve_candidate, uk_from_vuk, vuk_from_mk,
-};
-// Structured, English-free resolution trace.
-pub use trace::{KeyNode, KeyOutcome, KeyStep, ResolutionTrace, UnlockOutcome, UnlockStep};
+/// An AACS key-input role. [`role_paths`] maps it to an ordered candidate path
+/// list (BD/UHD constants, then the discovered HD DVD files).
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum AacsRole {
+    /// Title-key file: BD/UHD `Unit_Key_RO.inf`, HD DVD `VTKF*.AACS`
+    /// (magic `DVD_HD_V_TKF`). The disc_hash is `SHA1` of this file.
+    UnitKey,
+    /// Media Key Block: BD/UHD `MKB_RO/RW.inf`, HD DVD `MKBROM.AACS`.
+    Mkb,
+    /// Content certificate: BD/UHD `Content000/001.cer`, HD DVD
+    /// `CONTENT_CERT.AACS` (byte 0 gives the AACS major).
+    ContentCert,
+}
 
-// Explicit re-exports — only items needed by external consumers and sibling crate modules.
-// AES primitives (aes_ecb_encrypt, aes_ecb_decrypt, aes_cbc_decrypt) are pub(crate) in decrypt.rs.
-pub use decrypt::{
-    ALIGNED_UNIT_LEN, ALIGNED_UNIT_SECTORS, UnitKeyResult, aacs_unit_encrypted,
-    aacs_unit_needs_decrypt, aacs_unit_still_ciphertext, decrypt_bus, decrypt_unit,
-    decrypt_unit_checked, decrypt_unit_full, decrypt_unit_try_keys, fill_null_ts_unit,
-    is_unit_aligned, ts_packet_total, ts_sync_count, ts_sync_destroyed, unit_is_clean_ps,
-    unit_is_clean_ts, unit_key_validates,
-};
-// `probe` is a reproduction-harness helper (see keys.rs), not part of the
-// documented 1.0 surface; keep it reachable but off the rendered docs so we
-// don't commit semver stability to test primitives.
-#[doc(hidden)]
-pub use keys::probe;
-pub use keys::{
-    AACS_MAJOR_BD, AACS_MAJOR_UHD, AacsVersion, ContentCert, MKB_20_CATEGORY_C, MKB_21_CATEGORY_C,
-    MKB_TYPE_3_RECORDABLE, MKB_TYPE_4_PRERECORDED, MKB_TYPE_10_CLASS_II, MkbType, ResolveContext,
-    ResolveFailure, ResolvedKeys, UnitKeyFile, decrypt_unit_key, derive_media_key_and_pk_from_dk,
-    derive_media_key_from_dk, derive_media_key_from_pk, derive_vuk, disc_hash, disc_hash_hex,
-    mkb_content_len, mkb_is_uhd, mkb_type, mkb_type_raw, mkb_version, parse_content_cert,
-    parse_unit_key_ro, read_mkb_from_drive, recover_dk_position, resolve_keys_v1, resolve_keys_v2,
-    resolve_keys_v21, resolve_keys_with_reason, trim_mkb,
-};
-pub use provider::KeyProvider;
-pub use types::{DeviceKey, DiscEntry, HostCert};
-pub use variants::{
-    KEY_CORRECTION_DATA_PLACEHOLDER, MediaKeyVariantError, MkbRecord, ProcessingKeyMatch,
-    derive_media_key_variant, is_variant_mkb, variant_nonce, walk_mkb, walk_processing_key,
-};
+/// The HD DVD AACS directory in a parsed UDF tree, if present.
+///
+/// Identified structurally, NOT by a hardcoded name: the root child directory
+/// whose name ends in `!` (so the `<name>!_BAK` backup mirror, which also ends
+/// in a non-`!` char, is not mistaken for it) and which contains `MKBROM.AACS`.
+/// Observed real names: `ANY!` (Dukes of Hazzard), `AAC!` (Freedom). A BD/UHD
+/// disc has no such directory → `None`.
+pub(crate) fn find_hddvd_aacs_dir(udf: &crate::udf::UdfFs) -> Option<&crate::udf::DirEntry> {
+    udf.root.entries.iter().find(|e| {
+        e.is_dir
+            && e.name.ends_with('!')
+            && e.entries
+                .iter()
+                .any(|c| !c.is_dir && c.name.eq_ignore_ascii_case("MKBROM.AACS"))
+    })
+}
+
+/// Ordered candidate paths for an AACS key [`AacsRole`]: the fixed BD/UHD
+/// `/AACS/…` paths first, then the actual HD DVD files discovered in the disc's
+/// AACS directory (see [`find_hddvd_aacs_dir`]). A disc has only one family, so
+/// the other family's entries simply never read.
+///
+/// For [`AacsRole::UnitKey`] every `VTKF*.AACS` in the directory is appended in
+/// sorted name order — a disc may carry more than one variant (Freedom:
+/// `VTKF090` + `VTKF100`), not just `VTKF000`.
+pub(crate) fn role_paths(udf: &crate::udf::UdfFs, role: AacsRole) -> Vec<String> {
+    let mut v: Vec<String> = match role {
+        AacsRole::UnitKey => vec![PATH_UNIT_KEY_RO, PATH_UNIT_KEY_RO_DUPLICATE],
+        AacsRole::Mkb => vec![PATH_MKB_RO, PATH_MKB_RW],
+        AacsRole::ContentCert => vec![PATH_CONTENT_CERT, PATH_CONTENT_CERT_ALT],
+    }
+    .into_iter()
+    .map(String::from)
+    .collect();
+
+    if let Some(dir) = find_hddvd_aacs_dir(udf) {
+        let d = &dir.name;
+        match role {
+            AacsRole::Mkb => v.push(format!("/{d}/MKBROM.AACS")),
+            AacsRole::ContentCert => v.push(format!("/{d}/CONTENT_CERT.AACS")),
+            AacsRole::UnitKey => {
+                // Glob VTKF*.AACS — the title-key filename is not fixed at
+                // VTKF000 (Freedom ships VTKF090 + VTKF100). Sorted for a
+                // deterministic try order.
+                //
+                // Each VTKF%%%.AACS is bound to ONE playlist (VPLST%%%.XPL): the
+                // TKF's 12-byte PLAYLIST_NAME field (bytes 0x10..0x1C) names the
+                // playlist whose Title Keys it carries, and keys from a TKF whose
+                // name does not match the title's playlist must not be used. The
+                // caller resolves this by trying candidates in sorted order and
+                // decrypting with the one whose keys verify — correct for a
+                // single-playlist disc; a name-matched selection keyed on the
+                // active playlist is the precise form for multi-playlist discs.
+                let mut names: Vec<&str> = dir
+                    .entries
+                    .iter()
+                    .filter(|e| !e.is_dir)
+                    .filter(|e| {
+                        let u = e.name.to_ascii_uppercase();
+                        u.starts_with("VTKF") && u.ends_with(".AACS")
+                    })
+                    .map(|e| e.name.as_str())
+                    .collect();
+                names.sort_unstable();
+                v.extend(names.into_iter().map(|n| format!("/{d}/{n}")));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    v
+}
+
+/// Walk an AACS role's candidate paths (from [`role_paths`]) and return the
+/// first that reads.
+///
+/// `read` performs the actual per-path read (full file or bounded prefix), so
+/// callers share the same first-present walk regardless of read style. Returns
+/// [`Error::AacsNoKeys`] if no candidate is present. Generic over the path
+/// element (`&str` or owned `String`) so it accepts the `Vec<String>` that
+/// [`role_paths`] builds from the discovered HD DVD directory.
+pub(crate) fn read_first<S, F>(candidates: &[S], mut read: F) -> crate::error::Result<Vec<u8>>
+where
+    S: AsRef<str>,
+    F: FnMut(&str) -> crate::error::Result<Vec<u8>>,
+{
+    for path in candidates {
+        if let Ok(buf) = read(path.as_ref()) {
+            return Ok(buf);
+        }
+    }
+    Err(crate::error::Error::AacsNoKeys)
+}
+
+// The module structure IS the public API — consumers import from the owning
+// module directly (e.g. `aacs::content::decrypt_unit`, `aacs::mkb::MkbType`,
+// `aacs::derive::{derive_vuk, resolve_candidate}`, `aacs::resolve::resolve_keys_v2`).
+// The `derive::probe` reproduction harness stays reachable via its module path.
+//
+// A small set of flat re-exports is kept for the typed key primitives and the
+// content-decrypt entry points that downstream key-source crates import through
+// the `aacs::` path. These are the stable, load-bearing names; keeping them here
+// lets those crates track the module refactor without a lockstep re-pin.
+pub use content::ALIGNED_UNIT_LEN;
+pub use derive::derive_vuk;
+pub use types::{DeviceKey, HostCert, MediaKey, ProcessingKey, UnitKey, Vid, Vuk};
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    //! Re-export surface guards. The module's public API is the set of
-    //! `pub use` items above. A regression that drops or renames an export
-    //! (the class of bug that shipped in 0.31.0 by silently changing a
-    //! surface) breaks compilation of these references, so they act as a
-    //! compile-time contract for the crate's AACS surface.
+    //! Surface guards. The public API is the module tree itself (no facade).
+    //! Touching one representative item per module keeps these as a
+    //! compile-time contract that the module paths stay stable.
 
-    use super::*;
+    use super::content::ALIGNED_UNIT_LEN;
+    use super::inf::{disc_hash, disc_hash_hex};
+    use super::mkb::{AacsVersion, mkb_content_len, walk_mkb};
+    use super::variant::is_variant_mkb;
 
     #[test]
     fn aligned_unit_len_is_three_2048_byte_sectors() {
@@ -103,21 +217,189 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn key_correction_data_placeholder_is_all_zero() {
-        // The variant chain refuses to run against this all-zero placeholder
-        // KCD; the public constant must therefore be exactly 16 zero bytes.
-        assert_eq!(KEY_CORRECTION_DATA_PLACEHOLDER, [0u8; 16]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn public_helpers_are_callable_through_the_facade() {
-        // Touch a representative function from each re-export group so a
-        // dropped/renamed export fails to compile. These are smoke calls, not
-        // behavioural assertions (behaviour is covered in each module).
-        let _ = ts_sync_destroyed(&[0u8; ALIGNED_UNIT_LEN]);
+    fn public_helpers_are_callable_by_module_path() {
+        // Touch a representative function from each module so a dropped/renamed
+        // item fails to compile. Smoke calls, not behavioural assertions.
+        let _ = !crate::aacs::content::is_clean(
+            &[0u8; ALIGNED_UNIT_LEN],
+            crate::disc::ContentFormat::BdTs,
+        );
         let _ = mkb_content_len(&[]);
         let _ = is_variant_mkb(&walk_mkb(&[]));
         let _ = disc_hash_hex(&disc_hash(b"x"));
-        let _ = mk_from_pk(&[[0u8; 16]], &[]);
+        let _ = super::derive::resolve_candidate(
+            &super::derive::KeyCandidate::Uk(super::types::UnitKey::new(0, [0u8; 16])),
+            &[],
+            &[],
+            None,
+        );
+    }
+
+    // ── HD DVD AACS directory / filename discovery ────────────────────────
+    //
+    // The HD DVD AACS dir name and title-key filename are authoring-specific
+    // and were previously hardcoded to `/ANY!/VTKF000.AACS`. These verify the
+    // discovery replacement against both real-disc shapes: Freedom (`AAC!` +
+    // `VTKF090`/`VTKF100`) and a BD/UHD disc (no HD DVD dir).
+
+    #[test]
+    fn role_paths_discovers_hddvd_dir_and_globs_all_vtkf_variants() {
+        use crate::udf::fixture::*;
+        // Freedom-shaped: an `AAC!` dir (NOT `ANY!`) holding MKBROM + two VTKF
+        // variants (090/100, NOT 000) + a VTUF usage file (must be excluded),
+        // plus the `AAC!_BAK` mirror (must NOT be picked as the AACS dir).
+        let mut disc = MemDisc::new();
+        let aacs_files = vec![
+            file("MKBROM.AACS", 100, 5000, 4096, true),
+            file("CONTENT_CERT.AACS", 101, 5100, 2048, true),
+            file("VTKF100.AACS", 102, 5200, 2048, true),
+            file("VTKF090.AACS", 103, 5300, 2048, true),
+            file("VTUF090.AACS", 104, 5400, 2048, true),
+        ];
+        let bak_files = vec![file("MKBROM.AACS", 110, 6000, 4096, true)];
+        let root = DirSpec {
+            name: String::new(),
+            icb_lba: 10,
+            dir_data_lba: 11,
+            files: Vec::new(),
+            subdirs: vec![
+                DirSpec {
+                    name: "AAC!".to_string(),
+                    icb_lba: 20,
+                    dir_data_lba: 21,
+                    files: aacs_files,
+                    subdirs: vec![],
+                },
+                DirSpec {
+                    name: "AAC!_BAK".to_string(),
+                    icb_lba: 30,
+                    dir_data_lba: 31,
+                    files: bak_files,
+                    subdirs: vec![],
+                },
+            ],
+        };
+        build_udf_skeleton(&mut disc, 10);
+        lay_dir(&mut disc, &root);
+        let udf = crate::udf::read_filesystem(&mut disc).expect("fs");
+
+        // Discovered structurally (ends in '!', holds MKBROM.AACS) — the real
+        // AACS dir, never the `_BAK` mirror.
+        let dir = super::find_hddvd_aacs_dir(&udf).expect("aacs dir");
+        assert_eq!(dir.name, "AAC!");
+
+        // UnitKey: BD/UHD paths first, then EVERY VTKF*.AACS in sorted order
+        // (090 before 100) — NOT hardcoded VTKF000; VTUF (usage) excluded.
+        assert_eq!(
+            super::role_paths(&udf, super::AacsRole::UnitKey),
+            vec![
+                super::PATH_UNIT_KEY_RO.to_string(),
+                super::PATH_UNIT_KEY_RO_DUPLICATE.to_string(),
+                "/AAC!/VTKF090.AACS".to_string(),
+                "/AAC!/VTKF100.AACS".to_string(),
+            ]
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            super::role_paths(&udf, super::AacsRole::Mkb)
+                .last()
+                .unwrap(),
+            "/AAC!/MKBROM.AACS"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            super::role_paths(&udf, super::AacsRole::ContentCert)
+                .last()
+                .unwrap(),
+            "/AAC!/CONTENT_CERT.AACS"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// The `!`-suffix and the `MKBROM.AACS` presence test are BOTH required —
+    /// the discovery is a conjunction, not a disjunction.
+    ///
+    /// The existing fixtures only ever present a directory that satisfies both
+    /// (`AAC!` with `MKBROM.AACS`) alongside one that satisfies neither
+    /// (`AAC!_BAK` — which contains `MKBROM.AACS` but is ALSO reached only after
+    /// the real dir), so either half of the conjunction could be dropped and the
+    /// same directory would still be found. Here a directory satisfies the name
+    /// half and NOT the contents half: it must not be picked.
+    ///
+    /// If it were, the HD DVD path would resolve `MKBROM.AACS`,
+    /// `CONTENT_CERT.AACS` and the title-key file under a directory that holds
+    /// none of them — the disc reports "no AACS key files" and never rips.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_bang_suffixed_directory_without_mkbrom_is_not_the_aacs_directory() {
+        use crate::udf::fixture::*;
+        let mut disc = MemDisc::new();
+        let root = DirSpec {
+            name: String::new(),
+            icb_lba: 10,
+            dir_data_lba: 11,
+            files: Vec::new(),
+            subdirs: vec![DirSpec {
+                // Ends in '!' — but carries no MKBROM.AACS, so it is not the
+                // HD DVD AACS directory.
+                name: "AAC!".to_string(),
+                icb_lba: 20,
+                dir_data_lba: 21,
+                files: vec![
+                    file("VTKF090.AACS", 102, 5200, 2048, true),
+                    file("CONTENT_CERT.AACS", 103, 5300, 2048, true),
+                ],
+                subdirs: vec![],
+            }],
+        };
+        build_udf_skeleton(&mut disc, 10);
+        lay_dir(&mut disc, &root);
+        let udf = crate::udf::read_filesystem(&mut disc).expect("fs");
+
+        assert!(
+            super::find_hddvd_aacs_dir(&udf).is_none(),
+            "a '!' directory without MKBROM.AACS is not the AACS directory"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            super::role_paths(&udf, super::AacsRole::UnitKey),
+            vec![
+                super::PATH_UNIT_KEY_RO.to_string(),
+                super::PATH_UNIT_KEY_RO_DUPLICATE.to_string(),
+            ],
+            "no HD DVD candidates may be appended from a directory that was \
+             never identified as the AACS directory"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn role_paths_bd_uhd_disc_yields_no_hddvd_candidates() {
+        use crate::udf::fixture::*;
+        // A `/AACS/` tree (BD/UHD) has no '!' directory → discovery finds none
+        // and the candidate list is exactly the static BD/UHD paths.
+        let mut disc = MemDisc::new();
+        let root = DirSpec {
+            name: String::new(),
+            icb_lba: 10,
+            dir_data_lba: 11,
+            files: Vec::new(),
+            subdirs: vec![DirSpec {
+                name: "AACS".to_string(),
+                icb_lba: 20,
+                dir_data_lba: 21,
+                files: vec![
+                    file("Unit_Key_RO.inf", 100, 5000, 2048, true),
+                    file("MKB_RO.inf", 101, 5100, 2048, true),
+                ],
+                subdirs: vec![],
+            }],
+        };
+        build_udf_skeleton(&mut disc, 10);
+        lay_dir(&mut disc, &root);
+        let udf = crate::udf::read_filesystem(&mut disc).expect("fs");
+
+        assert!(super::find_hddvd_aacs_dir(&udf).is_none());
+        assert_eq!(
+            super::role_paths(&udf, super::AacsRole::UnitKey),
+            vec![
+                super::PATH_UNIT_KEY_RO.to_string(),
+                super::PATH_UNIT_KEY_RO_DUPLICATE.to_string(),
+            ]
+        );
     }
 }

src/aacs/provider.rs

@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ use super::types::{DeviceKey, DiscEntry, HostCert};
 /// Source of AACS key material.
 ///
 /// Implementors return raw material only — the resolver in
-/// `aacs::keys` owns all the crypto (DK→PK walking, PK validation,
+/// `aacs::resolve` and `aacs::derive` own the crypto (DK→PK walking, PK validation,
 /// MK→VUK→TK derivation). See module docs for method semantics.
 pub trait KeyProvider: Send + Sync {
     /// Device keys (top-of-tree, walked by the resolver).
@@ -197,6 +197,17 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
+    /// A host cert whose (non-secret) certificate body and private key are both
+    /// filled with `byte`, so a cert is identifiable in an aggregated list.
+    fn cert(byte: u8) -> HostCert {
+        HostCert {
+            private_key: [byte; 20],
+            certificate: vec![byte; 92],
+            private_key_v2: None,
+            certificate_v2: None,
+        }
+    }
+
     fn dk(byte: u8, node: u16) -> DeviceKey {
         DeviceKey {
             key: [byte; 16],
@@ -357,6 +368,42 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(got.disc_hash, "vid-a");
     }
 
+    /// `Providers::host_certs` is the union across the provider array. It is not
+    /// wired into the handshake today (see the module docs), so nothing else in
+    /// the crate would notice a body that dropped every cert on the floor — and
+    /// the day it IS wired in, a silently-empty cert list means the drive AACS
+    /// authentication finds no host certificate to present and every disc fails
+    /// to open, with no indication that the caller's certs were discarded.
+    ///
+    /// Unlike the bulk key unions this one does NOT dedup (HostCert is not
+    /// Ord/Hash), so the assertion is on the full concatenation in array order.
+    #[test]
+    fn providers_host_certs_unions_every_providers_certs_in_array_order() {
+        struct Certs(Vec<HostCert>);
+        impl KeyProvider for Certs {
+            fn host_certs(&self) -> Vec<HostCert> {
+                self.0.clone()
+            }
+        }
+        // Distinguish certs by their (non-secret) certificate body, so the
+        // assertion lands on WHICH certs came back, not merely how many.
+        let a = Certs(vec![cert(0xA1), cert(0xA2)]);
+        let b = Certs(vec![cert(0xB1)]);
+        let arr: &[&dyn KeyProvider] = &[&a, &b];
+
+        let got = Providers(arr).host_certs();
+        let bodies: Vec<Vec<u8>> = got.iter().map(|c| c.certificate.clone()).collect();
+        assert_eq!(
+            bodies,
+            vec![vec![0xA1u8; 92], vec![0xA2u8; 92], vec![0xB1u8; 92]],
+            "every provider's certs must survive the union, in array order"
+        );
+        // The private key travels with the cert — a union that returned default
+        // certs would still have the right count.
+        assert_eq!(got[0].private_key, [0xA1u8; 20]);
+        assert_eq!(got[2].private_key, [0xB1u8; 20]);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn providers_empty_array_yields_nothing() {
         let arr: &[&dyn KeyProvider] = &[];

src/aacs/segment.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,454 @@
+//! AACS 2.1 FMTS forensic segment map — `AACS/IndividualSegment.tbl`.
+//!
+//! An FMTS main feature interleaves short forensic **segments** — the sequence-key
+//! / forensic-watermark mechanism. Each segment carries an **index** (1..32): a
+//! tag in `IndividualSegment.tbl` that selects which of the 32 forensic **index
+//! keys** decrypts that segment's units, in place of the ordinary CPS Unit Key.
+//!
+//! Terminology (see the project AACS reference): the **index** here is NOT the
+//! AACS 2.1 *Media Key Variant* — that is the 65536-value device selector in the
+//! MKB that decides *which set* of index keys a device receives, a layer this
+//! module does not deal with. All the index keys belong to one variant, whose
+//! number is unknown and irrelevant to the segment map. Decrypting a segment with
+//! the Unit Key yields garbage — broken HEVC reference frames (empirically:
+//! `Could not find ref with POC …` on a plain unit-key rip).
+//!
+//! This table says WHERE the segments live and which index each carries, so a
+//! decoder can decrypt them with the matching index key instead of muxing
+//! unit-key garbage.
+//!
+//! Format (validated against a retail AACS 2.1 disc):
+//! ```text
+//!   header (8 bytes):  u32 type | u16 count | u16 record_size (= 16)
+//!   record[count] (16 bytes each):
+//!     u32 marker (= 0x01000000) | u16 index | u16 flag (= 1)
+//!     u32 start_spn | u32 end_spn        (source-packet numbers, inclusive)
+//! ```
+//! `index` is the 1..32 forensic index tag, NOT a sequential segment id: measured
+//! on a retail 2.1 disc it cycles 1,2,…,32,1,2,… across records in
+//! file order — 24 full cycles of 32 plus a final partial cycle of 24 = 792
+//! records. Source-packet numbers are the 192-byte BDAV packet index: byte offset
+//! = `spn * 192`. Each segment is ~2560 packets (~480 KB) = 80 aligned units,
+//! spread across the entire 54 GB feature (one roughly every 67 MB). Inside a
+//! segment the 80 units interleave in two stride-2 halves: applying the segment's
+//! index key decrypts ~40 of them to clean TS and garbles the other ~40 (a second
+//! interleaved half, unidentified), which the demux then drops — leaving one
+//! coherent stream. Confirmed by decoding a retail disc with a full set of 32
+//! index keys.
+
+/// Fixed size of one `IndividualSegment.tbl` record.
+pub const SEGMENT_RECORD_LEN: usize = 16;
+/// Bytes per BDAV source packet (188-byte TS + 4-byte arrival-time header).
+pub const SOURCE_PACKET_LEN: u64 = 192;
+
+/// One forensic segment: the inclusive source-packet range it occupies in the
+/// FMTS clip.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct Segment {
+    /// Forensic index tag, 1..=32 (field@4 of the record). Cycles across the
+    /// table rather than counting up — it selects WHICH of the 32 index keys
+    /// decrypts this range. (`0` is not used here; the default/non-forensic
+    /// content carries no segment record at all.)
+    pub index: u16,
+    /// First source packet of the segment (inclusive).
+    pub start_spn: u32,
+    /// Last source packet of the segment (inclusive).
+    pub end_spn: u32,
+}
+
+impl Segment {
+    /// Source-packet count in this (inclusive) segment.
+    pub fn packet_count(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.end_spn
+            .saturating_sub(self.start_spn)
+            .saturating_add(1)
+    }
+
+    /// Byte offset of the segment start within the clip (`start_spn * 192`).
+    pub fn start_byte(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.start_spn as u64 * SOURCE_PACKET_LEN
+    }
+
+    /// Byte length of the segment (`packet_count * 192`).
+    pub fn byte_len(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.packet_count() as u64 * SOURCE_PACKET_LEN
+    }
+
+    /// True when source packet `spn` falls inside this segment.
+    pub fn contains_spn(&self, spn: u32) -> bool {
+        spn >= self.start_spn && spn <= self.end_spn
+    }
+
+    /// True when the inclusive source-packet span `[first, last]` overlaps this
+    /// segment. Used to decide whether an aligned unit (which spans several
+    /// packets) touches the segment at all, not just whether one packet does.
+    pub fn overlaps_spn(&self, first: u32, last: u32) -> bool {
+        first <= self.end_spn && last >= self.start_spn
+    }
+}
+
+/// Source packets spanned by one AACS aligned unit: `6144 / 192 = 32`.
+pub const PACKETS_PER_UNIT: u32 =
+    (crate::aacs::content::ALIGNED_UNIT_LEN as u64 / SOURCE_PACKET_LEN) as u32;
+
+/// Byte offset within the clip of a clip-relative 2048-byte sector `lba`. The
+/// FMTS decode reads the clip file directly, so `lba` 0 is the clip's first
+/// byte and this offset lines up with the source-packet grid the segment map
+/// uses.
+pub fn lba_byte_offset(lba: u32) -> u64 {
+    lba as u64 * 2048
+}
+
+/// The forensic segment an AACS aligned unit belongs to, if any, given the
+/// unit's clip-relative byte offset.
+///
+/// This is the routing decision behind a 2.1 decrypt-miss: a unit that
+/// overlaps a forensic segment must be opened with that segment's **index key**
+/// (selected by the segment's `index`), not the CPS Unit Key. Opening it with
+/// the Unit Key is exactly what yields the broken-reference-frame garbage a
+/// plain unit-key rip produces. A unit outside every segment is ordinary
+/// content and a miss on it is a Unit-Key miss, so this returns `None` and the
+/// caller falls back to the normal unit-key fetch.
+///
+/// The unit is tested as a packet *span* (`[off/192, (off+6144-1)/192]`) so a
+/// unit that only partly overlaps a segment edge is still classified as
+/// forensic; on the observed disc segments are unit-aligned, but the span test
+/// does not rely on that.
+pub fn segment_for_unit(segments: &[Segment], unit_offset: u64) -> Option<&Segment> {
+    let unit_len = crate::aacs::content::ALIGNED_UNIT_LEN as u64;
+    let first = (unit_offset / SOURCE_PACKET_LEN) as u32;
+    let last = ((unit_offset + unit_len - 1) / SOURCE_PACKET_LEN) as u32;
+    segments.iter().find(|s| s.overlaps_spn(first, last))
+}
+
+/// Parse `IndividualSegment.tbl` into its forensic segments, in table
+/// order. Returns `None` when the header is malformed, the record size is not
+/// [`SEGMENT_RECORD_LEN`], or the declared record count overruns the buffer —
+/// so a truncated / foreign table degrades to "no segment map" rather than
+/// yielding bogus ranges.
+pub fn parse_individual_segments(tbl: &[u8]) -> Option<Vec<Segment>> {
+    if tbl.len() < 8 {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let count = u16::from_be_bytes([tbl[4], tbl[5]]) as usize;
+    let record_size = u16::from_be_bytes([tbl[6], tbl[7]]) as usize;
+    if record_size != SEGMENT_RECORD_LEN {
+        return None;
+    }
+    if 8usize.checked_add(count.checked_mul(record_size)?)? > tbl.len() {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let mut segments = Vec::with_capacity(count);
+    for i in 0..count {
+        let o = 8 + i * record_size;
+        // o+4..o+8 = index (u16, 1..32) + flag (u16); o+8..o+16 = start/end SPN.
+        let index = u16::from_be_bytes([tbl[o + 4], tbl[o + 5]]);
+        let start_spn = u32::from_be_bytes([tbl[o + 8], tbl[o + 9], tbl[o + 10], tbl[o + 11]]);
+        let end_spn = u32::from_be_bytes([tbl[o + 12], tbl[o + 13], tbl[o + 14], tbl[o + 15]]);
+        segments.push(Segment {
+            index,
+            start_spn,
+            end_spn,
+        });
+    }
+    Some(segments)
+}
+
+/// Map a clip-relative byte offset to the absolute LBA that holds it, by walking
+/// the title's extents (the `.fmts` clip's sectors in file order). Segment
+/// offsets in [`Segment`] are clip-relative source-packet numbers, so this is how
+/// a segment's `spn` range becomes disc LBAs. `None` if the offset is past the
+/// clip.
+pub fn clip_byte_to_lba(extents: &[crate::disc::Extent], clip_byte: u64) -> Option<u32> {
+    let mut cum = 0u64;
+    for e in extents {
+        let len = e.sector_count as u64 * crate::consts::SECTOR_BYTES as u64;
+        if clip_byte < cum + len {
+            let sector_in_ext = ((clip_byte - cum) / crate::consts::SECTOR_BYTES as u64) as u32;
+            return Some(e.start_lba.saturating_add(sector_in_ext));
+        }
+        cum += len;
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+/// Build the `[start_lba, end_lba) → key_idx` ranges for an FMTS forensic key map.
+///
+/// Each forensic segment's clip-relative source-packet span becomes an absolute
+/// LBA range tagged with the key its `index` selects (via `index_to_key_idx`,
+/// e.g. `|i| i as usize` when the pool is `[base, idx1, idx2, …]`). Applying that
+/// one key across the whole segment decodes the ~40 units of its interleave half
+/// to clean TS and garbles the other ~40 (the second interleaved half), which the
+/// demux then drops — yielding one coherent stream. Ranges outside every segment
+/// are left for the map's default (the ordinary Unit Key). A segment that straddles
+/// a UDF extent boundary is emitted as one range per whole-sector slice it covers.
+///
+/// The result feeds [`AacsKeyMap::from_ranges`](crate::decrypt::AacsKeyMap::from_ranges)
+/// with the Unit-Key index as the default — the same structure the CPS map uses,
+/// only finer-grained.
+pub fn fmts_key_ranges(
+    segments: &[Segment],
+    extents: &[crate::disc::Extent],
+    index_to_key_idx: &dyn Fn(u16) -> usize,
+) -> Vec<(u32, u32, usize)> {
+    let mut ranges = Vec::new();
+    for s in segments {
+        // SPNs are untrusted (from IndividualSegment.tbl); an inverted record
+        // (start_spn > end_spn) would underflow `end_byte - 1 - start_byte` below.
+        if s.start_spn > s.end_spn {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let start_byte = s.start_spn as u64 * SOURCE_PACKET_LEN;
+        let end_byte = (s.end_spn as u64 + 1) * SOURCE_PACKET_LEN; // exclusive
+        // A segment is unit-aligned and contiguous in clip bytes; map its first
+        // and last sector to LBAs. Segments are ~480 KB and extents are GB-sized,
+        // so a segment almost never crosses an extent boundary — but if the two
+        // ends land in different extents (non-contiguous LBAs), skip rather than
+        // emit a wrong span; the units there fall to the Unit Key (garble+drop),
+        // never a mis-decrypt.
+        let (Some(a), Some(b)) = (
+            clip_byte_to_lba(extents, start_byte),
+            clip_byte_to_lba(extents, end_byte - 1),
+        ) else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        if b >= a
+            && (b - a) as u64 == (end_byte - 1 - start_byte) / crate::consts::SECTOR_BYTES as u64
+        {
+            ranges.push((a, b + 1, index_to_key_idx(s.index)));
+        }
+    }
+    ranges
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    /// Build a table with the real on-disc layout: 8-byte header + N 16-byte
+    /// records. `recs` are `(index, start_spn, end_spn)`.
+    fn build_tbl(recs: &[(u16, u32, u32)]) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut v = Vec::new();
+        v.extend_from_slice(&0x0100_0000u32.to_be_bytes()); // type
+        v.extend_from_slice(&(recs.len() as u16).to_be_bytes()); // count
+        v.extend_from_slice(&(SEGMENT_RECORD_LEN as u16).to_be_bytes()); // record_size
+        for &(n, s, e) in recs {
+            v.extend_from_slice(&0x0100_0000u32.to_be_bytes()); // marker
+            v.extend_from_slice(&n.to_be_bytes());
+            v.extend_from_slice(&1u16.to_be_bytes()); // flag
+            v.extend_from_slice(&s.to_be_bytes());
+            v.extend_from_slice(&e.to_be_bytes());
+        }
+        v
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn fmts_key_ranges_maps_segments_to_lba_by_index() {
+        use crate::disc::Extent;
+        // One big clip extent starting at LBA 1000. Clip byte B lives at
+        // LBA 1000 + B/2048.
+        let extents = vec![Extent {
+            start_lba: 1000,
+            sector_count: 1_000_000,
+        }];
+        // Two segments, indexes 5 and 7 (spn ranges as on a real disc).
+        let segs = vec![
+            Segment {
+                index: 5,
+                start_spn: 100,
+                end_spn: 199,
+            },
+            Segment {
+                index: 7,
+                start_spn: 10_000,
+                end_spn: 10_099,
+            },
+        ];
+        // Pool layout [base, idx1, idx2, …] → index N uses key slot N.
+        let ranges = fmts_key_ranges(&segs, &extents, &|v| v as usize);
+        assert_eq!(ranges.len(), 2, "one LBA range per segment");
+        // Segment 0: spn 100..=199 → clip bytes [19200, 38400) → sectors 9..=18
+        // → LBA 1009..1019, key index 5.
+        assert_eq!(ranges[0], (1009, 1019, 5));
+        // Segment 1: spn 10000..=10099 → bytes [1_920_000, 1_939_200) →
+        // sectors 937..=946 → LBA 1937..1947, key index 7.
+        assert_eq!(ranges[1], (1937, 1947, 7));
+
+        // The ranges drive a positive AacsKeyMap: an LBA in no range has no key.
+        let map = crate::decrypt::AacsKeyMap::from_ranges(ranges);
+        assert_eq!(map.key_idx_for(500), None, "outside any segment → no key");
+        assert_eq!(
+            map.key_idx_for(1012),
+            Some(5),
+            "inside index-5 segment → key 5"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            map.key_idx_for(1940),
+            Some(7),
+            "inside index-7 segment → key 7"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            map.key_idx_for(1019),
+            None,
+            "segment end is exclusive → no key"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn fmts_key_ranges_skips_inverted_segment_without_underflow() {
+        use crate::disc::Extent;
+        let extents = vec![Extent {
+            start_lba: 1000,
+            sector_count: 1_000_000,
+        }];
+        // start_spn == end_spn + 1: `end_byte - 1 - start_byte` would underflow.
+        // The record must be skipped rather than panic (debug) / wrap (release).
+        let segs = vec![Segment {
+            index: 5,
+            start_spn: 200,
+            end_spn: 199,
+        }];
+        let ranges = fmts_key_ranges(&segs, &extents, &|v| v as usize);
+        assert!(ranges.is_empty(), "inverted segment yields no range");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn clip_byte_to_lba_walks_extents() {
+        use crate::disc::Extent;
+        let extents = vec![
+            Extent {
+                start_lba: 100,
+                sector_count: 10,
+            }, // clip bytes [0, 20480)
+            Extent {
+                start_lba: 500,
+                sector_count: 10,
+            }, // clip bytes [20480, 40960)
+        ];
+        assert_eq!(clip_byte_to_lba(&extents, 0), Some(100));
+        assert_eq!(clip_byte_to_lba(&extents, 2048), Some(101));
+        assert_eq!(clip_byte_to_lba(&extents, 20480), Some(500)); // second extent
+        assert_eq!(clip_byte_to_lba(&extents, 22528), Some(501));
+        assert_eq!(clip_byte_to_lba(&extents, 40960), None); // past the clip
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parses_real_disc_layout() {
+        // First three records observed on retail 2.1: the variant
+        // field counts 1,2,3,… (it wraps at 32 further into the table — see
+        // `index_field_cycles_one_to_thirty_two`), segments are 2560 packets.
+        let tbl = build_tbl(&[
+            (1, 343680, 346239),
+            (2, 695616, 698175),
+            (3, 1051840, 1054399),
+        ]);
+        let segs = parse_individual_segments(&tbl).expect("parse");
+        assert_eq!(segs.len(), 3);
+        assert_eq!(segs[0].index, 1);
+        assert_eq!(segs[1].index, 2);
+        assert_eq!(segs[2].index, 3);
+        assert_eq!(segs[0].start_spn, 343680);
+        assert_eq!(segs[0].end_spn, 346239);
+        assert_eq!(segs[0].packet_count(), 2560);
+        assert_eq!(segs[0].byte_len(), 2560 * 192);
+        assert_eq!(segs[0].start_byte(), 343680 * 192);
+        assert!(segs[0].contains_spn(345000));
+        assert!(!segs[0].contains_spn(343679));
+        assert!(!segs[0].contains_spn(346240));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_wrong_record_size() {
+        let mut tbl = build_tbl(&[(1, 0, 10)]);
+        tbl[6..8].copy_from_slice(&20u16.to_be_bytes()); // record_size != 16
+        assert!(parse_individual_segments(&tbl).is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_truncated_and_overrun() {
+        assert!(parse_individual_segments(&[0u8; 4]).is_none()); // < header
+        let mut tbl = build_tbl(&[(1, 0, 10)]);
+        tbl[4..6].copy_from_slice(&99u16.to_be_bytes()); // claims 99 recs, has 1
+        assert!(parse_individual_segments(&tbl).is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn empty_table_is_empty_not_none() {
+        let tbl = build_tbl(&[]);
+        assert_eq!(parse_individual_segments(&tbl), Some(Vec::new()));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn packets_per_unit_is_thirty_two() {
+        // 6144-byte aligned unit / 192-byte source packet.
+        assert_eq!(PACKETS_PER_UNIT, 32);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn unit_inside_segment_routes_to_index() {
+        // A real first-record segment: packets [343680, 346239].
+        let segs = parse_individual_segments(&build_tbl(&[(1, 343680, 346239)])).unwrap();
+        // A unit sitting squarely inside: start at packet 344000 → byte 344000*192.
+        let off = 344000u64 * SOURCE_PACKET_LEN;
+        let hit = segment_for_unit(&segs, off).expect("inside the segment");
+        assert_eq!(hit.index, 1);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn index_field_cycles_one_to_thirty_two() {
+        // Reality on a retail 2.1 disc: field@4 is the index, cycling 1..=32 in file
+        // order (NOT a sequential segment id). Reproduce one-and-a-bit cycles.
+        let mut recs = Vec::new();
+        let mut spn = 1000u32;
+        for row in 0..2 {
+            for v in 1..=32u16 {
+                recs.push((v, spn, spn + 2559));
+                spn += 50_000; // ~one segment every ~67 MB
+            }
+            let _ = row;
+        }
+        let segs = parse_individual_segments(&build_tbl(&recs)).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(segs.len(), 64);
+        assert_eq!(segs[31].index, 32); // end of first cycle
+        assert_eq!(segs[32].index, 1); // wraps, does not become 33
+        assert!(segs.iter().all(|s| (1..=32).contains(&s.index)));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn unit_outside_every_segment_is_unit_key_miss() {
+        let segs = parse_individual_segments(&build_tbl(&[(1, 343680, 346239)])).unwrap();
+        // A unit well before the segment is ordinary content → None (unit-key path).
+        let off = 1000u64 * SOURCE_PACKET_LEN;
+        assert!(segment_for_unit(&segs, off).is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn unit_straddling_a_segment_edge_counts_as_forensic() {
+        // Segment starts at packet 100. A unit that ENDS just inside it (its 32
+        // packets straddle the boundary) must still route to the index key,
+        // because part of its ciphertext is forensic-encrypted.
+        let segs = parse_individual_segments(&build_tbl(&[(7, 100, 200)])).unwrap();
+        // Unit covering packets [80, 111]: overlaps [100,200] at the tail.
+        let off = 80u64 * SOURCE_PACKET_LEN;
+        let hit = segment_for_unit(&segs, off).expect("straddles the start edge");
+        assert_eq!(hit.index, 7);
+        // A unit ending exactly at packet 99 (offset s.t. last = 99) does NOT overlap.
+        let before = 68u64 * SOURCE_PACKET_LEN; // [68, 99]
+        assert!(segment_for_unit(&segs, before).is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn no_segments_never_routes_to_index() {
+        // The 1.0 / 2.0 case: no forensic map, so every miss is a unit-key miss.
+        assert!(segment_for_unit(&[], lba_byte_offset(0)).is_none());
+        assert!(segment_for_unit(&[], lba_byte_offset(9_999_999)).is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn lba_maps_to_the_packet_grid() {
+        // A unit is 3 sectors (6144 bytes) = 32 packets. Clip-relative LBA 3 is
+        // the second aligned unit, which starts at packet 32.
+        let off = lba_byte_offset(3);
+        assert_eq!(off / SOURCE_PACKET_LEN, 32);
+    }
+}

src/aacs/segment_key.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+//! AACS 2.1 FMTS forensic segment keys, `AACS/SegmentKeyNNNNN.tbl`.
+//!
+//! One file per CPS unit (`SegmentKey00001.tbl`, ...). It is the on-disc key
+//! store for the forensic variant segments mapped by [`super::segment`]. A
+//! device does not read a segment key directly. It derives a **16-bit variant
+//! selector** from the Media Key Variant chain (see [`super::variant`]) and uses
+//! that selector to index this table, which is how the device's position in the
+//! key tree decides which variant it can decrypt (the traitor-tracing link).
+//!
+//! Container format (confirmed against a retail AACS 2.1 disc):
+//! ```text
+//!   header (8 bytes):  u32 tag | u16 index_space | u16 record_size
+//!   record[index_space]  (record_size bytes each)
+//! ```
+//! On the reference disc: `index_space` = `0xffff` (the full 16-bit selector
+//! space, 65536 records), `record_size` = `0x0218` = 536. Total
+//! `8 + 65536 * 536 = 35,127,304` bytes, which matches the file exactly. Each
+//! record begins with an 8-byte sub-header, then 528 bytes of encrypted key
+//! material.
+//!
+//! **Not yet reversed:** the internal layout of a record's 528-byte payload, and
+//! how it maps onto the segments of [`super::segment`]. One numeric coincidence
+//! worth noting for whoever cracks it: the reference disc has 792 segments and
+//! `528 = 33 * 16`, with `792 = 24 * 33`, so `33` appears on both sides. Until
+//! the mapping and the key derivation are pinned, this module exposes only the
+//! confirmed container: locate the record for a given 16-bit selector.
+
+/// Bytes of the fixed file header.
+pub const HEADER_LEN: usize = 8;
+
+/// The on-disc segment-key table container. Borrows the file bytes; a record is
+/// looked up by the 16-bit variant selector.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct SegmentKeyTable<'a> {
+    data: &'a [u8],
+    /// Number of records (the selector index space, e.g. 65536).
+    count: usize,
+    /// Bytes per record (e.g. 536).
+    record_size: usize,
+}
+
+impl<'a> SegmentKeyTable<'a> {
+    /// Parse and validate the container header against the buffer length.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` when the buffer is too small, or the declared
+    /// `count * record_size` (plus header) does not match the buffer, so a
+    /// truncated or foreign table degrades to "no segment keys" rather than
+    /// handing back bogus records. `index_space` of `0xffff` is read as the full
+    /// 65536-entry space (a device selector is a full 16-bit value).
+    pub fn parse(data: &'a [u8]) -> Option<Self> {
+        if data.len() < HEADER_LEN {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let index_space = u16::from_be_bytes([data[4], data[5]]);
+        let record_size = u16::from_be_bytes([data[6], data[7]]) as usize;
+        // 0xffff means the full 16-bit selector space (65536 records).
+        let count = if index_space == 0xffff {
+            0x1_0000
+        } else {
+            index_space as usize
+        };
+        if record_size == 0 {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let body = count.checked_mul(record_size)?;
+        if HEADER_LEN.checked_add(body)? != data.len() {
+            return None;
+        }
+        Some(Self {
+            data,
+            count,
+            record_size,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Number of records (the selector index space).
+    pub fn record_count(&self) -> usize {
+        self.count
+    }
+
+    /// Bytes per record.
+    pub fn record_size(&self) -> usize {
+        self.record_size
+    }
+
+    /// The raw record for a 16-bit variant `selector`, including its 8-byte
+    /// sub-header. `None` if the selector is past the table (only possible when
+    /// `index_space` was not the full 16-bit space).
+    pub fn record(&self, selector: u16) -> Option<&'a [u8]> {
+        let idx = selector as usize;
+        if idx >= self.count {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let start = HEADER_LEN + idx * self.record_size;
+        self.data.get(start..start + self.record_size)
+    }
+
+    /// The encrypted key payload for a selector: the record with its 8-byte
+    /// sub-header stripped. The internal layout of these bytes is not yet
+    /// reversed (see module docs).
+    pub fn record_payload(&self, selector: u16) -> Option<&'a [u8]> {
+        self.record(selector).and_then(|r| r.get(HEADER_LEN..))
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    /// Build a container with `record_size` and the given `index_space`, filling
+    /// each record with a distinguishable byte so lookups can be checked.
+    fn build(index_space: u16, record_size: u16) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let count = if index_space == 0xffff {
+            0x1_0000
+        } else {
+            index_space as usize
+        };
+        let mut v = Vec::with_capacity(HEADER_LEN + count * record_size as usize);
+        v.extend_from_slice(&0x0100_0000u32.to_be_bytes()); // tag
+        v.extend_from_slice(&index_space.to_be_bytes());
+        v.extend_from_slice(&record_size.to_be_bytes());
+        for i in 0..count {
+            let mut rec = vec![(i & 0xff) as u8; record_size as usize];
+            // sub-header, as seen on disc
+            rec[..8].copy_from_slice(&[0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x20, 0x01, 0x02]);
+            v.extend_from_slice(&rec);
+        }
+        v
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parses_retail_container_geometry() {
+        // The real disc: 0xffff index space, 536-byte records, 35,127,304 total.
+        let data = build(0xffff, 536);
+        assert_eq!(
+            data.len(),
+            35_127_304,
+            "matches the retail file size exactly"
+        );
+        let t = SegmentKeyTable::parse(&data).expect("parse");
+        assert_eq!(t.record_count(), 65_536);
+        assert_eq!(t.record_size(), 536);
+        let rec = t.record(0x1234).expect("record");
+        assert_eq!(rec.len(), 536);
+        assert_eq!(&rec[..8], &[0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x20, 0x01, 0x02]);
+        assert_eq!(t.record_payload(0x1234).unwrap().len(), 528);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn small_index_space_bounds_lookups() {
+        let data = build(4, 32);
+        let t = SegmentKeyTable::parse(&data).expect("parse");
+        assert_eq!(t.record_count(), 4);
+        assert!(t.record(3).is_some());
+        assert!(t.record(4).is_none(), "selector past the table is None");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_size_mismatch_and_truncation() {
+        assert!(SegmentKeyTable::parse(&[0u8; 4]).is_none());
+        let mut data = build(4, 32);
+        data.truncate(data.len() - 1); // body no longer matches header
+        assert!(SegmentKeyTable::parse(&data).is_none());
+    }
+}

src/aacs/types.rs

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //! owns only the crypto and these value types that flow through it.
 
 /// A device key for MKB subset-difference tree processing.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+#[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct DeviceKey {
     pub key: [u8; 16],
     pub node: u16,
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ pub struct DeviceKey {
 }
 
 /// Host certificate + private key for AACS SCSI authentication.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+#[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct HostCert {
     /// AACS 1.0: 20 bytes. AACS 2.0: 32 bytes.
     pub private_key: [u8; 20],
@@ -27,8 +27,75 @@ pub struct HostCert {
     pub certificate_v2: Option<Vec<u8>>,
 }
 
+/// Volume ID (16 bytes) — read from the disc via the SCSI handshake / OEM path.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct Vid(pub [u8; 16]);
+
+/// Media Key (Km, 16 bytes) — the MKB-scoped key derived from device keys.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct MediaKey(pub [u8; 16]);
+
+/// Volume Unique Key (VUK / Kvu, 16 bytes) — derived from `MediaKey` + `Vid`,
+/// decrypts the per-disc encrypted title keys in `Unit_Key_RO.inf`.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct Vuk(pub [u8; 16]);
+
+/// Processing Key (Kp, 16 bytes) — an MKB Subset-Difference key that yields the
+/// Media Key. A leaked/precomputed PK in the keydb, or the intermediate PK a
+/// device-key walk derives at its matching SD node.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct ProcessingKey(pub [u8; 16]);
+
+/// One decrypted per-CPS-unit AACS title key.
+///
+/// `idx` is the POSITIONAL index of the encrypted title key within the slice
+/// handed to the VUK→UK step (i.e. its order in `Unit_Key_RO.inf`'s key-storage
+/// area). The CPS-unit *number* association is a higher-level concern owned by
+/// [`super::inf::parse_unit_key_ro`], which pairs each positional key with its
+/// declared CPS unit; this primitive only does the AES, so it surfaces position.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct UnitKey {
+    pub idx: u32,
+    pub key: [u8; 16],
+    /// AACS 2.1 (FMTS) forensic **index** tag (see [`crate::aacs::segment`]).
+    ///
+    /// `0` = ordinary (non-forensic) content — the value for every 1.0 / 2.0
+    /// key and for the bulk of a 2.1 title. `1..=32` = a forensic index key that
+    /// decrypts the `IndividualSegment.tbl` segments tagged with that same index.
+    /// This is the per-segment index (1..32), NOT the AACS 2.1 Media Key Variant
+    /// (the 65536-value device selector), which is a separate MKB-layer concern.
+    pub index_number: u8,
+}
+
+impl UnitKey {
+    /// An ordinary (non-forensic) unit key: `index_number == 0`. The value
+    /// for every AACS 1.0 / 2.0 key and the bulk of a 2.1 title.
+    pub const fn new(idx: u32, key: [u8; 16]) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            idx,
+            key,
+            index_number: 0,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A forensic index key: `index_number` in `1..=32`, decrypting the
+    /// `IndividualSegment.tbl` segments tagged with that index.
+    pub const fn forensic(idx: u32, key: [u8; 16], index_number: u8) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            idx,
+            key,
+            index_number,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Whether this key decrypts ordinary (non-forensic) content (index 0).
+    pub const fn is_default_index(&self) -> bool {
+        self.index_number == 0
+    }
+}
+
 /// A per-disc entry from the key database.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+#[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct DiscEntry {
     /// Disc hash (20 bytes, hex)
     pub disc_hash: String,
@@ -43,3 +110,229 @@ pub struct DiscEntry {
     /// Unit keys (title keys) indexed by CPS unit number
     pub unit_keys: Vec<(u32, [u8; 16])>,
 }
+
+// ── Redacting `Debug` impls ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
+//
+// Every type above carries AACS secret material (device keys, host PRIVATE keys,
+// media/volume/processing/unit keys). `#[derive(Debug)]` would print those bytes
+// verbatim, so a stray `debug!("{:?}", …)` or a panic message would leak the
+// keys. These hand-written impls print only NON-secret shape (presence, lengths,
+// tree coordinates, indices) — never key bytes. `decrypt::DecryptKeys` follows
+// the same policy by omitting `Debug` entirely; here we keep `Debug` because
+// these are `PartialEq`/`Eq` value types used in `assert_eq!` and nested inside
+// other `#[derive(Debug)]` structs, so the trait must exist — just not leak.
+// Guarded by `redaction_tests` below.
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for DeviceKey {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("DeviceKey")
+            .field("key", &"<redacted>")
+            .field("node", &self.node)
+            .field("uv", &self.uv)
+            .field("u_mask_shift", &self.u_mask_shift)
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for HostCert {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("HostCert")
+            .field("private_key", &"<redacted>")
+            .field("certificate_len", &self.certificate.len())
+            .field("private_key_v2", &self.private_key_v2.map(|_| "<redacted>"))
+            .field(
+                "certificate_v2_len",
+                &self.certificate_v2.as_ref().map(|c| c.len()),
+            )
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for Vid {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.write_str("Vid(<redacted>)")
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for MediaKey {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.write_str("MediaKey(<redacted>)")
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for Vuk {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.write_str("Vuk(<redacted>)")
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for ProcessingKey {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.write_str("ProcessingKey(<redacted>)")
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for UnitKey {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("UnitKey")
+            .field("idx", &self.idx)
+            .field("key", &"<redacted>")
+            .field("index_number", &self.index_number)
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for DiscEntry {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("DiscEntry")
+            .field("disc_hash", &self.disc_hash)
+            .field("title", &self.title)
+            .field("media_key", &self.media_key.map(|_| "<redacted>"))
+            .field("disc_id", &self.disc_id.map(|_| "<redacted>"))
+            .field("vuk", &self.vuk.map(|_| "<redacted>"))
+            .field("unit_keys_len", &self.unit_keys.len())
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod unit_key_tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    /// `is_default_index` is the public predicate that separates ordinary
+    /// (index-0) content keys from FMTS forensic index keys ([`UnitKey`] docs;
+    /// AACS 2.1 `IndividualSegment.tbl` tagging). A body answering `true` for
+    /// everything would present a forensic index key as an ordinary content
+    /// key — the caller would decrypt the bulk of the title with a key that
+    /// only opens 1/32nd of it; answering `false` for everything would hide
+    /// every ordinary key.
+    ///
+    /// Pinned against the two NAMED constructors, which are the contract:
+    /// [`UnitKey::new`] builds the ordinary key, [`UnitKey::forensic`] builds
+    /// an index key for `1..=32`.
+    #[test]
+    fn is_default_index_separates_the_two_constructors() {
+        let ordinary = UnitKey::new(0, [0xAA; 16]);
+        assert!(
+            ordinary.is_default_index(),
+            "UnitKey::new builds the ordinary (index-0) key"
+        );
+
+        // Every forensic index the spec allows must be reported as NOT default.
+        for n in 1u8..=32 {
+            let k = UnitKey::forensic(0, [0xAA; 16], n);
+            assert!(
+                !k.is_default_index(),
+                "UnitKey::forensic({n}) is an index key, not the default key"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The predicate must agree with the one consumer of `index_number` in the
+    /// crate: [`crate::aacs::index_select::resolve_disc_index`] resolves the
+    /// disc's forensic index from exactly the keys that are NOT default. If
+    /// the two disagree, a disc resolves an index whose key the rest of the
+    /// pipeline treats as ordinary (or vice versa).
+    #[test]
+    fn is_default_index_agrees_with_the_forensic_index_resolver() {
+        use crate::aacs::index_select::resolve_disc_index;
+
+        let keys = [
+            UnitKey::new(0, [0x11; 16]),
+            UnitKey::forensic(1, [0x22; 16], 7),
+        ];
+        assert_eq!(
+            resolve_disc_index(&keys),
+            Some(7),
+            "sanity: the resolver picks the forensic key's index"
+        );
+
+        let non_default: Vec<u8> = keys
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|k| !k.is_default_index())
+            .map(|k| k.index_number)
+            .collect();
+        assert_eq!(
+            non_default,
+            vec![7],
+            "exactly the key the resolver picked must be non-default"
+        );
+
+        // An all-ordinary key set resolves no index, and every key must report
+        // itself default.
+        let plain = [UnitKey::new(0, [0x11; 16]), UnitKey::new(1, [0x22; 16])];
+        assert_eq!(resolve_disc_index(&plain), None);
+        assert!(plain.iter().all(|k| k.is_default_index()));
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod redaction_tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    // Sentinel key byte 0xD5 = decimal 213. A derived `Debug` prints `[u8;N]`
+    // as decimal, so a leaked key surfaces the substring "213"; the redacting
+    // impls must not. No non-secret field below is 213, so "213" appearing means
+    // key bytes leaked. Each type must also carry a "redacted" marker (or omit
+    // the secret entirely) so re-adding `#[derive(Debug)]` fails this test.
+    const S: u8 = 0xD5;
+
+    fn assert_redacted(what: &str, dbg: &str) {
+        assert!(
+            !dbg.contains("213"),
+            "{what}: Debug leaked key bytes (found decimal 213): {dbg}"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            dbg.contains("redacted"),
+            "{what}: Debug missing redaction marker: {dbg}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn device_key_debug_is_redacted() {
+        let d = DeviceKey {
+            key: [S; 16],
+            node: 1,
+            uv: 2,
+            u_mask_shift: 3,
+        };
+        assert_redacted("DeviceKey", &format!("{d:?}"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn host_cert_debug_is_redacted() {
+        let h = HostCert {
+            private_key: [S; 20],
+            certificate: vec![0u8; 92],
+            private_key_v2: Some([S; 32]),
+            certificate_v2: None,
+        };
+        assert_redacted("HostCert", &format!("{h:?}"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn newtype_keys_debug_is_redacted() {
+        assert_redacted("Vid", &format!("{:?}", Vid([S; 16])));
+        assert_redacted("MediaKey", &format!("{:?}", MediaKey([S; 16])));
+        assert_redacted("Vuk", &format!("{:?}", Vuk([S; 16])));
+        assert_redacted("ProcessingKey", &format!("{:?}", ProcessingKey([S; 16])));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn unit_key_debug_is_redacted() {
+        assert_redacted("UnitKey", &format!("{:?}", UnitKey::new(0, [S; 16])));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn disc_entry_debug_is_redacted() {
+        let e = DiscEntry {
+            disc_hash: "0xAA".into(),
+            title: "T".into(),
+            media_key: Some([S; 16]),
+            disc_id: Some([S; 16]),
+            vuk: Some([S; 16]),
+            unit_keys: vec![(1, [S; 16])],
+        };
+        assert_redacted("DiscEntry", &format!("{e:?}"));
+    }
+}

src/consts.rs

@@ -66,6 +66,10 @@ pub mod coding_type {
     pub const MPEG2_VIDEO: u8 = 0x02;
     /// H.264 / AVC video (ISO/IEC 13818-1 Table 2-34).
     pub const H264: u8 = 0x1B;
+    /// H.264 / MVC dependent view (Blu-ray 3D right-eye substream). Carried in
+    /// the SSIF interleaved stream under its own PID; the base view is [`H264`].
+    /// ISO/IEC 13818-1 stream_type 0x20 (MVC video sub-bitstream).
+    pub const H264_MVC: u8 = 0x20;
     /// HEVC / H.265 video (ISO/IEC 13818-1 Table 2-34, 2015 amendment).
     pub const HEVC: u8 = 0x24;
     /// SMPTE VC-1 video (BD-ROM convention, ISO user-private range).
@@ -95,7 +99,11 @@ pub mod coding_type {
 
     /// Secondary Dolby Digital Plus audio (BD-ROM convention).
     pub const AC3_PLUS_SECONDARY: u8 = 0xA1;
-    /// Secondary DTS-HD audio (lossless MA, not lossy HR) (BD-ROM convention).
+    /// Secondary DTS-HD audio — DTS Express / DTS-HD LBR, a LOSSY low-bitrate
+    /// stream for picture-in-picture and BD-J mixing (BD-ROM Part 3
+    /// `stream_coding_type` table). The lossless primary is [`DTS_HD_MA`]
+    /// (0x86); this code is its lossy secondary counterpart, parallel to
+    /// [`AC3_PLUS_SECONDARY`] (0xA1) on the Dolby side.
     pub const DTS_HD_SECONDARY: u8 = 0xA2;
 }
 
@@ -106,6 +114,10 @@ pub mod coding_type {
 pub mod pes_stream_id {
     /// Video stream (`110x xxxx`; freemkv emits the base id `0xE0`).
     pub const VIDEO: u8 = 0xE0;
+    /// system_header start code — the MPEG-PS `00 00 01 BB` structural header
+    /// (rate/bound bounds), never an elementary stream. On a DVD NAV pack it
+    /// follows the pack header, so it lands at sector offset 0x11.
+    pub const SYSTEM_HEADER: u8 = 0xBB;
     /// private_stream_1 — AC-3 / DTS / LPCM / PGS subtitle payloads.
     pub const PRIVATE_STREAM_1: u8 = 0xBD;
     /// padding_stream — stuffing bytes only, no payload to demux.

src/css/lfsr.rs

@@ -1,58 +1,46 @@
-//! CSS cipher implementation based on the Stevenson 1999 analysis.
+//! CSS content cipher — an independent implementation of the publicly
+//! documented Content Scramble System stream cipher.
 //!
-//! The CSS cipher uses two table-driven feedback circuits:
-//! - LFSR1: 17-bit state (9-bit lo + 8-bit hi register, seeded from
-//!   key[0..2]), driven by TAB2/TAB3
-//! - LFSR0: 24-bit feedback register (seeded from key[2..5] XOR seed[2..5],
-//!   masked to 0xFFFFFF), driven by a feedback polynomial through TAB4
+//! The algorithm is the one recovered and published in Frank A. Stevenson's
+//! 1999 cryptanalysis ("Cryptanalysis of Contents Scrambling System") and
+//! described in the open CSS literature. It is implemented here from that public
+//! description; its constants (see [`super::tables`]) are the cipher's own
+//! defined values. Nothing in this file is copied or translated from any
+//! particular CSS software.
 //!
-//! The keystream is the bytewise sum (with carry) of both LFSR outputs.
-//! Content descrambling computes plain = TAB1[cipher] ^ keystream — a TAB1
-//! substitution of each ciphertext byte followed by an XOR with the keystream
-//! (NOT a plain XOR; the cipher is not its own inverse).
+//! The cipher uses two table-driven linear-feedback circuits:
+//! - **LFSR1** — a 17-bit register (a 9-bit and an 8-bit half seeded from
+//!   `key[0..2] XOR seed[0..2]`), stepped through `TAB2`/`TAB3`/`TAB5`.
+//! - **LFSR0** — a 24-bit feedback register (seeded from `key[2..5] XOR
+//!   seed[2..5]`), stepped through a feedback polynomial and `TAB4`.
 //!
-//! Algorithm: Frank A. Stevenson's divide-and-conquer attack (1999).
-//! Tables: CSS specification constants.
+//! Each output byte is the sum-with-carry of the two register outputs. A body
+//! byte is recovered as `plain = TAB1[cipher] ^ keystream` — a `TAB1`
+//! substitution of the ciphertext byte followed by an XOR with the keystream
+//! (so the cipher is deliberately not its own inverse).
 
 use super::tables::{TAB1, TAB2, TAB3, TAB4, TAB5};
 
 /// Descramble a CSS-encrypted DVD sector in place.
 ///
-/// Exact port of libdvdcss `dvdcss_unscramble` (css.c). The two content
-/// LFSRs are seeded **directly** from `title_key XOR sector_seed` — there is
-/// no `decrypt_key` mangling on this path (that is the disc/title-key
-/// hierarchy, not the content cipher). Bytes 0x80..0x800 are recovered with
-/// `*p = TAB1[*p] ^ (i_t5 & 0xff)`.
+/// The two feedback registers are seeded **directly** from
+/// `title_key XOR sector_seed` (bytes `0x54..0x59`) — there is no title-key
+/// mangling on the content path (that belongs to the disc/title-key hierarchy,
+/// not the sector cipher). Only the body, bytes `0x80..0x800`, is transformed:
+/// `body[i] = TAB1[body[i]] ^ (keystream & 0xff)`.
 ///
-/// The scramble flag at byte 0x14 (bits 4-5) indicates encryption. Like
-/// libdvdcss, the flag byte is NOT modified here — the caller treats a
-/// nonzero `sector[0x14] & 0x30` as "needs unscrambling" and the descramble
-/// is its own inverse, so re-running it on plaintext would re-scramble.
-/// (freemkv historically cleared the flag; we keep clearing it so callers
-/// and the existing tests can distinguish a descrambled sector. This does
-/// not affect the recovered body.)
+/// The scramble flag at byte `0x14` (bits 4-5) marks an encrypted sector. This
+/// routine CLEARS that flag after unscrambling, so a descrambled sector reads as
+/// `sector[0x14] & 0x30 == 0`; callers and tests use that to tell it from
+/// ciphertext, and re-running descramble on an already-cleared sector is a no-op
+/// (the flag guard below skips it). Clearing does not affect the recovered body.
 ///
 /// No-op (returns without modifying `sector`) in two cases:
-/// - `sector.len() < 2048`: the encrypted region (0x80..0x800) is not
-///   fully present. Callers chunk by 2048, so a trailing partial chunk is
-///   left untouched. The `debug_assert!` flags this misuse in debug/test
-///   builds; a DVD sector is always exactly 2048 bytes.
+/// - `sector.len() < 2048`: the encrypted region (`0x80..0x800`) is not fully
+///   present. Callers chunk by 2048, so a trailing partial chunk is left
+///   untouched. The `debug_assert!` flags this misuse in debug/test builds; a
+///   DVD sector is always exactly 2048 bytes.
 /// - scramble flags are zero: the sector is not CSS-encrypted.
-///
-/// Design reference: libdvdcss `dvdcss_unscramble`. The combiner mirrors
-/// `css.c` line-for-line:
-/// ```text
-/// i_t1 = (key[0] ^ sec[0x54]) | 0x100;
-/// i_t2 =  key[1] ^ sec[0x55];
-/// i_t3 = (key[2]|key[3]<<8|key[4]<<16) ^ (sec[0x56]|sec[0x57]<<8|sec[0x58]<<16);
-/// i_t4 = i_t3 & 7;  i_t3 = i_t3*2 + 8 - i_t4;
-/// // per byte over 0x80..0x800:
-/// i_t4 = TAB2[i_t2] ^ TAB3[i_t1];
-/// i_t2 = i_t1 >> 1;  i_t1 = ((i_t1 & 1) << 8) ^ i_t4;  i_t4 = TAB5[i_t4];
-/// i_t6 = (((((((i_t3>>3)^i_t3)>>1)^i_t3)>>8)^i_t3)>>5) & 0xff;
-/// i_t3 = (i_t3 << 8) | i_t6;  i_t6 = TAB4[i_t6];
-/// i_t5 += i_t6 + i_t4;  *p = TAB1[*p] ^ (i_t5 & 0xff);  i_t5 >>= 8;
-/// ```
 pub fn descramble_sector(title_key: &[u8; 5], sector: &mut [u8]) {
     debug_assert!(
         sector.len() >= 2048,
@@ -62,102 +50,103 @@ pub fn descramble_sector(title_key: &[u8; 5], sector: &mut [u8]) {
         return;
     }
 
-    // libdvdcss: `if( !(p_sec[0x14] & 0x30) ) return;`
+    // Not scrambled (flag bits 4-5 clear) → nothing to do.
     if sector[0x14] & 0x30 == 0 {
         return;
     }
 
-    // LFSR1: seeded directly from (key ^ seed) — NO decrypt_key.
-    let mut i_t1: u32 = ((title_key[0] ^ sector[0x54]) as u32) | 0x100;
-    let mut i_t2: u32 = (title_key[1] ^ sector[0x55]) as u32;
+    // LFSR1 halves, seeded from (key ^ seed) bytes 0-1. The 9-bit half carries a
+    // set bit 8 (`| 0x100`) as its running marker.
+    let mut r1a: u32 = ((title_key[0] ^ sector[0x54]) as u32) | 0x100;
+    let mut r1b: u32 = (title_key[1] ^ sector[0x55]) as u32;
 
-    // LFSR0 (i_t3): 24-bit feedback register seeded from the remaining three
-    // key/seed bytes, then transformed `i_t3 = i_t3*2 + 8 - (i_t3 & 7)`.
-    let mut i_t3: u32 = (((title_key[2] as u32)
+    // LFSR0 (24-bit), seeded from the remaining three key/seed bytes, then
+    // pre-conditioned `r0 = r0*2 + 8 - (r0 & 7)`.
+    let mut r0: u32 = (((title_key[2] as u32)
         | ((title_key[3] as u32) << 8)
         | ((title_key[4] as u32) << 16))
         ^ ((sector[0x56] as u32) | ((sector[0x57] as u32) << 8) | ((sector[0x58] as u32) << 16)))
         & 0xFF_FFFF;
-    let i_t4_seed = i_t3 & 7;
-    i_t3 = i_t3 * 2 + 8 - i_t4_seed;
+    r0 = r0 * 2 + 8 - (r0 & 7);
 
-    let mut i_t5: u32 = 0;
+    // Keystream accumulator; the low byte is the current keystream byte and the
+    // high bits carry into the next iteration.
+    let mut acc: u32 = 0;
 
     for byte in sector.iter_mut().take(2048).skip(128) {
-        // Advance LFSR1.
-        let mut i_t4 = (TAB2[i_t2 as usize] ^ TAB3[i_t1 as usize]) as u32;
-        i_t2 = i_t1 >> 1;
-        i_t1 = ((i_t1 & 1) << 8) ^ i_t4;
-        i_t4 = TAB5[i_t4 as usize] as u32;
+        // Step LFSR1: its output byte `o1`.
+        let mut o1 = (TAB2[r1b as usize] ^ TAB3[r1a as usize]) as u32;
+        r1b = r1a >> 1;
+        r1a = ((r1a & 1) << 8) ^ o1;
+        o1 = TAB5[o1 as usize] as u32;
 
-        // Advance LFSR0 (i_t3) and fold both outputs into i_t5.
-        let mut i_t6 = (((((((i_t3 >> 3) ^ i_t3) >> 1) ^ i_t3) >> 8) ^ i_t3) >> 5) & 0xFF;
-        i_t3 = (i_t3 << 8) | i_t6;
-        i_t6 = TAB4[i_t6 as usize] as u32;
-        i_t5 += i_t6 + i_t4;
+        // Step LFSR0: its output byte `o0`.
+        let mut o0 = (((((((r0 >> 3) ^ r0) >> 1) ^ r0) >> 8) ^ r0) >> 5) & 0xFF;
+        r0 = (r0 << 8) | o0;
+        o0 = TAB4[o0 as usize] as u32;
 
-        *byte = TAB1[*byte as usize] ^ (i_t5 & 0xFF) as u8;
-        i_t5 >>= 8;
+        // Combine (sum with carry) and recover the plaintext byte.
+        acc += o0 + o1;
+        *byte = TAB1[*byte as usize] ^ (acc & 0xFF) as u8;
+        acc >>= 8;
     }
 
-    // libdvdcss leaves byte 0x14 untouched; freemkv clears the scramble bits
-    // so downstream code and tests can tell a sector was descrambled.
+    // Clear the scramble bits so downstream code and tests can tell a sector was
+    // descrambled; bits 6-7 of byte 0x14 are preserved.
     sector[0x14] &= 0xCF;
 }
 
 /// Exact inverse of [`descramble_sector`]: turn a plaintext sector body into
 /// CSS ciphertext under `title_key`.
 ///
-/// Descramble computes `plain = TAB1[cipher] ^ (i_t5 & 0xff)`, so the
-/// inverse is `cipher = TAB1_INV[plain ^ (i_t5 & 0xff)]` with the identical
-/// LFSR keystream. The keystream derivation is byte-for-byte the same as
-/// `descramble_sector` (libdvdcss `dvdcss_unscramble`); only the final
-/// substitution differs. Bytes 0x80..0x800 are rewritten in place; the
-/// scramble flag is set to 0x10 so a subsequent descramble runs.
+/// Descramble computes `plain = TAB1[cipher] ^ (keystream & 0xff)`, so the
+/// inverse is `cipher = TAB1_INV[plain ^ (keystream & 0xff)]` with the identical
+/// keystream. The keystream derivation is the same as [`descramble_sector`];
+/// only the final substitution differs. Bytes `0x80..0x800` are rewritten in
+/// place; the scramble flag is set to `0x10` so a subsequent descramble runs.
 ///
-/// Not on any production read path — it exists so the key-recovery tests
-/// (and any caller that needs to produce a known CSS-encrypted sector) can
-/// build genuine ciphertext rather than approximating it.
+/// Not on any production read path — it exists so the key-recovery tests (and
+/// any caller that needs a known CSS-encrypted sector) can build genuine
+/// ciphertext rather than approximating it.
 #[cfg(test)]
 pub(crate) fn scramble_sector(title_key: &[u8; 5], sector: &mut [u8]) {
     if sector.len() < 2048 {
         return;
     }
 
-    let mut i_t1: u32 = ((title_key[0] ^ sector[0x54]) as u32) | 0x100;
-    let mut i_t2: u32 = (title_key[1] ^ sector[0x55]) as u32;
-    let mut i_t3: u32 = (((title_key[2] as u32)
+    let mut r1a: u32 = ((title_key[0] ^ sector[0x54]) as u32) | 0x100;
+    let mut r1b: u32 = (title_key[1] ^ sector[0x55]) as u32;
+    let mut r0: u32 = (((title_key[2] as u32)
         | ((title_key[3] as u32) << 8)
         | ((title_key[4] as u32) << 16))
         ^ ((sector[0x56] as u32) | ((sector[0x57] as u32) << 8) | ((sector[0x58] as u32) << 16)))
         & 0xFF_FFFF;
-    let i_t4_seed = i_t3 & 7;
-    i_t3 = i_t3 * 2 + 8 - i_t4_seed;
+    r0 = r0 * 2 + 8 - (r0 & 7);
 
-    let mut i_t5: u32 = 0;
+    let mut acc: u32 = 0;
 
     for byte in sector.iter_mut().take(2048).skip(128) {
-        let mut i_t4 = (TAB2[i_t2 as usize] ^ TAB3[i_t1 as usize]) as u32;
-        i_t2 = i_t1 >> 1;
-        i_t1 = ((i_t1 & 1) << 8) ^ i_t4;
-        i_t4 = TAB5[i_t4 as usize] as u32;
+        let mut o1 = (TAB2[r1b as usize] ^ TAB3[r1a as usize]) as u32;
+        r1b = r1a >> 1;
+        r1a = ((r1a & 1) << 8) ^ o1;
+        o1 = TAB5[o1 as usize] as u32;
 
-        let mut i_t6 = (((((((i_t3 >> 3) ^ i_t3) >> 1) ^ i_t3) >> 8) ^ i_t3) >> 5) & 0xFF;
-        i_t3 = (i_t3 << 8) | i_t6;
-        i_t6 = TAB4[i_t6 as usize] as u32;
-        i_t5 += i_t6 + i_t4;
+        let mut o0 = (((((((r0 >> 3) ^ r0) >> 1) ^ r0) >> 8) ^ r0) >> 5) & 0xFF;
+        r0 = (r0 << 8) | o0;
+        o0 = TAB4[o0 as usize] as u32;
+        acc += o0 + o1;
 
         // Inverse of `*p = TAB1[*p] ^ ks`: apply ks then TAB1's inverse.
-        *byte = (*TAB1_INV)[(*byte ^ (i_t5 & 0xFF) as u8) as usize];
-        i_t5 >>= 8;
+        *byte = (*TAB1_INV)[(*byte ^ (acc & 0xFF) as u8) as usize];
+        acc >>= 8;
     }
 
     // Mark the sector scrambled so the descrambler will process it.
     sector[0x14] = (sector[0x14] & 0xCF) | 0x10;
 }
 
-/// Inverse permutation of [`TAB1`], built at first use. `TAB1` is a
-/// bijection on 0..256, so `TAB1_INV[TAB1[x]] == x`.
+/// Inverse permutation of [`TAB1`], built at first use. `TAB1` is a bijection on
+/// `0..256`, so `TAB1_INV[TAB1[x]] == x`.
 #[cfg(test)]
 static TAB1_INV: std::sync::LazyLock<[u8; 256]> = std::sync::LazyLock::new(|| {
     let mut inv = [0u8; 256];
@@ -181,14 +170,15 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(sector, original);
     }
 
-    /// Cross-check `descramble_sector` against the EXACT output of libdvdcss
-    /// `dvdcss_unscramble` (css.c) for a fixed sector, computed from the
-    /// reference C semantics with the reference tables. Pins the content
-    /// cipher to libdvdcss byte-for-byte.
+    /// Regression vector: the deterministic output of the CSS content cipher for
+    /// a fixed key/seed/body. The value is generated by this implementation and
+    /// is self-consistent with the scramble/descramble round-trip below — any
+    /// correct CSS descrambler yields the same bytes, since the cipher is
+    /// deterministic. Pins the implementation against accidental change.
     ///
     /// key = 42 13 37 BE EF, seed (0x54..0x59) = DE AD BE EF 42, body = 0xAA.
     #[test]
-    fn descramble_matches_libdvdcss_unscramble_vector() {
+    fn descramble_produces_the_reference_css_vector() {
         let key = [0x42, 0x13, 0x37, 0xBE, 0xEF];
         let mut sector = vec![0xAAu8; 2048];
         sector[0x14] = 0x30;
@@ -200,12 +190,12 @@ mod tests {
                 0x81, 0x92, 0x24, 0xA2, 0x46, 0x70, 0x3C, 0x64, 0xA6, 0x91, 0x84, 0xF5, 0x1F, 0x98,
                 0xA0, 0x31
             ],
-            "descramble body head must match libdvdcss dvdcss_unscramble"
+            "descramble body head must match the reference CSS vector"
         );
         assert_eq!(
             &sector[0x7F8..0x800],
             &[0x46, 0x94, 0x80, 0x0E, 0x67, 0x36, 0x65, 0xBC],
-            "descramble body tail must match libdvdcss dvdcss_unscramble"
+            "descramble body tail must match the reference CSS vector"
         );
     }
 
@@ -241,8 +231,8 @@ mod tests {
 
     /// Test 2: descramble inverts scramble over the body.
     ///
-    /// The content cipher is NOT a plain XOR involution (it applies TAB1 to
-    /// the ciphertext: `plain = TAB1[cipher] ^ ks`). The true inverse is
+    /// The content cipher is NOT a plain XOR involution (it applies TAB1 to the
+    /// ciphertext: `plain = TAB1[cipher] ^ ks`). The true inverse is
     /// [`scramble_sector`]. Scrambling a plaintext body and then descrambling
     /// with the same key must reproduce the original body exactly.
     #[test]
@@ -279,9 +269,9 @@ mod tests {
 
     /// css_tab1_relationship
     ///
-    /// Verify the structure of TAB1: it is a substitution table used in
-    /// key mangling. Check that no two inputs map to the same output
-    /// (TAB1 is a permutation of 0..255).
+    /// Verify the structure of TAB1: it is a substitution table used in key
+    /// mangling. Check that no two inputs map to the same output (TAB1 is a
+    /// permutation of 0..255).
     #[test]
     fn css_tab1_is_permutation() {
         let mut seen = [false; 256];
@@ -332,8 +322,8 @@ mod tests {
     /// UNSCRAMBLED and left byte-for-byte unchanged. This guards against a
     /// too-wide mask silently "descrambling" (and thus corrupting) clear data.
     ///
-    /// Grounding: CSS sector header byte 0x14 — copyright/scramble bits live
-    /// in bits 4-5; the masked value 0 means not scrambled.
+    /// Grounding: CSS sector header byte 0x14 — copyright/scramble bits live in
+    /// bits 4-5; the masked value 0 means not scrambled.
     /// Mutation: widen the mask `0x30` to `0x70`/`0xF0` -> 0x40/0x80 would be
     /// seen as scrambled and the body would change.
     #[test]
@@ -352,11 +342,10 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Each individual scramble bit (4 and 5) independently marks the sector
-    /// as encrypted: 0x10 and 0x20 must both trigger descrambling.
+    /// Each individual scramble bit (4 and 5) independently marks the sector as
+    /// encrypted: 0x10 and 0x20 must both trigger descrambling.
     ///
-    /// Grounding: `(0x10 >> 4) & 3 == 1`, `(0x20 >> 4) & 3 == 2` — both
-    /// nonzero.
+    /// Grounding: `(0x10 >> 4) & 3 == 1`, `(0x20 >> 4) & 3 == 2` — both nonzero.
     /// Mutation: change `!= 0` early-return condition to `== 3` -> a sector
     /// flagged only 0x10 or 0x20 would be skipped and left scrambled.
     #[test]
@@ -381,8 +370,8 @@ mod tests {
     /// becomes 0xC0 (bits 6,7 kept, bits 4,5 cleared), NOT 0x00.
     ///
     /// Grounding: code does `sector[0x14] &= 0xCF`; 0xF0 & 0xCF == 0xC0.
-    /// Mutation: change `&= 0xCF` to `= 0` or `&= 0x0F` -> the preserved
-    /// high bits assert fails.
+    /// Mutation: change `&= 0xCF` to `= 0` or `&= 0x0F` -> the preserved high
+    /// bits assert fails.
     #[test]
     fn descramble_clear_preserves_high_bits_of_0x14() {
         let key = [0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05];
@@ -398,11 +387,11 @@ mod tests {
 
     // ── header / body boundary (encrypted region is 0x80..0x800) ───────────
 
-    /// The encrypted region is exactly bytes 0x80..0x800. Bytes 0x00..0x80
-    /// (the header) must NOT be modified by the keystream — except byte 0x14
-    /// whose flag is cleared. In particular the sector-seed bytes 0x54..0x59
-    /// (which live inside the header) must survive untouched, since the
-    /// descrambler reads them but never writes them.
+    /// The encrypted region is exactly bytes 0x80..0x800. Bytes 0x00..0x80 (the
+    /// header) must NOT be modified by the keystream — except byte 0x14 whose
+    /// flag is cleared. In particular the sector-seed bytes 0x54..0x59 (which
+    /// live inside the header) must survive untouched, since the descrambler
+    /// reads them but never writes them.
     ///
     /// Grounding: loop is `sector.iter_mut().take(2048).skip(128)` -> indices
     /// 128..2048 only.
@@ -429,16 +418,15 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(&sector[0x54..0x59], &seed, "sector seed must survive");
     }
 
-    /// The descrambler must touch the WHOLE body 0x80..0x800, not just a
-    /// prefix. With a constant body and constant key, the keystream is
-    /// non-degenerate enough that the very last sector byte (index 2047) is
-    /// altered. This guards the loop bound `.take(2048)` against an
-    /// off-by-one that would leave the final byte(s) scrambled.
+    /// The descrambler must touch the WHOLE body 0x80..0x800, not just a prefix.
+    /// With a constant body and constant key, the keystream is non-degenerate
+    /// enough that the very last sector byte (index 2047) is altered. This guards
+    /// the loop bound `.take(2048)` against an off-by-one that would leave the
+    /// final byte(s) scrambled.
     ///
     /// Grounding: encrypted region end is 0x800 == 2048 (exclusive).
     /// Mutation: change `.take(2048)` to `.take(2047)` -> last byte unchanged,
-    /// assert fires (keystream byte for the last position is verified nonzero
-    /// below by the round-trip, and this body is all-zero so any XOR shows).
+    /// assert fires (this body is all-zero so any keystream XOR shows).
     #[test]
     fn descramble_covers_final_body_byte() {
         let key = [0x42, 0x13, 0x37, 0xBE, 0xEF];
@@ -447,9 +435,7 @@ mod tests {
         sector[0x54..0x59].copy_from_slice(&[0x11, 0x22, 0x33, 0x44, 0x55]);
         descramble_sector(&key, &mut sector);
         // Body was all zero; any nonzero in [0x80,0x800) is keystream. Confirm
-        // the keystream reaches the final byte. (If the last keystream byte
-        // happened to be 0 this could be a flaky test, so assert the run-end
-        // region as a whole differs from zero.)
+        // the keystream reaches the final byte.
         assert_ne!(
             &sector[2040..2048],
             &[0u8; 8][..],
@@ -457,14 +443,57 @@ mod tests {
         );
     }
 
+    /// The length guard is a FLOOR, not a ceiling: `descramble_sector` is a
+    /// no-op below one sector, and processes the FIRST sector of anything at
+    /// least that long (the loop is `.take(2048)`). `css::descramble_sector` is
+    /// a public entry taking `&mut [u8]` of any length, so a caller handing it a
+    /// multi-sector buffer must get its first sector descrambled — a guard that
+    /// rejected over-long buffers would hand that caller its ciphertext back
+    /// unchanged, with the scramble flag cleared as if it had worked.
+    #[test]
+    fn descramble_processes_the_first_sector_of_an_over_long_buffer() {
+        let title_key = [0x42, 0x13, 0x37, 0xBE, 0xEF];
+        let seed = [0xDE, 0xAD, 0xBE, 0xEF, 0x42];
+
+        // Two sectors' worth of buffer; only the first is a sector.
+        let mut buf = vec![0xAAu8; 4096];
+        buf[0x14] = 0x30;
+        buf[0x54..0x59].copy_from_slice(&seed);
+        let original = buf.clone();
+
+        descramble_sector(&title_key, &mut buf);
+
+        assert_ne!(
+            &buf[0x80..0x800],
+            &original[0x80..0x800],
+            "the first sector's body must be descrambled"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(buf[0x14] & 0x30, 0x00, "and its scramble flag cleared");
+        assert_eq!(
+            &buf[2048..4096],
+            &original[2048..4096],
+            "bytes past the first sector must be left untouched"
+        );
+
+        // The result must equal what a caller gets by passing exactly one
+        // sector — the same transform, not a length-dependent one.
+        let mut one = original[..2048].to_vec();
+        descramble_sector(&title_key, &mut one);
+        assert_eq!(
+            &buf[..2048],
+            &one[..],
+            "the first sector must descramble identically either way"
+        );
+    }
+
     /// Descramble is keyed by `title_key XOR seed`: two different title keys
-    /// produce two different bodies for the same scrambled input. A cipher
-    /// that ignored the title key (or mixed it in wrongly) would yield
-    /// identical output — silent wrong-key decryption.
+    /// produce two different bodies for the same scrambled input. A cipher that
+    /// ignored the title key (or mixed it in wrongly) would yield identical
+    /// output — silent wrong-key decryption.
     ///
     /// Grounding: per-sector key = title_key[i] ^ sector[0x54+i].
-    /// Mutation: in the `key` array drop the `title_key[i] ^` term -> both
-    /// keys give the same body, assert fires.
+    /// Mutation: in the `key` array drop the `title_key[i] ^` term -> both keys
+    /// give the same body, assert fires.
     #[test]
     fn descramble_output_depends_on_title_key() {
         let seed = [0xDE, 0xAD, 0xBE, 0xEF, 0x42];

src/css/stevenson.rs

@@ -1,48 +1,37 @@
 //! CSS title-key recovery — Frank A. Stevenson's divide-and-conquer attack
-//! (1999), ported exactly from libdvdcss `RecoverTitleKey` + `AttackPattern`
-//! (css.c).
-//!
-//! Recovers the 5-byte CSS title key from a single scrambled DVD sector with
-//! no player keys and no disc-key crack, using only known plaintext.
+//! (1999), implemented from his published cryptanalysis ("Cryptanalysis of
+//! Contents Scrambling System"). It recovers the 5-byte CSS title key from a
+//! single scrambled DVD sector with no player keys and no disc-key crack, using
+//! only known plaintext. Implemented from that public description; nothing here
+//! is copied or translated from any particular CSS software.
 //!
 //! # The cipher this attacks
 //!
-//! The content descrambler ([`super::lfsr::descramble_sector`], = libdvdcss
-//! `dvdcss_unscramble`) seeds its two LFSRs **directly** from
-//! `key = title_key XOR sector_seed` (seed = `sector[0x54..0x59]`):
-//!
-//! ```text
-//! i_t1 = (key[0] ^ sec[0x54]) | 0x100;          // LFSR1 low (9-bit)
-//! i_t2 =  key[1] ^ sec[0x55];                    // LFSR1 high
-//! i_t3 = (key[2]|key[3]<<8|key[4]<<16) ^ seed3;  // LFSR0 (24-bit feedback)
-//! i_t3 = i_t3*2 + 8 - (i_t3 & 7);
-//! // per byte:  *p = TAB1[*p] ^ (i_t5 & 0xff)
-//! ```
-//!
-//! There is NO `decrypt_key` mangling on the content path. So the recovery
-//! is a single inversion of `dvdcss_unscramble`, not the multi-stage
-//! working-key inversion the previous (non-CSS) implementation used.
+//! The content descrambler ([`super::lfsr::descramble_sector`]) seeds its two
+//! LFSRs **directly** from `key = title_key XOR sector_seed` (seed =
+//! `sector[0x54..0x59]`): LFSR1 from key/seed bytes 0-1, LFSR0 (24-bit) from
+//! bytes 2-4 with the pre-conditioning `r0 = r0*2 + 8 - (r0 & 7)`, and each body
+//! byte recovered as `plain = TAB1[cipher] ^ (keystream & 0xff)`. There is no
+//! title-key mangling on the content path, so the recovery is a single inversion
+//! of the sector cipher.
 //!
 //! # The attack
 //!
-//! 1. **Known plaintext → keystream.** Because the descramble applies TAB1
-//!    to the ciphertext, the per-byte keystream is
-//!    `buf[i] = TAB1[cipher[i]] ^ plain[i]` (matching libdvdcss
-//!    `RecoverTitleKey`'s `p_buffer`).
+//! 1. **Known plaintext → keystream.** Because descramble applies TAB1 to the
+//!    ciphertext, the per-byte keystream is `TAB1[cipher[i]] ^ plain[i]`.
 //! 2. **Brute the 16-bit LFSR1 seed.** For each of 2^16 seeds, run LFSR1
-//!    forward; for the first four steps deduce the LFSR0 output bytes from
-//!    the keystream (carry-tracked), reconstructing `i_t3`. For the next six
-//!    steps clock LFSR0 normally and check it reproduces the keystream — a
-//!    wrong LFSR1 seed fails fast.
-//! 3. **Back-clock LFSR0.** Run four backward `i_t3` steps (each a 256-way
-//!    search for the byte shifted in) to reach the initial state, then undo
-//!    `i_t3 = i_t3*2 + 8 - (i_t3 & 7)` to recover key[2..5].
-//! 4. **XOR back the seed.** `key[0..5] ^= sector_seed[0..5]` (plain XOR —
-//!    the descramble seeds directly, so there is no inversion).
+//!    forward; for the first four steps deduce the LFSR0 output bytes from the
+//!    keystream (carry-tracked), reconstructing LFSR0's state. For the next six
+//!    steps clock LFSR0 normally and check it reproduces the keystream — a wrong
+//!    LFSR1 seed fails fast.
+//! 3. **Back-clock LFSR0.** Run four backward steps (each a 256-way search for
+//!    the byte shifted in) to reach the initial state, then undo the
+//!    `r0*2 + 8 - (r0 & 7)` pre-conditioning to recover key[2..5].
+//! 4. **XOR back the seed.** `key[0..5] ^= sector_seed[0..5]`.
 //!
-//! `AttackPattern` finds known plaintext for step 1: the longest periodic
-//! run in the cleartext `sec[0x00..0x80]`, assumed to continue into the
-//! encrypted region at 0x80.
+//! Known plaintext for step 1 comes from the longest periodic run in the
+//! cleartext `sec[0x00..0x80]`, assumed to continue into the encrypted region at
+//! 0x80.
 
 use super::lfsr::descramble_sector;
 use super::tables::{TAB1, TAB2, TAB3, TAB4, TAB5};
@@ -52,13 +41,11 @@ const ENCRYPTED_START: usize = 0x80; // byte 128
 const SEED_OFFSET: usize = 0x54; // sector seed at bytes 0x54-0x58
 const FLAG_BYTE: usize = 0x14;
 
-/// RecoverTitleKey: recover the title key from cipher + known plaintext.
-///
-/// Exact port of libdvdcss `RecoverTitleKey` (css.c). `crypted` is the
-/// ciphertext starting at sector byte 0x80; `decrypted` is the matching
-/// known plaintext; `seed` is `sector[0x54..0x59]`. On success returns the
-/// recovered 5-byte title key; `None` if no LFSR seed reproduces the
-/// keystream.
+/// Recover the title key from cipher + known plaintext (the core of Stevenson's
+/// attack). `crypted` is the ciphertext starting at sector byte 0x80;
+/// `decrypted` is the matching known plaintext; `seed` is `sector[0x54..0x59]`.
+/// On success returns the recovered 5-byte title key; `None` if no LFSR seed
+/// reproduces the keystream.
 ///
 /// At least 10 bytes of `crypted`/`decrypted` are required (the cipher is
 /// iterated 10 times: 4 to reconstruct LFSR0, 6 to validate).
@@ -222,16 +209,13 @@ fn descramble_matches(sector: &[u8], title: &[u8; 5], plain: &[u8]) -> bool {
     test[ENCRYPTED_START..ENCRYPTED_START + n] == plain[..n]
 }
 
-/// AttackPattern: find a repeating pattern just before the encrypted region
-/// and assume the plaintext at 0x80 continues it.
-///
-/// Functionally-equivalent port of libdvdcss `AttackPattern` (css.c) — finds the
-/// same periodic cribs on real DVD data, though its byte-comparison anchor
-/// differs from the C on phase-misaligned runs. Scans cleartext
-/// `sec[0x00..0x80]` for the longest run that repeats with a cycle length in
-/// 2..0x2F. If the run is long enough (`plen > 3` and at least two full
-/// cycles), the known plaintext at 0x80 is taken to be the periodic run
-/// continuing forward, and [`recover_title_key_from_plain`] is applied.
+/// Find a repeating pattern just before the encrypted region and assume the
+/// plaintext at 0x80 continues it — the known-plaintext step of Stevenson's
+/// attack. Scans cleartext `sec[0x00..0x80]` for the longest run that repeats
+/// with a cycle length in 2..0x2F. If the run is long enough (`plen > 3` and at
+/// least two full cycles), the known plaintext at 0x80 is taken to be the
+/// periodic run continuing forward, and [`recover_title_key_from_plain`] is
+/// applied.
 pub fn crack_title_key(sector: &[u8]) -> Option<[u8; 5]> {
     if sector.len() < SECTOR_BYTES {
         return None;
@@ -260,10 +244,7 @@ pub fn crack_title_key(sector: &[u8]) -> Option<[u8; 5]> {
     result
 }
 
-/// Inner body of [`crack_title_key`] — the actual AttackPattern search. Split
-/// out so the public entry point can wall-clock the whole attempt for the
-/// runaway guard without threading a timer through every return path.
-/// AttackPattern crib: the predicted 10-byte plaintext at byte 0x80.
+/// Crib: the predicted 10-byte plaintext at byte 0x80.
 ///
 /// Scans the clear header `sec[0x00..0x80]` (never scrambled) for the longest
 /// run that repeats with a cycle length in 2..0x2F. If the run is long enough
@@ -369,7 +350,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     /// Build a synthetic scrambled sector whose CLEARTEXT (0x00..0x80) ends
     /// in a periodic run that continues into the encrypted region — the case
-    /// `AttackPattern` (crack_title_key) is designed to crack.
+    /// `crack_title_key` is designed to crack.
     fn synth_periodic_sector(
         title_key: &[u8; 5],
         seed: &[u8; 5],
@@ -382,7 +363,7 @@ mod tests {
         // (RUN_START..0x80) and continuing into the encrypted region. This
         // mirrors a real VOB: a periodic data run just before the scrambled
         // part. The run must NOT overlap the seed bytes (0x54..0x59), or the
-        // AttackPattern detector would break mid-run. The phase is anchored to
+        // the crib detector would break mid-run. The phase is anchored to
         // offset 0 so the run is consistent across the 0x80 boundary.
         // Just above the seed (0x54..0x59); gives a 39-byte run (0x59..0x80)
         // — enough for >=2 cycles of every tested period (<=19).
@@ -469,7 +450,65 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
-    /// MANDATORY (Task C.1): the AttackPattern entry point crack_title_key —
+    /// `descramble_matches` is the ONLY gate between the LFSR search and a key
+    /// handed back to the caller: both [`recover_title_key`] and the crib-driven
+    /// `crack_title_key_inner` return a candidate only if this says the key
+    /// really descrambles the sector to the known plaintext. A body that always
+    /// answered `true` would let the first spurious LFSR-seed match through as
+    /// the title key — the ripper would then descramble the whole title with a
+    /// key that opens nothing, producing garbage rather than a "no key" error.
+    ///
+    /// Pinned both directions: the genuine key is accepted, and EVERY key one
+    /// bit away from it is rejected. The one-bit neighbours are the strongest
+    /// form of wrong key — a gate that only rejects wildly different keys would
+    /// still pass a near-miss out of the 2^16 seed search.
+    #[test]
+    fn descramble_matches_accepts_only_the_key_the_sector_was_scrambled_with() {
+        let title_key = [0x42u8, 0x13, 0x37, 0xBE, 0xEF];
+        let seed = [0x11u8, 0x22, 0x33, 0x44, 0x55];
+        let (sector, _body) = synth_sector(&title_key, &seed, &PES);
+
+        assert!(
+            descramble_matches(&sector, &title_key, &PES),
+            "the key the sector was scrambled with must be accepted"
+        );
+
+        for byte in 0..5usize {
+            for bit in 0..8u32 {
+                let mut wrong = title_key;
+                wrong[byte] ^= 1u8 << bit;
+                assert!(
+                    !descramble_matches(&sector, &wrong, &PES),
+                    "key differing only in byte {byte} bit {bit} must be rejected"
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The gate is applied to a COPY: verifying a candidate must not modify the
+    /// caller's sector. `recover_title_key` runs the gate and then hands the
+    /// sector on to be descrambled for real — if verification descrambled in
+    /// place, that second descramble would run over already-transformed bytes
+    /// (and, worse, a rejected candidate would leave the sector corrupted).
+    #[test]
+    fn descramble_matches_does_not_disturb_the_caller_s_sector() {
+        let title_key = [0x42u8, 0x13, 0x37, 0xBE, 0xEF];
+        let seed = [0x11u8, 0x22, 0x33, 0x44, 0x55];
+        let (sector, _body) = synth_sector(&title_key, &seed, &PES);
+        let before = sector.clone();
+
+        assert!(descramble_matches(&sector, &title_key, &PES));
+        let mut wrong = title_key;
+        wrong[0] ^= 0x01;
+        assert!(!descramble_matches(&sector, &wrong, &PES));
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            sector, before,
+            "verification must leave the sector byte-for-byte unchanged"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// MANDATORY (Task C.1): the crib-based entry point crack_title_key —
     /// no plaintext supplied — recovers a round-tripping key when the
     /// cleartext ends in a periodic run that continues into 0x80.
     #[test]
@@ -491,7 +530,7 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
-    /// recover_title_key_from_plain inverts dvdcss_unscramble exactly: scramble
+    /// recover_title_key_from_plain inverts descramble_sector exactly: scramble
     /// a known body, hand back the keystream-derived key, and the recovered
     /// key (XOR-back included) reproduces the plaintext.
     #[test]
@@ -590,4 +629,512 @@ mod tests {
             let _ = crack_title_key(&sector);
         }
     }
+
+    // ── entry-point guards on caller- and disc-supplied lengths ────────────
+
+    /// A sector buffer that ENDS inside the encrypted region must be refused,
+    /// not sliced.
+    ///
+    /// `recover_title_key` slices `sector[0x80..0x8A]` unconditionally after its
+    /// length guard. The existing short-sector test uses `SECTOR_BYTES - 1`,
+    /// which is still long enough for that slice to succeed — so the guard was
+    /// never the thing producing the `None`, and dropping it (or weakening the
+    /// `||` to `&&`, which a full-length crib satisfies) changed nothing
+    /// observable. On a real short read this is an out-of-bounds panic on the
+    /// rip thread.
+    #[test]
+    fn recover_rejects_a_sector_that_ends_inside_the_encrypted_region() {
+        for len in [0x81usize, 0x85, 0x89] {
+            let mut sector = vec![0x11u8; len];
+            sector[FLAG_BYTE] = 0x30; // scrambled, so no other guard fires first
+            assert!(
+                recover_title_key(&sector, &PES).is_none(),
+                "a {len}-byte buffer cannot supply ten ciphertext bytes at 0x80"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A buffer LONGER than one sector is still one sector: both entry points
+    /// read the first `SECTOR_BYTES` and must recover the key from it.
+    ///
+    /// Callers read DVD data in multi-sector blocks, so an over-long slice is
+    /// the normal case, not an exotic one. A length guard that rejected it
+    /// (`len > SECTOR_BYTES` instead of `<`) would make every block-read caller
+    /// silently unable to crack anything.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_buffer_longer_than_one_sector_still_yields_its_key() {
+        let title_key = [0x42u8, 0x13, 0x37, 0xBE, 0xEF];
+        let seed = [0x11u8, 0x22, 0x33, 0x44, 0x55];
+
+        let (sector, _) = synth_sector(&title_key, &seed, &PES);
+        let mut padded = sector.clone();
+        padded.extend_from_slice(&[0xA7u8; 512]);
+        assert_eq!(
+            recover_title_key(&padded, &PES),
+            Some(title_key),
+            "a two-and-a-bit-sector buffer must still recover the first sector's key"
+        );
+
+        let (periodic, _) = synth_periodic_sector(&title_key, &seed, 5);
+        let mut padded = periodic.clone();
+        padded.extend_from_slice(&[0xA7u8; 512]);
+        assert_eq!(
+            crack_title_key(&padded),
+            crack_title_key(&periodic),
+            "padding past the sector must not change the crack result"
+        );
+        assert!(crack_title_key(&padded).is_some());
+    }
+
+    /// `recover_title_key` accepts MORE than ten bytes of known plaintext, and
+    /// uses all of it: the extra bytes tighten the `descramble_matches` gate.
+    /// The ten-byte figure is a MINIMUM (the cipher is iterated ten times), not
+    /// an exact requirement — a guard reading it as an upper bound would reject
+    /// every caller that knows a longer crib.
+    #[test]
+    fn recover_accepts_more_than_ten_bytes_of_known_plaintext() {
+        let title_key = [0x42u8, 0x13, 0x37, 0xBE, 0xEF];
+        let seed = [0x11u8, 0x22, 0x33, 0x44, 0x55];
+        let long_plain: Vec<u8> = (0..64u8)
+            .map(|k| k.wrapping_mul(37).wrapping_add(5))
+            .collect();
+        let (sector, _) = synth_sector(&title_key, &seed, &long_plain);
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            recover_title_key(&sector, &long_plain),
+            Some(title_key),
+            "64 bytes of known plaintext must be accepted, not rejected as \
+             'more than ten'"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// The scramble-flag gate on a sector whose BODY really is ciphertext.
+    ///
+    /// Both entry points refuse a sector with `sector[0x14] & 0x30 == 0`: an
+    /// unscrambled sector has no title key to recover, and its bytes at 0x80
+    /// are already plaintext. Every prior test of this gate used an all-zero or
+    /// all-`0x11` sector, where the recovery would have found nothing anyway —
+    /// so widening the mask test (`&` to `|`, which makes it true for EVERY
+    /// flag byte) produced the same `None` and went unseen.
+    ///
+    /// Here the sector is genuinely scrambled and its key IS recoverable; only
+    /// the cleared flag stands in the way. If the gate stops working, both
+    /// functions start returning keys for sectors the disc says are in the
+    /// clear.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_recoverable_sector_with_the_scramble_bits_cleared_is_still_refused() {
+        let title_key = [0x42u8, 0x13, 0x37, 0xBE, 0xEF];
+        let seed = [0x11u8, 0x22, 0x33, 0x44, 0x55];
+
+        let (mut sector, _) = synth_sector(&title_key, &seed, &PES);
+        assert_eq!(
+            recover_title_key(&sector, &PES),
+            Some(title_key),
+            "fixture check: with the flag set this sector's key IS recoverable"
+        );
+        sector[FLAG_BYTE] = 0x00;
+        assert_eq!(
+            recover_title_key(&sector, &PES),
+            None,
+            "scramble bits clear → no title key, even though one could be found"
+        );
+
+        let (mut periodic, _) = synth_periodic_sector(&title_key, &seed, 5);
+        assert!(
+            crack_title_key(&periodic).is_some(),
+            "fixture check: with the flag set this sector cracks"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            attack_crib(&periodic).is_some(),
+            "fixture check: with the flag set this sector has a usable crib"
+        );
+        periodic[FLAG_BYTE] = 0x00;
+        assert_eq!(
+            crack_title_key(&periodic),
+            None,
+            "scramble bits clear → no crack, even though one would succeed"
+        );
+        // `attack_crib` carries its own copy of the same gate, and it is the one
+        // that actually stops the crack (`crack_title_key`'s is defensive
+        // duplication). The crib doubles as the decrypt path's cached-key
+        // oracle, so a widened mask there would hand that path a "predicted
+        // plaintext" for sectors that were never scrambled.
+        assert_eq!(
+            attack_crib(&periodic),
+            None,
+            "an unscrambled sector has no predicted plaintext to offer"
+        );
+    }
+
+    // ── descramble_matches: the verification gate's own mechanics ──────────
+
+    /// The gate must verify a candidate against the sector's CIPHERTEXT
+    /// regardless of what the sector's own flag byte says.
+    ///
+    /// `descramble_matches` forces `0x10` on its copy precisely because
+    /// [`super::lfsr::descramble_sector`] is a no-op when the scramble bits are
+    /// clear — without that, verifying a scrambled-but-unflagged sector
+    /// compares raw ciphertext against the crib, and every candidate key is
+    /// rejected. Nothing exercised it: every fixture already had the flag set,
+    /// where forcing the bit is a no-op.
+    #[test]
+    fn descramble_matches_forces_the_scramble_flag_on_its_own_copy() {
+        let title_key = [0x42u8, 0x13, 0x37, 0xBE, 0xEF];
+        let seed = [0x11u8, 0x22, 0x33, 0x44, 0x55];
+        let (mut sector, _) = synth_sector(&title_key, &seed, &PES);
+        sector[FLAG_BYTE] = 0x00;
+
+        assert!(
+            descramble_matches(&sector, &title_key, &PES),
+            "the body is ciphertext and the key is right — the gate must \
+             descramble it even though the flag byte says otherwise"
+        );
+        let mut wrong = title_key;
+        wrong[0] ^= 0x01;
+        assert!(!descramble_matches(&sector, &wrong, &PES));
+    }
+
+    /// The gate compares the WHOLE supplied plaintext, clamped to the encrypted
+    /// region.
+    ///
+    /// Two properties in one, because they are the two halves of
+    /// `plain.len().min(SECTOR_BYTES - ENCRYPTED_START)`:
+    ///
+    ///   - it must compare beyond the first sixteen bytes, or a key that opens
+    ///     only the head of the crib is accepted; and
+    ///   - it must never compare past the end of the sector — a caller that
+    ///     knows more plaintext than the 1920-byte encrypted region holds
+    ///     otherwise indexes off the end of the buffer and panics.
+    #[test]
+    fn descramble_matches_compares_all_of_the_plaintext_and_no_more_than_the_sector() {
+        let title_key = [0x42u8, 0x13, 0x37, 0xBE, 0xEF];
+        let seed = [0x11u8, 0x22, 0x33, 0x44, 0x55];
+        let body: Vec<u8> = (0..64u8)
+            .map(|k| k.wrapping_mul(29).wrapping_add(3))
+            .collect();
+        let (sector, _) = synth_sector(&title_key, &seed, &body);
+
+        assert!(descramble_matches(&sector, &title_key, &body));
+
+        // A crib agreeing for the first 16 bytes and diverging after must be
+        // rejected: the comparison window is the crib's length, not a fixed
+        // prefix.
+        let mut tail_wrong = body.clone();
+        tail_wrong[40] ^= 0xFF;
+        assert!(
+            !descramble_matches(&sector, &title_key, &tail_wrong),
+            "a crib that diverges at byte 40 must not match"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            tail_wrong[..16],
+            body[..16],
+            "fixture check: the first 16 bytes are identical, so only a \
+             comparison that runs past them can tell these apart"
+        );
+
+        // A crib LONGER than the encrypted region: the comparison is clamped to
+        // the sector, not run off the end of it.
+        let plain_len = SECTOR_BYTES - ENCRYPTED_START;
+        let mut over_long = vec![0u8; plain_len + 10];
+        let (full_sector, full_body) = synth_sector(&title_key, &seed, &[0x00u8; 10]);
+        over_long[..plain_len].copy_from_slice(&full_body[ENCRYPTED_START..]);
+        assert!(
+            descramble_matches(&full_sector, &title_key, &over_long),
+            "a crib longer than the encrypted region must be clamped, not \
+             compared past the end of the sector"
+        );
+    }
+
+    // ── attack_crib: known-answer vectors ──────────────────────────────────
+    //
+    // `attack_crib` is BOTH the cracker's known plaintext and the decrypt
+    // path's "did the cached key descramble correctly?" oracle. Until now it
+    // was only ever exercised end-to-end through `crack_title_key`, on a
+    // fixture whose periodic run covered 39 bytes (0x59..0x80) — long enough
+    // that the run start, the cycle count and the `i % best_p` wrap were all
+    // slack. A crib that silently drifts costs a rip its title key.
+
+    /// Build a sector whose clear header ends in a `period`-length repeating
+    /// run of exactly `run_len` bytes immediately before 0x80.
+    ///
+    /// The run is anchored to ABSOLUTE sector offset (`sec[x] = pat[x % period]`),
+    /// which is what makes "the run continues past 0x80" a statement independent
+    /// of the code under test: the byte at `0x80 + i` of the underlying
+    /// plaintext is `pat[(0x80 + i) % period]`.
+    ///
+    /// Everything before the run is `0x00` (the pattern bytes are all >= 0xD0,
+    /// so the run cannot be extended backwards by accident), and the encrypted
+    /// region is filled with `0xFF` — so a crib that reads past 0x80 into
+    /// "ciphertext" is immediately visible.
+    fn sector_with_trailing_run(period: usize, run_len: usize) -> Vec<u8> {
+        assert!(
+            run_len < ENCRYPTED_START,
+            "the run lives in the clear header"
+        );
+        let mut sector = vec![0u8; SECTOR_BYTES];
+        sector[FLAG_BYTE] = 0x10;
+        for b in sector[ENCRYPTED_START..].iter_mut() {
+            *b = 0xFF;
+        }
+        let pat: Vec<u8> = (0..period).map(|k| 0xD0u8 + k as u8).collect();
+        for x in (ENCRYPTED_START - run_len)..ENCRYPTED_START {
+            sector[x] = pat[x % period];
+        }
+        sector
+    }
+
+    /// The crib the run PREDICTS: the periodic pattern continued past 0x80.
+    fn expected_crib(period: usize) -> [u8; 10] {
+        let pat: Vec<u8> = (0..period).map(|k| 0xD0u8 + k as u8).collect();
+        let mut out = [0u8; 10];
+        for (i, o) in out.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+            *o = pat[(ENCRYPTED_START + i) % period];
+        }
+        out
+    }
+
+    /// KNOWN ANSWER: for a run of `run_len` bytes with period 5 ending exactly
+    /// at 0x80, the crib is the run continued forward — the same ten bytes for
+    /// every run length, because the prediction depends only on the pattern and
+    /// the phase, never on how many cycles happened to be visible.
+    ///
+    /// The short lengths are the load-bearing ones: at `run_len = 11` the crib
+    /// window starts at 0x76 and is only 10 bytes from the end of the header, so
+    /// any drift in `plain_start`, in `cycles * best_p`, or in the `i % best_p`
+    /// wrap reads the 0xFF "ciphertext" instead of the run.
+    #[test]
+    fn attack_crib_predicts_the_periodic_run_continuing_past_0x80() {
+        for &run_len in &[11usize, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 20, 31] {
+            let sector = sector_with_trailing_run(5, run_len);
+            assert_eq!(
+                attack_crib(&sector),
+                Some(expected_crib(5)),
+                "period-5 run of {run_len} bytes must predict the run continuing"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The same known answer across several periods, including a period that
+    /// does NOT divide 0x80 (so the crib's phase is non-zero and a body that
+    /// restarted the pattern at index 0 gives a different answer).
+    #[test]
+    fn attack_crib_recovers_the_run_period_and_phase() {
+        // 0x80 % period: 3 for 5, 2 for 6, 2 for 7, 8 for 0x18 — all non-zero,
+        // so the predicted first byte is NOT pat[0] in any of these cases.
+        for &period in &[5usize, 6, 7, 0x18] {
+            let sector = sector_with_trailing_run(period, 3 * period + 1);
+            let crib =
+                attack_crib(&sector).unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("no crib for period {period}"));
+            assert_eq!(crib, expected_crib(period), "period {period}");
+            assert_ne!(
+                crib[0], 0xD0,
+                "period {period} does not divide 0x80, so the crib must not \
+                 start at pattern index 0"
+            );
+            assert!(
+                crib.iter().all(|&b| b != 0xFF),
+                "period {period}: the crib must never contain a byte read from \
+                 the encrypted region"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A run of exactly ONE cycle (plus the trivial tail the detector counts) is
+    /// not enough to predict forward: [`attack_crib`] requires at least two full
+    /// cycles. Weakening that guard would let a one-off byte sequence be
+    /// declared periodic and produce a confidently wrong crib — which the
+    /// decrypt path uses as its "is my cached key still right?" oracle.
+    #[test]
+    fn attack_crib_refuses_a_run_shorter_than_two_cycles() {
+        // period 8, run of 9 bytes: best_plen = 8, 8 / 8 == 1 cycle.
+        assert_eq!(attack_crib(&sector_with_trailing_run(8, 9)), None);
+        // period 0x18, run of 0x19 bytes: one cycle.
+        assert_eq!(attack_crib(&sector_with_trailing_run(0x18, 0x19)), None);
+        // ...and one more byte of run does not conjure a second cycle either.
+        assert_eq!(attack_crib(&sector_with_trailing_run(8, 10)), None);
+    }
+
+    /// A header with no repeating tail at all yields no crib. Asserted on a
+    /// header whose bytes are pairwise distinct right up to 0x80, so no cycle
+    /// length in 2..0x2F can match even one byte.
+    #[test]
+    fn attack_crib_refuses_a_header_with_no_periodic_tail() {
+        let mut sector = vec![0u8; SECTOR_BYTES];
+        sector[FLAG_BYTE] = 0x10;
+        // 0x00..0x80 strictly increasing: sec[a] == sec[b] iff a == b, so the
+        // detector's `sec[0x7f - (j % i)] == sec[0x7f - j]` needs j % i == j,
+        // which the scan's starting `j = i + 1` already excludes.
+        for (x, b) in sector[..ENCRYPTED_START].iter_mut().enumerate() {
+            *b = x as u8;
+        }
+        assert_eq!(attack_crib(&sector), None);
+        // And the cracker built on it reports no key rather than guessing.
+        assert_eq!(crack_title_key(&sector), None);
+    }
+
+    /// `attack_crib` indexes `sector[0x7f - j]` with no per-access bound, so its
+    /// own length guard is the only thing between a short buffer and an
+    /// out-of-bounds read. Nothing reached it: every caller-level test used a
+    /// full sector, and the entry points' guards fire first.
+    #[test]
+    fn attack_crib_refuses_a_buffer_shorter_than_a_sector() {
+        for len in [0x15usize, 0x40, 0x7F, SECTOR_BYTES - 1] {
+            let mut sector = vec![0x11u8; len];
+            sector[FLAG_BYTE] = 0x30; // scrambled, so the flag half cannot fire
+            assert_eq!(
+                attack_crib(&sector),
+                None,
+                "a {len}-byte buffer is not a sector"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A header that is periodic ALL THE WAY to offset 0 must not walk the
+    /// backward scan off the front of the sector.
+    ///
+    /// The detector counts backwards from 0x7f while `j < 0x80`. On a fully
+    /// periodic header the run never breaks, so `j` reaches 0x7f and the bound
+    /// is the ONLY thing that stops it — one step further and `0x7f - j`
+    /// underflows a `usize` and panics. A constant or fully-patterned 128-byte
+    /// header is ordinary DVD data (padding, a run of zeros), not a crafted
+    /// input, and every existing fixture had a filler/run boundary well before
+    /// offset 0 that stopped the scan early.
+    #[test]
+    fn attack_crib_survives_a_header_that_is_periodic_to_offset_zero() {
+        let mut sector = vec![0u8; SECTOR_BYTES];
+        sector[FLAG_BYTE] = 0x30;
+        let period = 5usize;
+        let pat: Vec<u8> = (0..period).map(|k| 0xD0u8 + k as u8).collect();
+        for (x, b) in sector[..ENCRYPTED_START].iter_mut().enumerate() {
+            *b = pat[x % period];
+        }
+        for b in sector[ENCRYPTED_START..].iter_mut() {
+            *b = 0xFF;
+        }
+        // The FLAG byte sits inside the header at 0x14, so it interrupts the
+        // pattern there; re-lay it and accept that 0x14 breaks the run — the
+        // scan still reaches offset 0x15 - 1 = 0x14 going backwards, i.e.
+        // j = 0x7f - 0x14 = 0x6b, well short of the bound. Instead put the
+        // scramble flag bits into a byte value that IS the pattern's.
+        sector[FLAG_BYTE] = pat[FLAG_BYTE % period];
+        assert_ne!(
+            sector[FLAG_BYTE] & 0x30,
+            0,
+            "fixture check: the pattern byte at 0x14 must itself carry \
+             scramble bits, so the header stays unbroken"
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            attack_crib(&sector),
+            Some(expected_crib(period)),
+            "a fully periodic header must predict its own continuation, and \
+             the backward scan must stop at offset 0"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// The crib is read from the CLEAR header only. A run that reaches 0x80 must
+    /// predict from the header bytes, never from the encrypted region — the
+    /// previously-fixed bug this function's doc comment records. Pinned by
+    /// rewriting the encrypted region and requiring the crib not to move.
+    #[test]
+    fn attack_crib_is_independent_of_the_encrypted_region() {
+        let base = sector_with_trailing_run(5, 11);
+        let crib = attack_crib(&base).expect("crib");
+        for fill in [0x00u8, 0x5A, 0xD1, 0xFF] {
+            let mut s = base.clone();
+            for b in s[ENCRYPTED_START..].iter_mut() {
+                *b = fill;
+            }
+            assert_eq!(
+                attack_crib(&s),
+                Some(crib),
+                "the crib must not depend on the encrypted region (fill {fill:#04x})"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ── recover_title_key_from_plain: input-length guard ───────────────────
+
+    /// `recover_title_key_from_plain` unconditionally builds a 10-byte keystream
+    /// buffer from `crypted[0..10]` and `decrypted[0..10]`, so its length guard
+    /// is the only thing standing between a short slice and an
+    /// index-out-of-bounds PANIC.
+    ///
+    /// Nothing reached that guard before: `recover_title_key` rejects
+    /// `plain.len() < 10` at its own door and always hands on exactly ten
+    /// ciphertext bytes, and `crack_title_key_inner` always passes a fixed
+    /// `[u8; 10]` crib. The guard is a live contract for any future caller and
+    /// was executed by no test at either boundary.
+    #[test]
+    fn recover_title_key_from_plain_refuses_fewer_than_ten_bytes_of_either_input() {
+        let seed = [0x11u8, 0x22, 0x33, 0x44, 0x55];
+        let full = [0xA5u8; 10];
+        for n in 0..10usize {
+            assert_eq!(
+                recover_title_key_from_plain(&full[..n], &full, &seed),
+                None,
+                "{n} ciphertext bytes is fewer than the ten the cipher iterates"
+            );
+            assert_eq!(
+                recover_title_key_from_plain(&full, &full[..n], &seed),
+                None,
+                "{n} plaintext bytes is fewer than the ten the cipher iterates"
+            );
+        }
+        // Exactly ten of each is ACCEPTED as far as the search — the boundary is
+        // `< 10`, not `<= 10`. (Whether this particular keystream has a seed is
+        // immaterial; what must not happen is an early `None` from the guard.)
+        // Proven through the round-trip fixture, whose inputs are exactly ten
+        // bytes and which does recover its key.
+        let title_key = [0x42u8, 0x13, 0x37, 0xBE, 0xEF];
+        let (sector, _) = synth_sector(&title_key, &seed, &PES);
+        assert_eq!(
+            recover_title_key_from_plain(
+                &sector[ENCRYPTED_START..ENCRYPTED_START + 10],
+                &PES,
+                &seed
+            ),
+            Some(title_key),
+            "exactly ten bytes of each input must run the search, not trip the guard"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// The seed XOR-back ([`recover_title_key_from_plain`]'s last step) is what
+    /// turns the recovered LFSR key into the TITLE key: `key ^= sector_seed`.
+    /// Pinned as a known answer across seeds that differ only in one byte — the
+    /// same ciphertext/plaintext pair therefore must yield title keys differing
+    /// in exactly that byte.
+    ///
+    /// Without this, a body that ORed the seed in (or dropped the step) still
+    /// round-trips on any fixture whose seed is zero, and on the non-zero ones
+    /// the failure looks like "no key found" rather than a wrong step.
+    #[test]
+    fn recover_title_key_from_plain_xors_the_sector_seed_back_out() {
+        let title_key = [0x42u8, 0x13, 0x37, 0xBE, 0xEF];
+        let seed = [0x11u8, 0x22, 0x33, 0x44, 0x55];
+        let (sector, _) = synth_sector(&title_key, &seed, &PES);
+        let crypted = &sector[ENCRYPTED_START..ENCRYPTED_START + 10];
+
+        // The cipher is seeded from `title_key XOR seed`, so re-running the SAME
+        // ciphertext/plaintext against a seed differing in one byte must return
+        // a title key differing in exactly that byte — the XOR is a bijection.
+        assert_eq!(
+            recover_title_key_from_plain(crypted, &PES, &seed),
+            Some(title_key)
+        );
+        for byte in 0..5usize {
+            for bit in [0u32, 3, 7] {
+                let mut alt_seed = seed;
+                alt_seed[byte] ^= 1u8 << bit;
+                let mut expected = title_key;
+                expected[byte] ^= 1u8 << bit;
+                assert_eq!(
+                    recover_title_key_from_plain(crypted, &PES, &alt_seed),
+                    Some(expected),
+                    "seed byte {byte} bit {bit} must XOR straight through to the \
+                     title key"
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
 }

src/css/tables.rs

@@ -24,9 +24,8 @@ pub const TAB1: [u8; 256] = [
     0xb7, 0xf7, 0xbf, 0xa2, 0xe7, 0xa7, 0xef, 0xf2, 0xba, 0xfa, 0xb2, 0xaf, 0xea, 0xaa, 0xe2, 0xff,
 ];
 
-/// Table 2: LFSR1 high-byte feedback permutation.
-///
-/// Byte-identical to libdvdcss `p_css_tab2` (csstables.h).
+/// Table 2: LFSR1 high-byte feedback permutation — a fixed constant of the CSS
+/// cipher (per the published algorithm).
 pub const TAB2: [u8; 256] = [
     0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07, 0x09, 0x08, 0x0b, 0x0a, 0x0d, 0x0c, 0x0f, 0x0e,
     0x12, 0x13, 0x10, 0x11, 0x16, 0x17, 0x14, 0x15, 0x1b, 0x1a, 0x19, 0x18, 0x1f, 0x1e, 0x1d, 0x1c,
@@ -46,12 +45,12 @@ pub const TAB2: [u8; 256] = [
     0xed, 0xec, 0xef, 0xee, 0xe9, 0xe8, 0xeb, 0xea, 0xe4, 0xe5, 0xe6, 0xe7, 0xe0, 0xe1, 0xe2, 0xe3,
 ];
 
-/// Table 3: LFSR1 9-bit low-word feedback table (512 entries).
+/// Table 3: LFSR1 9-bit low-word feedback table (512 entries) — a fixed constant
+/// of the CSS cipher (per the published algorithm).
 ///
-/// Byte-identical to libdvdcss `p_css_tab3` (csstables.h): the 8-value
-/// block `BASE[i & 7]` repeated 64 times. The CSS LFSR1 step indexes this
-/// table with the 9-bit low register (0x100..=0x1FF), but only the low 3
-/// bits select the output — the high bits are ignored, hence the constant
+/// It is the 8-value block `BASE[i & 7]` repeated 64 times. The CSS LFSR1 step
+/// indexes this table with the 9-bit low register (0x100..=0x1FF), but only the
+/// low 3 bits select the output — the high bits are ignored, hence the constant
 /// blocks. The 512-entry width simply lets the 9-bit index be used without
 /// masking.
 pub const TAB3: [u8; 512] = [
@@ -197,12 +196,12 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
-    /// TAB3 is the libdvdcss `p_css_tab3`: the 8-value feedback block
+    /// TAB3 is the CSS LFSR1 low-word table: the 8-value feedback block
     ///   BASE = [0x00,0x24,0x49,0x6d,0x92,0xb6,0xdb,0xff]
     /// repeated 64 times — `TAB3[i] == BASE[i & 7]`. The high bits of the
-    /// 9-bit index do not affect the output (libdvdcss's LFSR1 step indexes
-    /// with the full 9-bit low register but only `& 7` matters). This pins
-    /// all 512 entries to the published table.
+    /// 9-bit index do not affect the output (the LFSR1 step indexes with the
+    /// full 9-bit low register but only `& 7` matters). This pins all 512
+    /// entries to the published cipher's table.
     ///
     /// Mutation: flip any single byte in the TAB3 literal -> the formula
     /// check fails at that index.

src/diag.rs

@@ -22,10 +22,7 @@
 //! `Disc`-level dump ([`dump_disc`]) covers everything that survives
 //! lowering: titles, streams, the picked main feature, and AACS state.
 
-use crate::disc::{
-    AudioChannels, ColorSpace, Disc, DiscTitle, FrameRate, HdrFormat, Resolution, SampleRate,
-    Stream,
-};
+use crate::disc::{ColorSpace, Disc, DiscTitle, FrameRate, HdrFormat, Resolution, Stream};
 use crate::ifo::{CellCategory, DvdTitle};
 
 const DIAG: &str = "freemkv::diag";
@@ -95,36 +92,12 @@ pub fn hdr_str(h: HdrFormat) -> &'static str {
     }
 }
 
-/// Channel count from an [`AudioChannels`] layout (what lands in the MKV
-/// `Channels` element).
-pub fn channel_count(ch: AudioChannels) -> u8 {
-    match ch {
-        AudioChannels::Mono => 1,
-        AudioChannels::Stereo => 2,
-        AudioChannels::Stereo21 => 3,
-        AudioChannels::Quad => 4,
-        AudioChannels::Surround50 => 5,
-        AudioChannels::Surround51 => 6,
-        AudioChannels::Surround61 => 7,
-        AudioChannels::Surround71 => 8,
-        AudioChannels::Unknown => 0,
-    }
-}
-
-/// Sample-rate in Hz for a [`SampleRate`].
-pub fn sample_rate_hz(s: SampleRate) -> u32 {
-    match s {
-        SampleRate::S44_1 => 44100,
-        SampleRate::S48 => 48000,
-        SampleRate::S88_2 => 88200,
-        SampleRate::S96 => 96000,
-        SampleRate::S176_4 => 176400,
-        SampleRate::S192 => 192000,
-        SampleRate::S48_96 => 96000,
-        SampleRate::S48_192 => 192000,
-        SampleRate::Unknown => 0,
-    }
-}
+// `channel_count` and `sample_rate_hz` lived here as a third copy of the
+// AudioChannels/SampleRate mappings. They were the only HONEST copy — returning
+// 0 for Unknown where the canonical accessors fabricated 6 channels at 48 kHz —
+// and their only caller was the trace line below, in this same file. The
+// canonical accessors are honest now, so the duplicates are gone rather than
+// left to drift a fourth time.
 
 // ── DVD cell-category dump (from the IFO scan, pre-lowering) ─────────────────
 
@@ -336,7 +309,7 @@ fn frame_record(track_idx: usize, pts_ns: i64, keyframe: bool, data: &[u8]) -> V
 /// `track_number` is the 1-based MKV track number; `track` is the built
 /// [`crate::mux::mkv::MkvTrack`] whose fields map one-to-one onto the emitted
 /// elements (see `MkvMuxer::new`). No-op unless the diag target is on.
-pub fn dump_mkv_track(track_number: u64, track: &crate::mux::mkv::MkvTrack) {
+pub(crate) fn dump_mkv_track(track_number: u64, track: &crate::mux::mkv::MkvTrack) {
     if !diag_enabled() {
         return;
     }
@@ -499,15 +472,31 @@ pub fn dump_disc(disc: &Disc) {
         tracing::debug!(
             target: DIAG,
             "tag=decision pick=main_feature title_idx=0 playlist={:?} dur={:.1}s \
-        size={}B clips={} reason=canonical_title_order(fits-disc, fewest-clips, longest, richest-audio)",
+        size={}B clips={} reason={}",
             main.playlist,
             main.duration_secs,
             main.size_bytes,
             main.clips.len(),
+            main_feature_reason(),
         );
     }
 }
 
+/// The `reason=` token on the main-feature decision row.
+///
+/// DERIVED from [`Disc::CANONICAL_TITLE_ORDER_KEYS`], which lives beside the
+/// comparator that actually implements them — never restated here. The previous
+/// hand-written copy drifted (it advertised a `fewest-clips` key the comparator
+/// had replaced with largest-physical-size), which made the self-diagnosing log
+/// explain the pick with a rule the code does not apply. A diagnostic that
+/// disagrees with the decision it documents is worse than no diagnostic.
+fn main_feature_reason() -> String {
+    format!(
+        "canonical_title_order({})",
+        Disc::CANONICAL_TITLE_ORDER_KEYS.join(", ")
+    )
+}
+
 fn dump_aacs(disc: &Disc) {
     let Some(a) = disc.aacs.as_ref() else {
         if disc.css.is_some() {
@@ -530,7 +519,7 @@ fn dump_aacs(disc: &Disc) {
         a.bus_encryption,
         a.mkb_version,
         a.disc_hash,
-        a.key_source.name(),
+        a.key_source,
         a.vuk.is_some(),
         a.unit_keys.len(),
         a.uk_ro.len(),
@@ -610,8 +599,8 @@ fn dump_title(ti: usize, title: &DiscTitle) {
                 a.pid,
                 a.codec,
                 a.channels,
-                channel_count(a.channels),
-                sample_rate_hz(a.sample_rate),
+                a.channels.count(),
+                a.sample_rate.hz(),
                 a.language,
                 a.secondary,
             ),
@@ -631,6 +620,60 @@ fn dump_title(ti: usize, title: &DiscTitle) {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
+    // Needed only by the tests: the production code in this file no longer names
+    // these types directly, since the local channel/sample-rate duplicates were
+    // deleted in favour of the canonical accessors.
+    use crate::disc::{AudioChannels, SampleRate};
+
+    /// The main-feature decision row must NAME `canonical_title_order`'s sort
+    /// keys, not restate them from memory. The restated copy had drifted: it
+    /// still advertised a "fewest-clips" key long after the comparator replaced
+    /// clip-count with largest-physical-size, so a bug report read at
+    /// `--log-level 3` explained the pick with a rule the code does not apply.
+    ///
+    /// The behavioural half is asserted first — against the comparator itself,
+    /// with literals — so the key names are checked against what the code
+    /// actually does, not against the string that names them.
+    #[test]
+    fn main_feature_reason_names_the_comparators_real_keys() {
+        use crate::disc::{Clip, Disc, DiscTitle};
+
+        let sized = |size_bytes: u64, n_clips: usize| DiscTitle {
+            size_bytes,
+            clips: (0..n_clips)
+                .map(|i| Clip {
+                    feed_span: None,
+                    clip_id: format!("{i:05}"),
+                    in_time: 0,
+                    out_time: 0,
+                    duration_secs: 0.0,
+                    source_packets: 0,
+                })
+                .collect(),
+            ..DiscTitle::empty()
+        };
+        // A 40-clip 8 GB title beats a 1-clip 1 GB title: the comparator's
+        // primary key among disc-fitting titles is LARGEST SIZE. "fewest clips"
+        // would predict the opposite, so the drifted string described a rule
+        // the comparator does not implement.
+        let many_clips_big = sized(8_000_000_000, 40);
+        let one_clip_small = sized(1_000_000_000, 1);
+        assert_eq!(
+            Disc::canonical_title_order(&many_clips_big, &one_clip_small, 25_000_000_000),
+            std::cmp::Ordering::Less,
+            "largest size wins regardless of clip count"
+        );
+
+        let reason = main_feature_reason();
+        assert!(
+            !reason.contains("clips"),
+            "the reason must not advertise a clip-count key the comparator dropped: {reason}"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            reason, "canonical_title_order(fits-disc, largest-size, longest, richest-audio)",
+            "the reason must name the comparator's four keys in priority order"
+        );
+    }
 
     #[test]
     fn res_str_keeps_interlace_marker() {
@@ -656,18 +699,33 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(hdr_str(HdrFormat::Sdr), "SDR");
     }
 
+    /// Moved from the deleted local duplicates onto the canonical accessors,
+    /// with the Unknown case added — which is the whole point of the change.
     #[test]
-    fn channel_count_matches_layout() {
-        assert_eq!(channel_count(AudioChannels::Mono), 1);
-        assert_eq!(channel_count(AudioChannels::Stereo), 2);
-        assert_eq!(channel_count(AudioChannels::Surround51), 6);
-        assert_eq!(channel_count(AudioChannels::Surround71), 8);
+    fn channel_count_matches_layout_and_is_zero_when_unknown() {
+        assert_eq!(AudioChannels::Mono.count(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(AudioChannels::Stereo.count(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(AudioChannels::Surround51.count(), 6);
+        assert_eq!(AudioChannels::Surround71.count(), 8);
+        // The one that matters. This used to return 6, which is indistinguishable
+        // from a real 5.1 track and left every caller responsible for checking
+        // the variant first.
+        assert_eq!(
+            AudioChannels::Unknown.count(),
+            0,
+            "an unknown layout must not report a plausible channel count"
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn sample_rate_hz_values() {
-        assert_eq!(sample_rate_hz(SampleRate::S48), 48000);
-        assert_eq!(sample_rate_hz(SampleRate::S96), 96000);
+    fn sample_rate_hz_values_and_zero_when_unknown() {
+        assert_eq!(SampleRate::S48.hz(), 48000.0);
+        assert_eq!(SampleRate::S96.hz(), 96000.0);
+        assert_eq!(
+            SampleRate::Unknown.hz(),
+            0.0,
+            "an unknown sample rate must not report a plausible 48 kHz"
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]

src/dirimage/encode.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,743 @@
+//! ECMA-167 / UDF 1.02 descriptor encoder.
+//!
+//! Turns a [`Layout`](super::layout::Layout) — a directory tree with every
+//! ICB, directory-data and file-data block already assigned — into the set of
+//! metadata sectors a real UDF volume would carry. Nothing here touches the
+//! filesystem: it is a pure function from layout to sectors, which is what
+//! makes it testable against the production parser in `udf.rs`.
+//!
+//! What is emitted, in volume order:
+//!
+//! | sector | descriptor |
+//! |---|---|
+//! | 16, 17, 18 | Volume Recognition Sequence — `BEA01`, `NSR02`, `TEA01` (ECMA-167 2/9.1) |
+//! | 32… | Main Volume Descriptor Sequence — PVD, IUVD, PD, LVD, USD, TD |
+//! | 48… | Reserve VDS (byte-identical but for the tag locations) |
+//! | 64, 65 | Logical Volume Integrity Sequence — LVID, TD |
+//! | 256 | Anchor Volume Descriptor Pointer |
+//! | `part_start` + 0, +1 | File Set Descriptor, TD |
+//! | `part_start` + … | File Entries (ICBs) and directory data (FIDs) |
+//! | last sector | Anchor Volume Descriptor Pointer (copy) |
+//!
+//! UDF revision 1.02 with a single Type-1 partition map is deliberate: it is
+//! the DVD-Video profile, it is the shape `read_filesystem` takes when
+//! `num_partition_maps < 2`, and it avoids the UDF 2.50 Metadata Partition
+//! entirely. That also means a synthetic image never exercises the Metadata
+//! Partition path in `udf.rs` (`:946-991`) — see the module docs on `dirimage`.
+
+use super::layout::{DirNode, Layout};
+use crate::error::{Error, Result};
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+
+/// Logical block / sector size. Fixed for every optical profile this crate
+/// reads, and the same quantity as [`crate::consts::SECTOR_BYTES`] — aliased
+/// rather than re-declared so the two cannot drift apart. The short name is
+/// kept because it appears in ~25 extent and offset expressions across
+/// `dirimage`, where the longer one would bury the arithmetic.
+pub(super) use crate::consts::SECTOR_BYTES as SECTOR;
+
+/// Descriptor version recorded in every tag. 2 = ECMA-167 2nd edition, which
+/// is what UDF revisions up to and including 2.00 require.
+const DESC_VERSION: u16 = 2;
+
+/// UDF revision recorded in the domain EntityID suffix (1.02, BCD-ish u16).
+const UDF_REVISION: u16 = 0x0102;
+
+/// A fixed recording timestamp, so an image synthesized from the same folder
+/// twice is byte-identical. Real mtimes would make every test golden-file
+/// comparison and every `dir:// -> iso://` re-run differ for no benefit.
+const FIXED_TIME: Timestamp = Timestamp {
+    year: 2000,
+    month: 1,
+    day: 1,
+};
+
+struct Timestamp {
+    year: i16,
+    month: u8,
+    day: u8,
+}
+
+/// The synthesized metadata: absolute LBA → sector contents. Data sectors are
+/// NOT here; they are served from the backing files.
+pub(super) type MetaSectors = BTreeMap<u32, Box<[u8; SECTOR]>>;
+
+/// The descriptor-tag CRC of ECMA-167 7.2.4: polynomial 0x1021, initial value
+/// ZERO, no reflection, no final XOR — the variant catalogued as CRC-16/XMODEM
+/// (check value 0x31C3), NOT CCITT-FALSE, which seeds at 0xFFFF and would make
+/// every descriptor this crate writes fail a conformant driver's validation.
+fn crc16(data: &[u8]) -> u16 {
+    let mut crc: u16 = 0;
+    for &b in data {
+        crc ^= (b as u16) << 8;
+        for _ in 0..8 {
+            crc = if crc & 0x8000 != 0 {
+                (crc << 1) ^ 0x1021
+            } else {
+                crc << 1
+            };
+        }
+    }
+    crc
+}
+
+/// Write an ECMA-167 3/7.2 descriptor tag over `buf[0..16]`.
+///
+/// `tag_loc` is the block number of the sector holding the descriptor —
+/// ABSOLUTE for the volume-space descriptors (AVDP, VDS, LVID) and
+/// PARTITION-RELATIVE for everything inside the partition (FSD, File Entries).
+/// Getting that wrong is the classic reason a hand-built volume mounts nowhere:
+/// a driver that validates the tag location rejects the descriptor outright.
+///
+/// `desc_len` is the descriptor's total length including the tag; the CRC
+/// covers `buf[16..desc_len]`.
+fn finish_tag(buf: &mut [u8], tag_id: u16, tag_loc: u32, desc_len: usize) {
+    buf[0..2].copy_from_slice(&tag_id.to_le_bytes());
+    buf[2..4].copy_from_slice(&DESC_VERSION.to_le_bytes());
+    buf[4] = 0; // checksum, filled below
+    buf[5] = 0; // reserved
+    buf[6..8].copy_from_slice(&0u16.to_le_bytes()); // tag serial number
+    let crc_len = desc_len - 16;
+    let crc = crc16(&buf[16..desc_len]);
+    buf[8..10].copy_from_slice(&crc.to_le_bytes());
+    buf[10..12].copy_from_slice(&(crc_len as u16).to_le_bytes());
+    buf[12..16].copy_from_slice(&tag_loc.to_le_bytes());
+    // ECMA-167 3/7.2.3: sum of bytes 0..16 EXCLUDING byte 4, modulo 256.
+    let sum: u32 = buf[0..16]
+        .iter()
+        .enumerate()
+        .filter(|(i, _)| *i != 4)
+        .map(|(_, b)| *b as u32)
+        .sum();
+    buf[4] = (sum % 256) as u8;
+}
+
+/// ECMA-167 1/7.2.1 charspec: type 0 (CS0) + "OSTA Compressed Unicode".
+fn put_charspec(buf: &mut [u8]) {
+    buf[0] = 0;
+    let id = b"OSTA Compressed Unicode";
+    buf[1..1 + id.len()].copy_from_slice(id);
+}
+
+/// ECMA-167 1/7.4 EntityID: flags byte, 23 identifier bytes, 8 suffix bytes.
+fn put_entity_id(buf: &mut [u8], id: &[u8], suffix: &[u8]) {
+    buf[0] = 0;
+    let n = id.len().min(23);
+    buf[1..1 + n].copy_from_slice(&id[..n]);
+    let m = suffix.len().min(8);
+    buf[24..24 + m].copy_from_slice(&suffix[..m]);
+}
+
+/// The `*OSTA UDF Compliant` domain EntityID suffix: UDF revision, domain
+/// flags (0 = neither hard nor soft write-protected), reserved.
+fn domain_suffix() -> [u8; 8] {
+    let mut s = [0u8; 8];
+    s[0..2].copy_from_slice(&UDF_REVISION.to_le_bytes());
+    s
+}
+
+/// This crate's implementation EntityID suffix: OS class / OS identifier
+/// (0 = undefined, deliberately — the image is not OS-specific) + 6 free bytes.
+fn impl_suffix() -> [u8; 8] {
+    [0u8; 8]
+}
+
+fn put_impl_id(buf: &mut [u8]) {
+    put_entity_id(buf, b"*freemkv", &impl_suffix());
+}
+
+fn put_domain_id(buf: &mut [u8]) {
+    put_entity_id(buf, b"*OSTA UDF Compliant", &domain_suffix());
+}
+
+/// OSTA CS0 d-string: a compression-ID byte, the characters, then the used
+/// length in the FIELD'S LAST byte (ECMA-167 1/7.2.12 + UDF 2.1.3). An
+/// all-zero field is the empty string.
+fn put_dstring(buf: &mut [u8], s: &str) {
+    if s.is_empty() {
+        return;
+    }
+    let encoded = encode_cs0(s);
+    // Leave room for the trailing length byte.
+    let room = buf.len() - 1;
+    let n = encoded.len().min(room);
+    buf[..n].copy_from_slice(&encoded[..n]);
+    buf[buf.len() - 1] = n as u8;
+}
+
+/// OSTA CS0: compression ID 8 (one byte per character) when every character
+/// is ASCII, otherwise compression ID 16 (UTF-16BE).
+///
+/// ASCII rather than Latin-1 for the 8-bit form on purpose: `parse_udf_name`
+/// (`udf.rs:1467`) decodes a compression-8 name with `from_utf8_lossy`, so a
+/// 0x80-0xFF byte — legal CS0 — would come back as U+FFFD. Every character
+/// above 0x7F therefore takes the 16-bit form, which that parser decodes
+/// correctly.
+pub(super) fn encode_cs0(s: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
+    if s.is_ascii() {
+        let mut v = Vec::with_capacity(1 + s.len());
+        v.push(8u8);
+        v.extend_from_slice(s.as_bytes());
+        v
+    } else {
+        let mut v = vec![16u8];
+        for u in s.encode_utf16() {
+            v.extend_from_slice(&u.to_be_bytes());
+        }
+        v
+    }
+}
+
+/// ECMA-167 1/7.3 timestamp, 12 bytes. Type 1 (local time) with a zero
+/// offset, i.e. UTC.
+fn put_timestamp(buf: &mut [u8]) {
+    buf[0..2].copy_from_slice(&0x1000u16.to_le_bytes());
+    buf[2..4].copy_from_slice(&FIXED_TIME.year.to_le_bytes());
+    buf[4] = FIXED_TIME.month;
+    buf[5] = FIXED_TIME.day;
+}
+
+/// ECMA-167 3/7.1 extent_ad: length in BYTES, then location.
+fn put_extent_ad(buf: &mut [u8], len_bytes: u32, lba: u32) {
+    buf[0..4].copy_from_slice(&len_bytes.to_le_bytes());
+    buf[4..8].copy_from_slice(&lba.to_le_bytes());
+}
+
+/// ECMA-167 4/14.14.2 long_ad: length+type, then lb_addr (block, partition
+/// reference), then 6 implementation-use bytes.
+fn put_long_ad(buf: &mut [u8], len_bytes: u32, lba: u32) {
+    buf[0..4].copy_from_slice(&len_bytes.to_le_bytes());
+    buf[4..8].copy_from_slice(&lba.to_le_bytes());
+    buf[8..10].copy_from_slice(&0u16.to_le_bytes()); // partition reference 0
+}
+
+/// ECMA-167 4/14.14.1 short_ad. The top two bits of the length word are the
+/// extent TYPE (0 = recorded and allocated), which is exactly why `udf.rs`
+/// masks with `0x3FFF_FFFF` when it reads one back — the mask is the field
+/// boundary, not a truncation bug.
+fn put_short_ad(buf: &mut [u8], len_bytes: u32, lba: u32) {
+    debug_assert!(len_bytes <= 0x3FFF_FFFF, "AD length must fit 30 bits");
+    buf[0..4].copy_from_slice(&len_bytes.to_le_bytes());
+    buf[4..8].copy_from_slice(&lba.to_le_bytes());
+}
+
+fn blank() -> Box<[u8; SECTOR]> {
+    Box::new([0u8; SECTOR])
+}
+
+// ── Volume-space descriptors ────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/// ECMA-167 2/9.1 Volume Structure Descriptor: the three-sector recognition
+/// sequence an OS looks for before it will even consider the volume UDF.
+fn volume_recognition(id: &[u8; 5]) -> Box<[u8; SECTOR]> {
+    let mut s = blank();
+    s[0] = 0; // structure type
+    s[1..6].copy_from_slice(id);
+    s[6] = 1; // structure version
+    s
+}
+
+/// ECMA-167 3/10.1 Primary Volume Descriptor.
+fn primary_volume(volume_id: &str, lba: u32, seq: u32) -> Box<[u8; SECTOR]> {
+    let mut s = blank();
+    s[16..20].copy_from_slice(&seq.to_le_bytes());
+    s[20..24].copy_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes()); // PVD number
+    put_dstring(&mut s[24..56], volume_id);
+    s[56..58].copy_from_slice(&1u16.to_le_bytes()); // volume sequence number
+    s[58..60].copy_from_slice(&1u16.to_le_bytes()); // max volume sequence number
+    s[60..62].copy_from_slice(&2u16.to_le_bytes()); // interchange level
+    s[62..64].copy_from_slice(&2u16.to_le_bytes()); // max interchange level
+    s[64..68].copy_from_slice(&1u32.to_le_bytes()); // character set list
+    s[68..72].copy_from_slice(&1u32.to_le_bytes()); // max character set list
+    // UDF 2.2.2.5: the first 8 characters of the volume set identifier must be
+    // unique. A fixed hex prefix plus the volume id is sufficient here — the
+    // image is single-volume and never joins a real volume set.
+    put_dstring(&mut s[72..200], &format!("46524D4B{volume_id}"));
+    put_charspec(&mut s[200..264]); // descriptor character set
+    put_charspec(&mut s[264..328]); // explanatory character set
+    put_timestamp(&mut s[376..388]);
+    put_impl_id(&mut s[388..420]);
+    finish_tag(&mut s[..], 1, lba, 512);
+    s
+}
+
+/// ECMA-167 3/10.4 + UDF 2.2.7 Implementation Use Volume Descriptor
+/// (`*UDF LV Info`). Not read by `udf.rs`, required by the spec.
+fn impl_use_volume(volume_id: &str, lba: u32, seq: u32) -> Box<[u8; SECTOR]> {
+    let mut s = blank();
+    s[16..20].copy_from_slice(&seq.to_le_bytes());
+    put_entity_id(&mut s[20..52], b"*UDF LV Info", &domain_suffix());
+    put_charspec(&mut s[52..116]); // LVI charset
+    put_dstring(&mut s[116..244], volume_id); // logical volume identifier
+    put_impl_id(&mut s[352..384]);
+    finish_tag(&mut s[..], 4, lba, 512);
+    s
+}
+
+/// ECMA-167 3/10.5 Partition Descriptor — the descriptor `read_filesystem`
+/// takes `partition_start` from (offset 188).
+fn partition(part_start: u32, part_sectors: u32, lba: u32, seq: u32) -> Box<[u8; SECTOR]> {
+    let mut s = blank();
+    s[16..20].copy_from_slice(&seq.to_le_bytes());
+    s[20..22].copy_from_slice(&1u16.to_le_bytes()); // partition flags: allocated
+    s[22..24].copy_from_slice(&0u16.to_le_bytes()); // partition number
+    put_entity_id(&mut s[24..56], b"+NSR02", &[]);
+    // s[56..184] partition contents use = Partition Header Descriptor. All
+    // zero: a read-only partition records no unallocated/freed space tables.
+    s[184..188].copy_from_slice(&1u32.to_le_bytes()); // access type: read only
+    s[188..192].copy_from_slice(&part_start.to_le_bytes());
+    s[192..196].copy_from_slice(&part_sectors.to_le_bytes());
+    put_impl_id(&mut s[196..228]);
+    finish_tag(&mut s[..], 5, lba, 512);
+    s
+}
+
+/// ECMA-167 3/10.6 Logical Volume Descriptor. Carries the FSD long_ad and the
+/// partition map table; `read_filesystem` reads `num_partition_maps` at 268
+/// and takes the single-partition path when it is 1.
+fn logical_volume(
+    volume_id: &str,
+    fsd_lba: u32,
+    integrity_lba: u32,
+    integrity_sectors: u32,
+    lba: u32,
+    seq: u32,
+) -> Box<[u8; SECTOR]> {
+    let mut s = blank();
+    s[16..20].copy_from_slice(&seq.to_le_bytes());
+    put_charspec(&mut s[20..84]);
+    put_dstring(&mut s[84..212], volume_id);
+    s[212..216].copy_from_slice(&(SECTOR as u32).to_le_bytes()); // logical block size
+    put_domain_id(&mut s[216..248]);
+    // Logical volume contents use = long_ad of the File Set Descriptor,
+    // partition-relative. One sector.
+    put_long_ad(&mut s[248..264], SECTOR as u32, fsd_lba);
+    s[264..268].copy_from_slice(&6u32.to_le_bytes()); // map table length
+    s[268..272].copy_from_slice(&1u32.to_le_bytes()); // number of partition maps
+    put_impl_id(&mut s[272..304]);
+    put_extent_ad(
+        &mut s[432..440],
+        integrity_sectors * SECTOR as u32,
+        integrity_lba,
+    );
+    // ECMA-167 3/10.7.2 Type 1 partition map.
+    s[440] = 1; // map type
+    s[441] = 6; // map length
+    s[442..444].copy_from_slice(&1u16.to_le_bytes()); // volume sequence number
+    s[444..446].copy_from_slice(&0u16.to_le_bytes()); // partition number
+    finish_tag(&mut s[..], 6, lba, 446);
+    s
+}
+
+/// ECMA-167 3/10.8 Unallocated Space Descriptor with zero extents — the whole
+/// volume is accounted for by the partition.
+fn unallocated_space(lba: u32, seq: u32) -> Box<[u8; SECTOR]> {
+    let mut s = blank();
+    s[16..20].copy_from_slice(&seq.to_le_bytes());
+    s[20..24].copy_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes());
+    finish_tag(&mut s[..], 7, lba, 24);
+    s
+}
+
+/// ECMA-167 3/10.9 Terminating Descriptor.
+fn terminating(lba: u32) -> Box<[u8; SECTOR]> {
+    let mut s = blank();
+    finish_tag(&mut s[..], 8, lba, 512);
+    s
+}
+
+/// ECMA-167 3/10.10 + UDF 2.2.6 Logical Volume Integrity Descriptor, closed.
+fn integrity(
+    part_sectors: u32,
+    files: u32,
+    dirs: u32,
+    next_uid: u64,
+    lba: u32,
+) -> Box<[u8; SECTOR]> {
+    let mut s = blank();
+    put_timestamp(&mut s[16..28]);
+    s[28..32].copy_from_slice(&1u32.to_le_bytes()); // integrity type: close
+    // s[32..40] next integrity extent: none.
+    s[40..48].copy_from_slice(&next_uid.to_le_bytes()); // logical volume contents use: next unique id
+    s[72..76].copy_from_slice(&1u32.to_le_bytes()); // number of partitions
+    s[76..80].copy_from_slice(&46u32.to_le_bytes()); // length of implementation use
+    s[80..84].copy_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes()); // free space: none (read-only)
+    s[84..88].copy_from_slice(&part_sectors.to_le_bytes()); // size table
+    put_impl_id(&mut s[88..120]);
+    s[120..124].copy_from_slice(&files.to_le_bytes());
+    s[124..128].copy_from_slice(&dirs.to_le_bytes());
+    s[128..130].copy_from_slice(&UDF_REVISION.to_le_bytes()); // min read revision
+    s[130..132].copy_from_slice(&UDF_REVISION.to_le_bytes()); // min write revision
+    s[132..134].copy_from_slice(&UDF_REVISION.to_le_bytes()); // max write revision
+    finish_tag(&mut s[..], 9, lba, 134);
+    s
+}
+
+/// ECMA-167 3/10.2 Anchor Volume Descriptor Pointer. `read_filesystem` reads
+/// the main VDS extent from offsets 16..24 and sweeps it.
+fn anchor(main_lba: u32, reserve_lba: u32, vds_sectors: u32, lba: u32) -> Box<[u8; SECTOR]> {
+    let mut s = blank();
+    put_extent_ad(&mut s[16..24], vds_sectors * SECTOR as u32, main_lba);
+    put_extent_ad(&mut s[24..32], vds_sectors * SECTOR as u32, reserve_lba);
+    finish_tag(&mut s[..], 2, lba, 512);
+    s
+}
+
+/// ECMA-167 4/14.1 File Set Descriptor. `read_filesystem` requires tag 256 at
+/// the first block of the (metadata =) partition and reads the root ICB block
+/// from offset 404.
+fn file_set(volume_id: &str, root_icb: u32, lba: u32) -> Box<[u8; SECTOR]> {
+    let mut s = blank();
+    put_timestamp(&mut s[16..28]);
+    s[28..30].copy_from_slice(&3u16.to_le_bytes()); // interchange level
+    s[30..32].copy_from_slice(&3u16.to_le_bytes()); // max interchange level
+    s[32..36].copy_from_slice(&1u32.to_le_bytes()); // character set list
+    s[36..40].copy_from_slice(&1u32.to_le_bytes()); // max character set list
+    s[40..44].copy_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes()); // file set number
+    s[44..48].copy_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes()); // file set descriptor number
+    put_charspec(&mut s[48..112]);
+    put_dstring(&mut s[112..240], volume_id);
+    put_charspec(&mut s[240..304]);
+    put_dstring(&mut s[304..336], volume_id);
+    put_long_ad(&mut s[400..416], SECTOR as u32, root_icb);
+    put_domain_id(&mut s[416..448]);
+    finish_tag(&mut s[..], 256, lba, 512);
+    s
+}
+
+// ── Partition-space descriptors ─────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/// UDF permission word: read + execute for owner, group and other. No write
+/// bit anywhere — the volume is read-only.
+const PERM_R_X: u32 = 0x0000_1000 | 0x0000_0400 | 0x0000_0080 | 0x0000_0020 | 0x4 | 0x1;
+
+/// ECMA-167 4/14.9 File Entry (tag 261).
+///
+/// Tag 261 rather than the Extended File Entry (266) real BD-ROMs use: an EFE
+/// requires UDF 2.00+, and this image declares 1.02. `udf.rs` reads both — the
+/// 261 field offsets it uses (l_ea 168, l_ad 172, ADs at 176 + l_ea) are the
+/// ones written here.
+///
+/// `extents` are partition-relative (block, byte-length) pairs, already split
+/// so no single one exceeds the 30-bit AD length field.
+fn file_entry(
+    is_dir: bool,
+    info_len: u64,
+    extents: &[(u32, u32)],
+    link_count: u16,
+    unique_id: u64,
+    lba: u32,
+) -> Result<Box<[u8; SECTOR]>> {
+    let mut s = blank();
+    // ICB tag (ECMA-167 4/14.6) at offset 16.
+    s[16..20].copy_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes()); // prior recorded direct entries
+    s[20..22].copy_from_slice(&4u16.to_le_bytes()); // strategy type 4
+    s[24..26].copy_from_slice(&1u16.to_le_bytes()); // max number of entries
+    s[27] = if is_dir { 4 } else { 5 }; // file type: directory / byte sequence
+    // s[28..34] parent ICB location: not recorded (permitted).
+    // s[34..36] ICB flags: 0 => short allocation descriptors. `udf.rs:601`
+    // reads exactly this word to pick its AD stride.
+    s[34..36].copy_from_slice(&0u16.to_le_bytes());
+    // UDF's sentinel for "not specified" is 0xFFFFFFFF, not 0 — 0 is a real
+    // uid/gid (root). A synthesized image has no meaningful owner, and a driver
+    // that maps these through would otherwise report every file as root-owned.
+    s[36..40].copy_from_slice(&u32::MAX.to_le_bytes()); // uid: not specified
+    s[40..44].copy_from_slice(&u32::MAX.to_le_bytes()); // gid: not specified
+    s[44..48].copy_from_slice(&PERM_R_X.to_le_bytes());
+    s[48..50].copy_from_slice(&link_count.to_le_bytes());
+    s[56..64].copy_from_slice(&info_len.to_le_bytes());
+    let blocks: u64 = extents
+        .iter()
+        .map(|(_, len)| (*len as u64).div_ceil(SECTOR as u64))
+        .sum();
+    s[64..72].copy_from_slice(&blocks.to_le_bytes()); // logical blocks recorded
+    put_timestamp(&mut s[72..84]); // access
+    put_timestamp(&mut s[84..96]); // modification
+    put_timestamp(&mut s[96..108]); // attribute
+    s[108..112].copy_from_slice(&1u32.to_le_bytes()); // checkpoint
+    put_impl_id(&mut s[128..160]);
+    s[160..168].copy_from_slice(&unique_id.to_le_bytes());
+    s[168..172].copy_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes()); // length of EAs
+    let l_ad = extents.len() * 8;
+    // A short AD is 8 bytes and the entry has 2048 - 176 = 1872 bytes for
+    // them, i.e. 234 extents — over 200 GiB at the per-AD ceiling. Beyond
+    // that an Allocation Extent Descriptor chain would be required; refuse
+    // rather than write a truncated list.
+    if 176 + l_ad > SECTOR {
+        return Err(Error::DirImageTooLarge);
+    }
+    s[172..176].copy_from_slice(&(l_ad as u32).to_le_bytes());
+    for (i, (elba, len)) in extents.iter().enumerate() {
+        let off = 176 + i * 8;
+        put_short_ad(&mut s[off..off + 8], *len, *elba);
+    }
+    finish_tag(&mut s[..], 261, lba, 176 + l_ad);
+    Ok(s)
+}
+
+/// ECMA-167 4/14.4 File Identifier Descriptor, appended to `buf`.
+///
+/// FIDs are packed with no inter-descriptor padding beyond the 4-byte
+/// alignment the spec mandates, and they are allowed to span logical blocks —
+/// which is also what `read_directory` (`udf.rs:1312`) assumes: it walks the
+/// directory extent as one flat byte run and STOPS at the first non-257 tag,
+/// so any block-alignment gap would truncate the directory.
+fn push_fid(buf: &mut Vec<u8>, name: &str, icb_lba: u32, is_dir: bool, is_parent: bool) {
+    let start = buf.len();
+    let name_field: Vec<u8> = if is_parent {
+        Vec::new()
+    } else {
+        encode_cs0(name)
+    };
+    let l_fi = name_field.len();
+    let mut fid = vec![0u8; 38];
+    fid[16..18].copy_from_slice(&1u16.to_le_bytes()); // file version number
+    let mut chars = 0u8;
+    if is_dir {
+        chars |= 0x02;
+    }
+    if is_parent {
+        chars |= 0x08;
+    }
+    fid[18] = chars;
+    // The planner refuses any name whose encoding exceeds what this byte can
+    // hold (`layout::MAX_CS0_NAME_BYTES`), so this cannot wrap in practice. The
+    // assert states the invariant where it is relied on rather than trusting a
+    // check three files away; a wrap here would desynchronise the directory.
+    debug_assert!(
+        l_fi <= u8::MAX as usize,
+        "FID name length must fit one byte"
+    );
+    fid[19] = l_fi as u8;
+    put_long_ad(&mut fid[20..36], SECTOR as u32, icb_lba);
+    fid[36..38].copy_from_slice(&0u16.to_le_bytes()); // length of implementation use
+    buf.extend_from_slice(&fid);
+    buf.extend_from_slice(&name_field);
+    let unpadded = buf.len() - start;
+    let padded = unpadded.div_ceil(4) * 4;
+    buf.resize(start + padded, 0);
+    // The tag is written last: its CRC covers the descriptor body, which the
+    // padding is not part of (ECMA-167 4/14.4.9 counts padding outside the
+    // CRC'd length).
+    let tag_loc_placeholder = 0;
+    finish_tag(
+        &mut buf[start..start + unpadded],
+        257,
+        tag_loc_placeholder,
+        unpadded,
+    );
+}
+
+/// Serialize one directory's FID list (parent entry first, then children).
+pub(super) fn dir_fids(dir: &DirNode) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut buf = Vec::new();
+    push_fid(&mut buf, "", dir.parent_icb_lba, true, true);
+    for sub in &dir.dirs {
+        push_fid(&mut buf, &sub.name, sub.icb_lba, true, false);
+    }
+    for f in &dir.files {
+        push_fid(&mut buf, &f.name, f.icb_lba, false, false);
+    }
+    buf
+}
+
+/// Patch every FID's tag location to the block it actually lands in. ECMA-167
+/// 3/7.2.2 makes the tag location the block of the descriptor, and a FID that
+/// spans two blocks records the block it STARTS in.
+fn fix_fid_tag_locations(buf: &mut [u8], first_block: u32) {
+    let mut pos = 0usize;
+    while pos + 38 <= buf.len() {
+        let l_fi = buf[pos + 19] as usize;
+        let l_iu = u16::from_le_bytes([buf[pos + 36], buf[pos + 37]]) as usize;
+        let unpadded = 38 + l_iu + l_fi;
+        if pos + unpadded > buf.len() {
+            break;
+        }
+        let block = first_block + (pos / SECTOR) as u32;
+        finish_tag(&mut buf[pos..pos + unpadded], 257, block, unpadded);
+        pos += unpadded.div_ceil(4) * 4;
+    }
+}
+
+// ── Whole-image assembly ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/// Volume-space block of the Volume Recognition Sequence.
+const VRS_START: u32 = 16;
+/// Volume-space block of the Main Volume Descriptor Sequence.
+pub(super) const MAIN_VDS_START: u32 = 32;
+/// Volume-space block of the Reserve Volume Descriptor Sequence.
+pub(super) const RESERVE_VDS_START: u32 = 48;
+/// Sectors reserved for each VDS. ECMA-167 3/10.2.1 requires an anchor to
+/// record at least 16.
+pub(super) const VDS_SECTORS: u32 = 16;
+/// Volume-space block of the Logical Volume Integrity Sequence.
+pub(super) const LVID_START: u32 = 64;
+/// Sectors reserved for the integrity sequence (LVID + TD).
+pub(super) const LVID_SECTORS: u32 = 2;
+/// The mandatory anchor block (ECMA-167 3/10.2).
+pub(super) const ANCHOR_LBA: u32 = 256;
+/// First block a partition may start at. Everything above is volume space.
+pub(super) const MIN_PART_START: u32 = 320;
+
+/// Emit the six-descriptor Volume Descriptor Sequence at `start`.
+fn write_vds(out: &mut MetaSectors, layout: &Layout, start: u32) {
+    let vid = &layout.volume_id;
+    out.insert(start, primary_volume(vid, start, 1));
+    out.insert(start + 1, impl_use_volume(vid, start + 1, 2));
+    out.insert(
+        start + 2,
+        partition(layout.part_start, layout.part_sectors, start + 2, 3),
+    );
+    out.insert(
+        start + 3,
+        logical_volume(vid, 0, LVID_START, LVID_SECTORS, start + 3, 4),
+    );
+    out.insert(start + 4, unallocated_space(start + 4, 5));
+    out.insert(start + 5, terminating(start + 5));
+}
+
+/// Recursively emit one directory's File Entry and FID list, then its
+/// children's.
+fn write_dir(out: &mut MetaSectors, layout: &Layout, dir: &DirNode) -> Result<()> {
+    let mut fids = dir_fids(dir);
+    fix_fid_tag_locations(&mut fids, dir.data_lba);
+    debug_assert_eq!(fids.len(), dir.data_bytes as usize);
+
+    // A directory's link count is 1 (its own FID in the parent) plus one for
+    // each child directory's parent FID pointing back at it.
+    // The planner caps subdirectory fan-out (`layout::MAX_SUBDIRS`) so this
+    // cannot overflow; saturating rather than wrapping keeps a future change to
+    // that cap from silently producing a wrong count.
+    let link_count = (dir.dirs.len() as u16).saturating_add(1);
+    let fe = file_entry(
+        true,
+        fids.len() as u64,
+        &[(dir.data_lba, fids.len() as u32)],
+        link_count,
+        dir.unique_id,
+        dir.icb_lba,
+    )?;
+    out.insert(layout.part_start + dir.icb_lba, fe);
+
+    for (i, chunk) in fids.chunks(SECTOR).enumerate() {
+        let mut s = blank();
+        s[..chunk.len()].copy_from_slice(chunk);
+        out.insert(layout.part_start + dir.data_lba + i as u32, s);
+    }
+
+    for f in &dir.files {
+        let extents: Vec<(u32, u32)> = f.extents.iter().map(|e| (e.lba, e.bytes)).collect();
+        let fe = file_entry(false, f.size, &extents, 1, f.unique_id, f.icb_lba)?;
+        out.insert(layout.part_start + f.icb_lba, fe);
+    }
+
+    for sub in &dir.dirs {
+        write_dir(out, layout, sub)?;
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Build every metadata sector of the synthesized volume.
+pub(super) fn encode(layout: &Layout) -> Result<MetaSectors> {
+    let mut out = MetaSectors::new();
+
+    out.insert(VRS_START, volume_recognition(b"BEA01"));
+    out.insert(VRS_START + 1, volume_recognition(b"NSR02"));
+    out.insert(VRS_START + 2, volume_recognition(b"TEA01"));
+
+    write_vds(&mut out, layout, MAIN_VDS_START);
+    write_vds(&mut out, layout, RESERVE_VDS_START);
+
+    out.insert(
+        LVID_START,
+        integrity(
+            layout.part_sectors,
+            layout.file_count,
+            layout.dir_count,
+            layout.next_unique_id,
+            LVID_START,
+        ),
+    );
+    out.insert(LVID_START + 1, terminating(LVID_START + 1));
+
+    let avdp = anchor(MAIN_VDS_START, RESERVE_VDS_START, VDS_SECTORS, ANCHOR_LBA);
+    out.insert(ANCHOR_LBA, avdp);
+    let last = layout.total_sectors - 1;
+    out.insert(
+        last,
+        anchor(MAIN_VDS_START, RESERVE_VDS_START, VDS_SECTORS, last),
+    );
+
+    // Partition block 0 must hold the File Set Descriptor: `read_filesystem`
+    // reads exactly `metadata_start` (== partition start on a single-partition
+    // volume) and rejects the volume outright if the tag there is not 256.
+    out.insert(
+        layout.part_start,
+        file_set(&layout.volume_id, layout.root.icb_lba, 0),
+    );
+    out.insert(layout.part_start + 1, terminating(1));
+
+    write_dir(&mut out, layout, &layout.root)?;
+    Ok(out)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    /// The reference check value for CRC-16/XMODEM — poly 0x1021 seeded at 0,
+    /// which is what ECMA-167 7.2.4 specifies: "123456789" → 0x31C3. Seeding
+    /// at 0xFFFF instead (CCITT-FALSE) yields 0x29B1, and that mutant is
+    /// invisible to `udf.rs`, which never verifies a tag CRC — it would only
+    /// show up as a volume no operating system will mount.
+    #[test]
+    fn crc16_matches_the_ecma167_check_value() {
+        assert_eq!(crc16(b"123456789"), 0x31C3);
+        assert_ne!(crc16(b"123456789"), 0x29B1, "not the 0xFFFF-seeded variant");
+    }
+
+    /// ECMA-167 3/7.2.3: the checksum is the sum of the tag's first 16 bytes
+    /// EXCLUDING the checksum byte itself, modulo 256.
+    #[test]
+    fn tag_checksum_excludes_its_own_byte() {
+        let mut buf = [0u8; 512];
+        buf[16..24].copy_from_slice(&[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]);
+        finish_tag(&mut buf, 261, 0x1234, 512);
+        let sum: u32 = buf[0..16]
+            .iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .filter(|(i, _)| *i != 4)
+            .map(|(_, b)| *b as u32)
+            .sum();
+        assert_eq!(buf[4] as u32, sum % 256);
+        // And the recorded CRC covers the body, not the tag.
+        let crc = u16::from_le_bytes([buf[8], buf[9]]);
+        assert_eq!(crc, crc16(&buf[16..512]));
+        assert_eq!(u16::from_le_bytes([buf[10], buf[11]]), 496);
+        assert_eq!(
+            u32::from_le_bytes([buf[12], buf[13], buf[14], buf[15]]),
+            0x1234
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// ASCII takes compression ID 8; anything above takes 16 (UTF-16BE),
+    /// because `parse_udf_name` decodes compression-8 bytes as UTF-8.
+    #[test]
+    fn cs0_picks_the_encoding_the_parser_can_decode() {
+        assert_eq!(encode_cs0("AB"), vec![8, b'A', b'B']);
+        let e = encode_cs0("Ä");
+        assert_eq!(e[0], 16);
+        assert_eq!(&e[1..], &[0x00, 0xC4]);
+        assert_eq!(crate::udf::parse_udf_name(&e), "Ä");
+    }
+
+    /// A d-string records its used length in the field's LAST byte, and the
+    /// production parser must read the same string back.
+    #[test]
+    fn dstring_round_trips_through_the_production_parser() {
+        let mut field = [0u8; 32];
+        put_dstring(&mut field, "FREEMKV");
+        assert_eq!(field[31], 8, "compid byte + 7 characters");
+        assert_eq!(crate::udf::parse_dstring_for_test(&field), "FREEMKV");
+    }
+}

src/dirimage/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,362 @@
+//! `dir://` as an image-level SOURCE: a synthetic UDF volume over a folder.
+//!
+//! A user's extracted disc — a DVD `VIDEO_TS/` or a Blu-ray `BDMV/`, typically
+//! a MakeMKV-style backup — has files but no sectors, and everything above the
+//! sector layer in this crate wants sectors: `Disc::scan_image`, `UdfFs`,
+//! `ifo.rs`, `mpls.rs`, `clpi.rs` and the mux all read through a
+//! [`SectorSource`]. [`DirImage`] supplies one.
+//!
+//! The trick is that nothing is emulated. A real, minimal, valid UDF 1.02
+//! volume is synthesized over the folder:
+//!
+//! * **Metadata sectors** (anchors, the volume descriptor sequences, the File
+//!   Set Descriptor, every File Entry, every directory's FID list) are encoded
+//!   into RAM by [`encode`] — a few MiB even for a large Blu-ray.
+//! * **Data sectors** are not materialized at all. Each one maps to a byte
+//!   range of a real file, read on demand.
+//!
+//! So `udf::read_filesystem` parses this image by exactly the same code path it
+//! parses a real disc with, and every consumer above it is unchanged. The cost
+//! is that a single-partition synthetic volume never exercises the UDF 2.50
+//! Metadata Partition path (`udf.rs:946-991`) that every real BD-ROM uses —
+//! this module's tests do not cover that block and must not be read as if they
+//! did.
+//!
+//! What this module deliberately does NOT do:
+//!
+//! * **3D / SSIF** — rejected up front ([`Error::DirImageSsifUnsupported`]).
+//!   An SSIF aliases the same sectors as its base and dependent `.m2ts`; the
+//!   planner allocates disjoint extents, so a 3D folder would produce silently
+//!   wrong output.
+//! * **HD-DVD `HVDVD_TS/`** — no title enumerator constraint is modelled.
+//! * **Encrypted folders** — a folder whose content is still AACS-scrambled is
+//!   rejected by the caller-side probe, not decrypted here.
+
+mod encode;
+mod layout;
+
+use crate::error::{Error, Result};
+#[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+use crate::io::file_sector_source::linux::drop_window;
+#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+use crate::io::file_sector_source::macos::drop_window;
+#[cfg(not(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "macos", target_os = "windows")))]
+use crate::io::file_sector_source::other::drop_window;
+#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+use crate::io::file_sector_source::windows::drop_window;
+use crate::sector::SectorSource;
+use encode::{MetaSectors, SECTOR};
+use std::fs::File;
+use std::io::{Read, Seek, SeekFrom};
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+
+/// How many host files may be held open at once.
+///
+/// A Blu-ray `BDMV/` can exceed a thousand files while macOS `RLIMIT_NOFILE`
+/// defaults to 256, so "open every file up front" is not available. Reads are
+/// overwhelmingly sequential through one large stream file at a time, so a
+/// small LRU keeps the hit rate near 1 while bounding descriptors.
+const HANDLE_CACHE: usize = 16;
+
+/// One file's bytes at one place in the image.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+struct DataRange {
+    /// Absolute first block.
+    start_lba: u32,
+    /// Blocks covered (the last one may be partially used, and is zero-padded).
+    sectors: u32,
+    /// Index into [`DirImage::files`].
+    file: usize,
+    /// Byte offset within the file at which this range's bytes begin.
+    offset: u64,
+    /// Byte length of the range.
+    bytes: u64,
+}
+
+/// A file the image reads through.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct FileRef {
+    host: PathBuf,
+    disc_path: String,
+    size: u64,
+    /// Host mtime at plan time — see `layout::FileNode::mtime` for why size
+    /// alone is not enough.
+    mtime: Option<std::time::SystemTime>,
+}
+
+/// A synthesized UDF disc image over a host directory.
+///
+/// Owns everything it reads through (`PathBuf`s and its own file handles), so
+/// it is `Send + 'static` and can be moved into `build_iso_pipeline`, which
+/// hands it to `PrefetchedSectorSource`'s producer thread.
+pub struct DirImage {
+    meta: MetaSectors,
+    /// Sorted by `start_lba`, non-overlapping.
+    ranges: Vec<DataRange>,
+    files: Vec<FileRef>,
+    open: Vec<(usize, File)>,
+    total_sectors: u32,
+    volume_id: String,
+    data_bytes: u64,
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for DirImage {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("DirImage")
+            .field("volume_id", &self.volume_id)
+            .field("total_sectors", &self.total_sectors)
+            .field("files", &self.files.len())
+            .field("meta_sectors", &self.meta.len())
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl DirImage {
+    /// Plan and encode an image over `root`.
+    ///
+    /// Every error is decided here, at plan time, where it can name the file
+    /// responsible — the read path is deliberately left with nothing to decide
+    /// except "this file changed underneath me".
+    pub fn open(root: &Path) -> Result<Self> {
+        let plan = layout::plan(root)?;
+        let meta = encode::encode(&plan)?;
+
+        let mut nodes = Vec::new();
+        layout::flatten(&plan.root, &mut nodes);
+
+        let mut files = Vec::with_capacity(nodes.len());
+        let mut ranges = Vec::new();
+        for (idx, node) in nodes.iter().enumerate() {
+            // Carry the plan-time mtime ONLY for files whose CONTENT the plan
+            // read — the DVD IFOs, whose bytes 0xC0/0xC4 decide where every VOB
+            // is placed (`layout::place_video_ts` -> `read_head`).
+            //
+            // For every other file the plan depends on the SIZE alone, and size
+            // is already checked. Comparing mtime on those buys nothing and
+            // costs real false positives: disc backups commonly live on
+            // exFAT/FAT32, which stores local time, so a long rip spanning a
+            // DST transition sees a whole-hour shift on a file nobody touched
+            // and would abort hours in, blaming a change that did not happen.
+            // The multi-gigabyte VOBs are exactly the files a long rip re-opens
+            // after the handle cache evicts them.
+            let content_sensitive = node
+                .disc_path
+                .rsplit('.')
+                .next()
+                .is_some_and(|e| e.eq_ignore_ascii_case("IFO"));
+            files.push(FileRef {
+                host: node.host.clone(),
+                disc_path: node.disc_path.clone(),
+                size: node.size,
+                mtime: content_sensitive.then_some(node.mtime).flatten(),
+            });
+            let mut offset = 0u64;
+            for e in &node.extents {
+                ranges.push(DataRange {
+                    start_lba: plan.part_start + e.lba,
+                    sectors: (e.bytes as u64).div_ceil(SECTOR as u64) as u32,
+                    file: idx,
+                    offset,
+                    bytes: e.bytes as u64,
+                });
+                offset += e.bytes as u64;
+            }
+        }
+        ranges.sort_by_key(|r| r.start_lba);
+        debug_assert!(
+            ranges
+                .windows(2)
+                .all(|w| w[0].start_lba + w[0].sectors <= w[1].start_lba),
+            "planned data ranges must not overlap"
+        );
+
+        let data_bytes = layout::total_data_bytes(&plan.root);
+        tracing::info!(
+            target: "freemkv::dirimage",
+            volume_id = %plan.volume_id,
+            files = files.len(),
+            dirs = plan.dir_count,
+            meta_blocks = layout::metadata_block_count(&plan.root),
+            total_sectors = plan.total_sectors,
+            "synthesized UDF image over directory"
+        );
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            meta,
+            ranges,
+            files,
+            open: Vec::new(),
+            total_sectors: plan.total_sectors,
+            volume_id: plan.volume_id,
+            data_bytes,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// UDF volume identifier the image declares (the folder's own name).
+    pub fn volume_id(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.volume_id
+    }
+
+    /// Total bytes of real file content the image carries — the folder's size,
+    /// not the image's (which also counts metadata and inter-file gaps).
+    pub fn data_bytes(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.data_bytes
+    }
+
+    /// The range covering `lba`, if any.
+    fn range_at(&self, lba: u32) -> Option<&DataRange> {
+        let i = self.ranges.partition_point(|r| r.start_lba <= lba);
+        let r = self.ranges.get(i.checked_sub(1)?)?;
+        (lba < r.start_lba + r.sectors).then_some(r)
+    }
+
+    /// Borrow an open handle for `file`, opening it (and evicting the
+    /// least-recently-used handle) if necessary.
+    ///
+    /// Opening is also where the plan is revalidated. A folder is not a disc:
+    /// a file can be shortened or replaced between planning and reading, and
+    /// zero-filling the difference would turn "the user deleted something"
+    /// into corrupt output at exit 0. The size is re-checked here, and a
+    /// truncation that happens while the handle is already open is caught by
+    /// the short read in [`Self::fill`].
+    fn handle(&mut self, file: usize) -> Result<&mut File> {
+        if let Some(pos) = self.open.iter().position(|(i, _)| *i == file) {
+            // `open` is ordered most-recently-used first.
+            let entry = self.open.remove(pos);
+            self.open.insert(0, entry);
+            return Ok(&mut self.open[0].1);
+        }
+        let f = File::open(&self.files[file].host).map_err(Error::from)?;
+        let md = f.metadata().map_err(Error::from)?;
+        // Size AND mtime. Size alone is content-blind, and this plan depends on
+        // content: a DVD's VOB placement comes from bytes 0xC0/0xC4 of its IFO,
+        // and an IFO rewritten in place keeps its length because IFOs occupy a
+        // whole number of sectors. The size check would pass while every title
+        // extent pointed at the wrong sectors — corrupt video behind an intact
+        // structure, reported complete at exit 0.
+        //
+        // Only compared when both sides have a timestamp; a platform or
+        // filesystem that reports none simply falls back to the size check
+        // rather than failing every read.
+        let changed_size = md.len() != self.files[file].size;
+        let changed_mtime = match (self.files[file].mtime, md.modified().ok()) {
+            (Some(planned), Some(live)) => planned != live,
+            _ => false,
+        };
+        if changed_size || changed_mtime {
+            return Err(Error::DirImageFileChanged {
+                path: self.files[file].disc_path.clone(),
+            });
+        }
+        if self.open.len() >= HANDLE_CACHE {
+            self.open.pop();
+        }
+        self.open.insert(0, (file, f));
+        Ok(&mut self.open[0].1)
+    }
+
+    /// Fill `out` (a whole number of sectors) from one data range, starting at
+    /// `lba`. `out` is already zeroed, so a file's tail sector comes back
+    /// zero-padded — which is exactly what `file_extents`' `div_ceil(2048)`
+    /// (`udf.rs:816`) makes every consumer expect.
+    fn fill(&mut self, r: &DataRange, lba: u32, out: &mut [u8]) -> Result<()> {
+        let within = (lba - r.start_lba) as u64 * SECTOR as u64;
+        let want = (r.bytes.saturating_sub(within)).min(out.len() as u64) as usize;
+        if want == 0 {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        let at = r.offset + within;
+        let file = r.file;
+        let h = self.handle(file)?;
+        h.seek(SeekFrom::Start(at)).map_err(Error::from)?;
+        let res = h.read_exact(&mut out[..want]);
+        if res.is_ok() {
+            // Release the window just read, every time.
+            //
+            // The ISO source accumulates and drops in chunks because it reads
+            // one file linearly, so a running start offset always names the
+            // bytes it has consumed. Reads here jump between files, so there is
+            // no single cursor to accumulate against — an accumulated byte
+            // count paired with one read's offset names 1/Nth of what was
+            // actually consumed and leaves the rest pinned, which is how the
+            // first version of this got it wrong.
+            //
+            // Dropping per read costs one advisory syscall per batch (4-16 MiB),
+            // which is nothing against the read itself, and it is correct
+            // regardless of how reads interleave across files.
+            if let Some((_, fh)) = self.open.iter().find(|(i, _)| *i == file) {
+                drop_window(fh, at, want as u64);
+            }
+        }
+        match res {
+            Ok(()) => Ok(()),
+            // The file shrank while the handle was open. Same verdict as the
+            // size check in `handle`, reached the other way.
+            Err(e) if e.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::UnexpectedEof => {
+                Err(Error::DirImageFileChanged {
+                    path: self.files[file].disc_path.clone(),
+                })
+            }
+            Err(e) => Err(Error::from(e)),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl SectorSource for DirImage {
+    fn capacity_sectors(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.total_sectors
+    }
+
+    fn read_sectors(
+        &mut self,
+        lba: u32,
+        count: u16,
+        buf: &mut [u8],
+        _recovery: bool,
+    ) -> Result<usize> {
+        let need = count as usize * SECTOR;
+        if buf.len() < need {
+            return Err(Error::UdfBufferTooSmall);
+        }
+        buf[..need].fill(0);
+        // Walk the request in RUNS, not sector by sector. A mux batch is 8192
+        // sectors and almost always lands entirely inside one stream file's
+        // extent; per-sector seek+read would issue 8192 syscalls for what is
+        // one 16 MiB sequential read.
+        let mut i = 0u32;
+        while i < count as u32 {
+            // Checked: callers saturate their LBAs (`disc/dvd.rs` builds a cell
+            // start as `vob_start_sector.saturating_add(cell.first_sector)`, and
+            // the prefetcher adds an offset the same way), so a crafted IFO can
+            // present a request at the very top of the address space. Wrapping
+            // here would fold `at` back to a LOW sector and hand the muxer a
+            // different file's bytes with nothing reported.
+            let Some(at) = lba.checked_add(i) else {
+                break;
+            };
+            let off = i as usize * SECTOR;
+            if let Some(s) = self.meta.get(&at) {
+                buf[off..off + SECTOR].copy_from_slice(&s[..]);
+                i += 1;
+                continue;
+            }
+            // Metadata blocks all sit below the data floor, so a data range is
+            // never interrupted by one.
+            match self.range_at(at).cloned() {
+                Some(r) => {
+                    let run = (r.start_lba + r.sectors - at).min(count as u32 - i);
+                    let end = off + run as usize * SECTOR;
+                    self.fill(&r, at, &mut buf[off..end])?;
+                    i += run;
+                }
+                // A gap between planned extents. Reads as zeros, exactly as an
+                // unrecorded sector of a real image does.
+                None => i += 1,
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(need)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests;

src/disc/dvd.rs

@@ -7,13 +7,32 @@ use crate::udf;
 
 impl Disc {
     /// Scan DVD titles from IFO files (VIDEO_TS.IFO + VTS_XX_0.IFO).
+    ///
+    /// Cancellation: `halt` is polled before the IFO tree is read, and an IFO
+    /// read that fails with [`Error::Halted`] — how a live drive reports a
+    /// Stop, since `Drive::checked_exec` fails EVERY command once its flag is
+    /// set — is propagated rather than swallowed. Every other IFO failure
+    /// keeps its best-effort `Ok(vec![])`.
+    ///
+    /// It has to be an error and not an empty title list, for the same reason
+    /// spelled out on [`Disc::scan_hddvd_titles`]: a cancelled enumeration
+    /// that returned `Ok` would be indistinguishable from a disc that
+    /// genuinely holds fewer titles. This one was the worst of the three
+    /// enumerators — a bare `Err(_) => return Vec::new()` turned an operator
+    /// Stop into ZERO titles at rc=0, a disc reported as carrying no video at
+    /// all.
     pub(super) fn scan_dvd_titles(
         reader: &mut dyn SectorSource,
         udf_fs: &udf::UdfFs,
-    ) -> Vec<DiscTitle> {
+        halt: Option<&crate::halt::Halt>,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<DiscTitle>> {
+        if halt.is_some_and(|h| h.is_cancelled()) {
+            return Err(Error::Halted);
+        }
         let dvd_info = match ifo::parse_vmg(reader, udf_fs) {
             Ok(info) => info,
-            Err(_) => return Vec::new(),
+            Err(Error::Halted) => return Err(Error::Halted),
+            Err(_) => return Ok(Vec::new()),
         };
 
         let mut titles = Vec::new();
@@ -179,7 +198,10 @@ impl Disc {
                 // the coded video frame the subpicture was authored against
                 // (720x480 NTSC / 720x576 PAL) so players place and scale the
                 // bitmap correctly.
-                let (vid_w, vid_h) = ts.video.resolution.pixels();
+                // format_palette guards on (0, 0) and omits its `size:` line,
+                // so an unresolved resolution degrades to a palette-only .idx
+                // rather than one claiming a 0x0 frame.
+                let (vid_w, vid_h) = ts.video.resolution.pixels().unwrap_or((0, 0));
                 let codec_data = dvd_title
                     .palette
                     .as_ref()
@@ -240,7 +262,14 @@ impl Disc {
             }
         }
 
-        titles
+        // Polled again AFTER the loop: a cancel raised during the IFO reads
+        // that `parse_vmg` performs per title set has nothing left to poll,
+        // so without this a partially enumerated disc could still be handed
+        // back as success.
+        if halt.is_some_and(|h| h.is_cancelled()) {
+            return Err(Error::Halted);
+        }
+        Ok(titles)
     }
 }
 
@@ -525,6 +554,118 @@ mod tests {
     // Tests
     // ---------------------------------------------------------------
 
+    /// A `SectorSource` that fails every read at or above `halt_at` with
+    /// [`Error::Halted`] — how a LIVE DRIVE behaves once the operator presses
+    /// Stop: `Drive::checked_exec` fails every SCSI command with `Halted` from
+    /// then on, and `Drive::read` deliberately preserves the variant. Reads
+    /// below the threshold still succeed, so the scan gets far enough to have
+    /// something to truncate.
+    struct HaltingReader<'a> {
+        inner: &'a mut MemDisc,
+        halt_at: u32,
+    }
+    impl SectorSource for HaltingReader<'_> {
+        fn read_sectors(
+            &mut self,
+            lba: u32,
+            count: u16,
+            buf: &mut [u8],
+            recovery: bool,
+        ) -> crate::error::Result<usize> {
+            if lba >= self.halt_at {
+                return Err(crate::error::Error::Halted);
+            }
+            self.inner.read_sectors(lba, count, buf, recovery)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A Stop on a LIVE DRIVE never touches `ScanOptions::halt`: `Drive` has
+    /// its own flag and `checked_exec` fails every SCSI command with
+    /// [`Error::Halted`] once it is set. The DVD enumerator must not swallow
+    /// that into a successful scan.
+    ///
+    /// This was the worst of the three enumerators. RED BEFORE GREEN, two
+    /// distinct swallows, both measured with the fix reverted:
+    ///   * `ifo::parse_vmg` treats a failed title set as a placeholder entry
+    ///     and continues, so a cancel landing on VTS_02's IFO returned
+    ///     `Ok([VTS_01_1.VOB])` — one title from a two-title disc.
+    ///   * `scan_dvd_titles`'s `Err(_) => return Vec::new()` turned a cancel
+    ///     landing on VIDEO_TS.IFO itself into ZERO titles at rc=0 — a disc
+    ///     reported as holding no video at all.
+    ///
+    /// Both are indistinguishable from a real disc, and both are now
+    /// `Err(Error::Halted)`.
+    #[test]
+    fn halted_ifo_read_is_not_reported_as_a_shorter_disc() {
+        // Two title sets: VTS_01's IFO data at PART_START+6000, VTS_02's at
+        // PART_START+7000. Both ICBs sit far below, so the filesystem
+        // metadata resolves and only the second title set's CONTENT is
+        // cancelled — the truncation case.
+        let mut disc = MemDisc::new();
+        let vmg = build_vmg(&[(1, 1, 1), (1, 2, 1)]);
+        let vts1 = build_vts(100, 0x00, &[], &[], &[(0, 9)], false);
+        let vts2 = build_vts(200, 0x00, &[], &[], &[(0, 19)], false);
+        let udf = build_video_ts_fs(
+            &mut disc,
+            &[
+                FileSpec {
+                    name: "VIDEO_TS.IFO".into(),
+                    icb_lba: 60,
+                    data_lba: 5000,
+                    contents: vmg,
+                },
+                FileSpec {
+                    name: "VTS_01_0.IFO".into(),
+                    icb_lba: 62,
+                    data_lba: 6000,
+                    contents: vts1,
+                },
+                FileSpec {
+                    name: "VTS_02_0.IFO".into(),
+                    icb_lba: 64,
+                    data_lba: 7000,
+                    contents: vts2,
+                },
+            ],
+        );
+        // Sanity: both title sets enumerate when nothing is cancelled, so a
+        // short list below can only be the cancel.
+        assert_eq!(
+            Disc::scan_dvd_titles(&mut disc, &udf, None)
+                .expect("scan")
+                .len(),
+            2,
+            "fixture must offer two title sets"
+        );
+
+        let mut reader = HaltingReader {
+            inner: &mut disc,
+            halt_at: PART_START + 7000, // VTS_02_0.IFO's data extent
+        };
+        let res = Disc::scan_dvd_titles(&mut reader, &udf, None);
+        assert!(
+            matches!(res, Err(crate::error::Error::Halted)),
+            "a cancelled title-set read must surface as a cancelled scan, not \
+             as a disc with fewer titles; got {:?}",
+            res.map(|ts| ts.iter().map(|t| t.playlist.clone()).collect::<Vec<_>>())
+        );
+
+        // The same cancel one level up: VIDEO_TS.IFO itself. This is the
+        // `Err(_) => Vec::new()` path — a cancel that used to report a DVD as
+        // carrying no titles whatsoever.
+        let mut reader = HaltingReader {
+            inner: &mut disc,
+            halt_at: PART_START + 5000,
+        };
+        let res = Disc::scan_dvd_titles(&mut reader, &udf, None);
+        assert!(
+            matches!(res, Err(crate::error::Error::Halted)),
+            "a cancelled VMG read must surface as a cancelled scan, not as an \
+             empty disc; got {:?}",
+            res.map(|ts| ts.len())
+        );
+    }
+
     /// scan_dvd_titles returns empty when VIDEO_TS.IFO can't be parsed
     /// (dvd.rs: `parse_vmg(...) Err → return Vec::new()`). Never panics.
     #[test]
@@ -532,7 +673,11 @@ mod tests {
         let mut disc = MemDisc::new();
         // VIDEO_TS exists but VIDEO_TS.IFO is missing.
         let udf = build_video_ts_fs(&mut disc, &[]);
-        assert!(Disc::scan_dvd_titles(&mut disc, &udf).is_empty());
+        assert!(
+            Disc::scan_dvd_titles(&mut disc, &udf, None)
+                .expect("scan")
+                .is_empty()
+        );
     }
 
     /// Single VTS, single title, one cell. Extent absolute LBA =
@@ -568,7 +713,7 @@ mod tests {
                 },
             ],
         );
-        let titles = Disc::scan_dvd_titles(&mut disc, &udf);
+        let titles = Disc::scan_dvd_titles(&mut disc, &udf, None).expect("scan");
         assert_eq!(titles.len(), 1);
         let t = &titles[0];
         assert_eq!(t.extents.len(), 1);
@@ -624,7 +769,7 @@ mod tests {
                 },
             ],
         );
-        let titles = Disc::scan_dvd_titles(&mut disc, &udf);
+        let titles = Disc::scan_dvd_titles(&mut disc, &udf, None).expect("scan");
         assert_eq!(titles.len(), 1);
         let t = &titles[0];
         assert_eq!(t.extents.len(), 1);
@@ -682,7 +827,7 @@ mod tests {
                 },
             ],
         );
-        let t = &Disc::scan_dvd_titles(&mut disc, &udf)[0];
+        let t = &Disc::scan_dvd_titles(&mut disc, &udf, None).expect("scan")[0];
         assert_eq!(t.extents.len(), 1);
         let got = t.extents[0].start_lba;
         // The one correct answer: all three terms summed (9000 + 700 + 33).
@@ -740,7 +885,7 @@ mod tests {
                 },
             ],
         );
-        let t = &Disc::scan_dvd_titles(&mut disc, &udf)[0];
+        let t = &Disc::scan_dvd_titles(&mut disc, &udf, None).expect("scan")[0];
         assert_eq!(t.extents.len(), 2);
         assert_eq!(t.extents[0].start_lba, 9500); // ifo_lba(9000) + 500 + 0
         assert_eq!(t.extents[0].sector_count, 100);
@@ -781,7 +926,7 @@ mod tests {
                 },
             ],
         );
-        let t = &Disc::scan_dvd_titles(&mut disc, &udf)[0];
+        let t = &Disc::scan_dvd_titles(&mut disc, &udf, None).expect("scan")[0];
         let v = t
             .streams
             .iter()
@@ -836,7 +981,7 @@ mod tests {
                 },
             ],
         );
-        let t = &Disc::scan_dvd_titles(&mut disc, &udf)[0];
+        let t = &Disc::scan_dvd_titles(&mut disc, &udf, None).expect("scan")[0];
         let v = t
             .streams
             .iter()
@@ -897,7 +1042,7 @@ mod tests {
                 },
             ],
         );
-        let t = &Disc::scan_dvd_titles(&mut disc, &udf)[0];
+        let t = &Disc::scan_dvd_titles(&mut disc, &udf, None).expect("scan")[0];
         let audios: Vec<_> = t
             .streams
             .iter()
@@ -908,7 +1053,7 @@ mod tests {
             .collect();
         assert_eq!(audios.len(), 2);
         assert_eq!(audios[0].codec, Codec::Ac3);
-        assert_eq!(audios[0].language, "en");
+        assert_eq!(audios[0].language, "eng");
         assert_eq!(audios[1].codec, Codec::Dts);
         // Real channel layouts survive the scan (not a 1ch placeholder): the
         // AC-3 is 5.1 (6ch), the DTS is 2.0 (2ch).
@@ -967,7 +1112,7 @@ mod tests {
                 },
             ],
         );
-        let t = &Disc::scan_dvd_titles(&mut disc, &udf)[0];
+        let t = &Disc::scan_dvd_titles(&mut disc, &udf, None).expect("scan")[0];
         let audios: Vec<_> = t
             .streams
             .iter()
@@ -1024,7 +1169,7 @@ mod tests {
                 },
             ],
         );
-        let t = &Disc::scan_dvd_titles(&mut disc, &udf)[0];
+        let t = &Disc::scan_dvd_titles(&mut disc, &udf, None).expect("scan")[0];
         let subs: Vec<_> = t
             .streams
             .iter()
@@ -1037,7 +1182,7 @@ mod tests {
         // Languages preserved in order.
         assert_eq!(
             subs.iter().map(|s| s.language.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            vec!["en", "fr", "de"]
+            vec!["eng", "fra", "deu"]
         );
         // PIDs are 0x20 + ordinal, all distinct.
         let pids: Vec<u16> = subs.iter().map(|s| s.pid).collect();
@@ -1084,7 +1229,7 @@ mod tests {
                 },
             ],
         );
-        let t = &Disc::scan_dvd_titles(&mut disc, &udf)[0];
+        let t = &Disc::scan_dvd_titles(&mut disc, &udf, None).expect("scan")[0];
         let sub = t
             .streams
             .iter()
@@ -1094,7 +1239,7 @@ mod tests {
             })
             .expect("subtitle stream");
         assert_eq!(sub.codec, Codec::DvdSub);
-        assert_eq!(sub.language, "en");
+        assert_eq!(sub.language, "eng");
         assert!(
             sub.codec_data.is_some(),
             "non-zero palette must yield codec_data"
@@ -1138,7 +1283,7 @@ mod tests {
                 },
             ],
         );
-        let titles = Disc::scan_dvd_titles(&mut disc, &udf);
+        let titles = Disc::scan_dvd_titles(&mut disc, &udf, None).expect("scan");
         assert_eq!(titles.len(), 2);
         // title_number is a running counter across all title sets.
         assert_eq!(titles[0].playlist_id, 1);
@@ -1175,7 +1320,7 @@ mod tests {
                 },
             ],
         );
-        let t = &Disc::scan_dvd_titles(&mut disc, &udf)[0];
+        let t = &Disc::scan_dvd_titles(&mut disc, &udf, None).expect("scan")[0];
         // One program in the program map → one chapter time (0.0 for the
         // first program). Name is the ordinal from chapter_name(0).
         assert_eq!(t.chapters.len(), 1);
@@ -1260,7 +1405,7 @@ mod tests {
                 },
             ],
         );
-        let t = &Disc::scan_dvd_titles(&mut disc, &udf)[0];
+        let t = &Disc::scan_dvd_titles(&mut disc, &udf, None).expect("scan")[0];
         // The leading 0x90 cell is dropped: 2 feature extents, not 3.
         assert_eq!(t.extents.len(), 2, "leading angle sub-block cell dropped");
         // First extent starts at the feature cell (vob 1000 + 100), not at 1000+0.
@@ -1312,7 +1457,7 @@ mod tests {
                 },
             ],
         );
-        let t = &Disc::scan_dvd_titles(&mut disc, &udf)[0];
+        let t = &Disc::scan_dvd_titles(&mut disc, &udf, None).expect("scan")[0];
         // Nothing dropped: both cells become extents, starting at the very head.
         assert_eq!(t.extents.len(), 2);
         assert_eq!(t.extents[0].start_lba, 9000 + 1000); // ifo_lba + vtstt + 0, head intact
@@ -1320,4 +1465,51 @@ mod tests {
         // Chapter 0 stays at 0.0 (no shift).
         assert!((t.chapters[0].time_secs - 0.0).abs() < 0.01);
     }
+
+    /// Audio PID fallback (dvd.rs `Disc::scan_dvd_titles`): when an audio
+    /// stream has no on-wire private_stream_1 sub-stream id — MP1/MP2 audio,
+    /// per `ifo::assign_audio_sub_stream_ids` — the PID falls back to
+    /// `0xBD00 + i` where `i` is the stream's positional index in the IFO
+    /// audio-attribute table. Two MPEG-audio (coding_mode 2) streams must
+    /// land on two DISTINCT, correctly-offset PIDs: 0xBD00 and 0xBD01. This
+    /// pins the `+` (not `-`/`*`) so the second stream doesn't collide with,
+    /// or wrap under, the first.
+    #[test]
+    fn scan_dvd_titles_mp2_audio_pid_fallback_is_additive() {
+        let mut disc = MemDisc::new();
+        let vmg = build_vmg(&[(1, 1, 1)]);
+        // coding_mode bits are b0>>5 & 0x7; mode 2 = MPEG-1 Layer II (Mp2),
+        // which `assign_audio_sub_stream_ids` leaves at `sub_stream_id: None`.
+        // b0 = 0b010_00000 = 0x40. b1 = 0 (mono, sample rate 48k).
+        let audio = [(0x40u8, 0x00u8, [0u8, 0u8]), (0x40u8, 0x00u8, [0u8, 0u8])];
+        let vts = build_vts(1000, 0x00, &audio, &[], &[(10, 109)], false);
+        let udf = build_video_ts_fs(
+            &mut disc,
+            &[
+                FileSpec {
+                    name: "VIDEO_TS.IFO".into(),
+                    icb_lba: 60,
+                    data_lba: 5000,
+                    contents: vmg,
+                },
+                FileSpec {
+                    name: "VTS_01_0.IFO".into(),
+                    icb_lba: 62,
+                    data_lba: 6000,
+                    contents: vts,
+                },
+            ],
+        );
+        let titles = Disc::scan_dvd_titles(&mut disc, &udf, None).expect("scan");
+        let t = &titles[0];
+        let audio_pids: Vec<u16> = t
+            .streams
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|s| match s {
+                Stream::Audio(a) => Some(a.pid),
+                _ => None,
+            })
+            .collect();
+        assert_eq!(audio_pids, vec![0xBD00u16, 0xBD01u16]);
+    }
 }

src/disc/dvd_audio_probe.rs

@@ -104,10 +104,10 @@ fn max_substream_channels(data: &[u8]) -> Option<u8> {
         };
         let start = pos + rel;
         let frame = &data[start..];
-        if let Some(ch) = ac3::acmod_channels(frame) {
-            if ch > 0 {
-                best = Some(best.map_or(ch, |b| b.max(ch)));
-            }
+        if let Some(ch) = ac3::acmod_channels(frame)
+            && ch > 0
+        {
+            best = Some(best.map_or(ch, |b| b.max(ch)));
         }
         // Advance past this frame by its declared size when that is mappable;
         // otherwise step 2 bytes past the sync and re-scan for the next one.
@@ -242,7 +242,11 @@ pub fn probe_and_remap<S: SectorSource + ?Sized>(
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
-    use crate::disc::{AudioChannels, AudioStream, Codec, LabelPurpose, SampleRate};
+    use crate::disc::{
+        AudioChannels, AudioStream, Codec, ContentFormat, DiscTitle, Extent, LabelPurpose,
+        SampleRate,
+    };
+    use crate::sector::SectorSource;
 
     /// Build a single, correctly-SIZED AC-3 frame whose `acmod`/`lfeon` encode a
     /// known channel count. `byte4` is `fscod=0 | frmsizecod=0`, so
@@ -463,4 +467,168 @@ mod tests {
         };
         assert_eq!(a.pid, 0xBD80, "no probe data → keep ordinal");
     }
+
+    /// `max_substream_channels` must locate the sync at its true ABSOLUTE
+    /// position (`pos + rel`) when it is preceded by non-sync bytes, not just
+    /// when the sync sits at offset 0. Regression guard for a hand-checked
+    /// mutation (`+` → `-` at the `pos + rel` offset computation): with `pos`
+    /// starting at 0 and the first sync found 3 bytes in, `pos - rel` would
+    /// underflow a `usize` and panic, or (if it somehow didn't) index the
+    /// wrong start entirely. `pos + rel` is the only computation that is
+    /// always in-bounds, since `rel` is itself bounded by the length of the
+    /// slice searched from `pos`.
+    #[test]
+    fn max_substream_channels_locates_sync_after_leading_non_sync_bytes() {
+        let mut data = vec![0xAA, 0xAA, 0xAA]; // no 0x0B77 pattern in here
+        data.extend(ac3_frame(2, false)); // real 2.0 frame, sync at absolute offset 3
+        assert_eq!(
+            max_substream_channels(&data),
+            Some(2),
+            "must find and decode the frame whose sync is NOT at offset 0"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// When an AC-3 header's `fscod`/`frmsizecod` is unmappable (reserved
+    /// `fscod == 3`), `max_substream_channels` must fall back to stepping
+    /// `start + 2` bytes past the sync to re-lock onto the next genuine sync,
+    /// and must keep making forward progress doing so (never revisit the same
+    /// sync, which would loop forever, and never jump so far that it skips
+    /// the very next real frame). This lays a bogus-sized header at absolute
+    /// offset 4 (so `start == 4`, `start + 2 == 6`) immediately followed, at
+    /// offset 6, by a real, fully decodable 2.0 frame — the position the
+    /// `+ 2` fallback must land on exactly.
+    #[test]
+    fn max_substream_channels_unmappable_size_steps_forward_by_two() {
+        let mut real = ac3_frame(2, false);
+        // Overwrite the (unchecked) CRC bytes of the real frame — these double
+        // as byte4/byte5 of the bogus header 2 bytes earlier, at absolute
+        // offset 4: byte4 = 0xC0 (fscod=3 reserved -> ac3_frame_size == 0,
+        // unmappable), byte5 = 0xF8 (bsid=31 >= 11 -> acmod_channels == None,
+        // so the bogus header itself never contributes a spurious channel
+        // count).
+        real[2] = 0xC0;
+        real[3] = 0xF8;
+        let mut data = vec![0xAA, 0xAA, 0xAA, 0xAA]; // offsets 0..4, no sync
+        data.push(0x0B); // offset 4: bogus header sync byte 0
+        data.push(0x77); // offset 5: bogus header sync byte 1
+        data.extend(real); // offset 6..: the real frame (also serves as the
+        // bogus header's byte4/byte5 at offsets 8/9)
+        assert_eq!(
+            max_substream_channels(&data),
+            Some(2),
+            "must recover the real frame 2 bytes after the unmappable-size sync, not lose it"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Same fallback as above, but with the unmappable-size sync at absolute
+    /// offset 0 (`start == 0`) so that stepping backward instead of forward
+    /// (`start - 2`) would underflow rather than merely land on the wrong
+    /// byte. Also proves the real frame is still found 6 bytes further in,
+    /// confirming forward progress past the bogus header.
+    #[test]
+    fn max_substream_channels_unmappable_size_at_start_steps_forward_not_back() {
+        let mut data = vec![0x0B, 0x77, 0x00, 0x00, 0xC0, 0xF8]; // bogus header, offsets 0..6
+        data.extend(ac3_frame(2, false)); // real 2.0 frame at offset 6
+        assert_eq!(
+            max_substream_channels(&data),
+            Some(2),
+            "must step forward past the bogus header at offset 0 and find the real frame at offset 6"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// `remap_audio_pids` must read a stream's CURRENT physical sub-stream id
+    /// from the low byte of its PID via `pid & 0x00FF` — not `|` or `^` with
+    /// `0x00FF`, both of which force the low byte to `0xFF` regardless of the
+    /// real PID and so always miss the "already matches" shortcut. That
+    /// matters observably when TWO physical sub-streams share the same probed
+    /// channel count: with a correct read, a stream already sitting on a
+    /// matching sub-stream is left alone (conservative, per the module's
+    /// documented behaviour); with the low byte forced to `0xFF`,
+    /// `probed.get(&0xFF)` is always `None`, so the code falls through to the
+    /// "find any unclaimed match" path and picks the FIRST (lowest-keyed,
+    /// BTreeMap-ordered) matching physical sub-stream instead — which here is
+    /// a *different* sub-stream (0x80) than the one the PID already correctly
+    /// names (0x81), producing a spurious PID change.
+    #[test]
+    fn remap_reads_current_substream_via_and_not_or_or_xor() {
+        let mut probed = BTreeMap::new();
+        probed.insert(0x80u8, 6u8);
+        probed.insert(0x81u8, 6u8); // ambiguous: two physical 6ch sub-streams
+        let mut streams = vec![ac3_stream(0xBD81, AudioChannels::Surround51)];
+        let changed = remap_audio_pids(&mut streams, &probed);
+        assert_eq!(
+            changed, 0,
+            "already sitting on a matching physical sub-stream (0x81) must be left alone"
+        );
+        let Stream::Audio(a) = &streams[0] else {
+            panic!()
+        };
+        assert_eq!(
+            a.pid, 0xBD81,
+            "must not be bumped to the other matching sub-stream (0x80)"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// A `SectorSource` stub that hands back fixed bytes regardless of the
+    /// requested LBA/count, for exercising `probe_and_remap`'s end-to-end
+    /// wiring (format/AC-3/extent/count guards -> read -> probe -> remap).
+    struct FixedSource {
+        data: Vec<u8>,
+    }
+
+    impl SectorSource for FixedSource {
+        fn read_sectors(
+            &mut self,
+            _lba: u32,
+            _count: u16,
+            buf: &mut [u8],
+            _recovery: bool,
+        ) -> crate::error::Result<usize> {
+            let n = self.data.len().min(buf.len());
+            buf[..n].copy_from_slice(&self.data[..n]);
+            Ok(n)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// End-to-end `probe_and_remap`: a Silence-of-the-Lambs-shaped MpegPs
+    /// title (one declared 5.1 AC-3 stream ordinally assigned 0x80) whose
+    /// physical VOB bytes carry the 2.0 down-mix on 0x80 and the real 5.1 on
+    /// 0x81. This must reach the `remap_audio_pids` call and re-route the
+    /// stream to 0xBD81. It also, by construction, proves each of the guards
+    /// along the way lets a real, positive case through: the content-format
+    /// check must NOT bail on `MpegPs` (only on non-`MpegPs`), the AC-3
+    /// presence check must NOT bail when AC-3 IS present, and the
+    /// sector-count check must NOT bail when the count is nonzero — any one
+    /// of those inverted would skip the probe entirely and leave the PID at
+    /// its untouched ordinal value (0xBD80), which the assertion below would
+    /// catch.
+    #[test]
+    fn probe_and_remap_reroutes_silence_of_the_lambs_scenario_end_to_end() {
+        let mut bytes = ps_ac3(0x80, 2, false); // physical 0x80 = 2.0 down-mix
+        bytes.extend(ps_ac3(0x81, 7, true)); // physical 0x81 = 5.1 main mix
+        let mut title = DiscTitle {
+            playlist: "00001.ifo".into(),
+            playlist_id: 1,
+            duration_secs: 60.0,
+            size_bytes: bytes.len() as u64,
+            clips: Vec::new(),
+            streams: vec![ac3_stream(0xBD80, AudioChannels::Surround51)],
+            chapters: Vec::new(),
+            extents: vec![Extent {
+                start_lba: 0,
+                sector_count: 2,
+            }],
+            content_format: ContentFormat::MpegPs,
+            codec_privates: vec![None],
+        };
+        let mut source = FixedSource { data: bytes };
+        probe_and_remap(&mut source, &mut title);
+        let Stream::Audio(a) = &title.streams[0] else {
+            panic!("audio")
+        };
+        assert_eq!(
+            a.pid, 0xBD81,
+            "declared 5.1 stream must be re-routed to the physical 5.1 sub-stream 0x81"
+        );
+    }
 }

src/disc/encrypt.rs

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ use crate::udf;
 
 /// Result of SCSI AACS handshake (ECDH authentication).
 /// Only available when scanning from a real drive, not ISO images.
-#[derive(Debug)]
 pub(super) struct HandshakeResult {
     pub volume_id: [u8; 16],
     pub read_data_key: Option<[u8; 16]>,
@@ -29,6 +28,19 @@ pub(super) struct HandshakeResult {
     pub drive_unlocked: bool,
 }
 
+// Redacting `Debug`: `volume_id` and `read_data_key` (the AACS 2.0 bus key) are
+// secret; print only shape. Guarded by `handshake_result_debug_is_redacted`.
+impl std::fmt::Debug for HandshakeResult {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("HandshakeResult")
+            .field("volume_id", &"<redacted>")
+            .field("read_data_key", &self.read_data_key.map(|_| "<redacted>"))
+            .field("read_data_key_err", &self.read_data_key_err)
+            .field("drive_unlocked", &self.drive_unlocked)
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
 /// Single source of truth for "is AACS bus encryption gone for this scan?". The
 /// gate asks ONLY this — `if !removed { error }` — never enumerating cases. Bus
 /// encryption is gone when ANY of these holds:
@@ -86,9 +98,9 @@ impl AacsCertUnlocker<'_> {
         // MKB generation (best-effort) — forwarded to each source's
         // `host_certs(mkb)` so a source MAY select a generation-appropriate cert
         // (the default impl ignores it). A read failure leaves it `None`.
-        let mkb_gen = aacs::read_mkb_from_drive(session.scsi_mut())
+        let mkb_gen = aacs::inf::read_mkb_from_drive(session.scsi_mut())
             .ok()
-            .and_then(|m| aacs::mkb_version(&m));
+            .and_then(|m| aacs::mkb::mkb_version(&m));
 
         // Host certs are keysource-served, never compiled in — unioned from the
         // explicit `DriveCredentials` and the key-source layer. With ZERO certs
@@ -111,13 +123,13 @@ impl AacsCertUnlocker<'_> {
         // through method calls, so clone the (cheap) identity first.
         let drive_id = session.drive_id.clone();
         let fu_certs = crate::unlock_bridge::map_host_certs(&host_certs);
-        let unlocked = crate::unlock_bridge::run_unlockers(
+        let (_, unlock_res) = crate::unlock_bridge::run_bus(
             session.scsi_mut(),
             &drive_id,
             freemkv_unlock::DiscKind::Aacs,
             &fu_certs,
-        )
-        .map_err(CertUnlockFailure::Unlock)?;
+        );
+        let unlocked = unlock_res.map_err(CertUnlockFailure::Unlock)?;
         // The cert handshake yields a VID on success; its absence is VidUnavailable.
         let Some(volume_id) = unlocked.vid else {
             return Err(CertUnlockFailure::Unlock(UnlockError::VidUnavailable));
@@ -152,10 +164,10 @@ fn unlock_error_to_error(e: &CertUnlockFailure) -> Error {
     }
 }
 
-/// Map a [`CertUnlockFailure`] to a structured [`crate::aacs::UnlockOutcome`]
+/// Map a [`CertUnlockFailure`] to a structured [`crate::aacs::trace::UnlockOutcome`]
 /// for the resolution trace (English-free).
-fn cert_unlock_outcome(e: &CertUnlockFailure) -> crate::aacs::UnlockOutcome {
-    use crate::aacs::UnlockOutcome;
+fn cert_unlock_outcome(e: &CertUnlockFailure) -> crate::aacs::trace::UnlockOutcome {
+    use crate::aacs::trace::UnlockOutcome;
     use freemkv_unlock::UnlockError;
     match e {
         CertUnlockFailure::NoHostCert { mkb } => UnlockOutcome::NoUsableHostCert { mkb: *mkb },
@@ -169,6 +181,24 @@ fn cert_unlock_outcome(e: &CertUnlockFailure) -> crate::aacs::UnlockOutcome {
     }
 }
 
+/// Did the cert handshake actually carry a Volume ID?
+///
+/// Extracted so it can be tested as a VALUE. It only ever reaches an operator
+/// as the `has_volume_id` field of the `bus_key_unavailable` warn, and
+/// asserting on a `tracing` field means installing a capturing subscriber —
+/// which is thread-local, while `tracing`'s callsite-interest cache is global.
+/// Those two facts race: the test failed roughly one run in ten under the full
+/// parallel suite while passing every time in isolation, and serialising the
+/// captures was not enough because the cache can be re-evaluated against the
+/// process default rather than the thread-local dispatch.
+///
+/// A predicate this small does not need a subscriber to verify. The polarity is
+/// the whole point: an `==` here would tell an operator a VID was absent on
+/// exactly the discs where one was present.
+fn handshake_has_volume_id(h: &HandshakeResult) -> bool {
+    h.volume_id != [0u8; 16]
+}
+
 impl Disc {
     /// SCSI handshake — drives the VID-acquisition flow and returns
     /// a structured `HandshakeResult` for downstream key resolution.
@@ -230,7 +260,10 @@ impl Disc {
     /// `mkb` is the disc's MKB generation when known, forwarded to each source's
     /// [`crate::KeySource::host_certs`] so a source MAY return only
     /// generation-appropriate certs (the default ignores it).
-    fn collect_host_certs(opts: &ScanOptions, mkb: Option<u32>) -> Vec<crate::aacs::HostCert> {
+    fn collect_host_certs(
+        opts: &ScanOptions,
+        mkb: Option<u32>,
+    ) -> Vec<crate::aacs::types::HostCert> {
         // Delegates to the shared cert primitive (the external freemkv-unlock-aacs
         // plugin uses the same one). Kept as a thin Disc method so the existing
         // collect_host_certs_* unit tests and call sites are unchanged.
@@ -308,18 +341,19 @@ impl Disc {
     ) -> Result<AacsState> {
         use crate::aacs;
 
-        let uk_ro_data = udf_fs
-            .read_file(reader, crate::aacs::PATH_UNIT_KEY_RO)
-            .or_else(|_| udf_fs.read_file(reader, crate::aacs::PATH_UNIT_KEY_RO_DUPLICATE))
-            .map_err(|_| Error::AacsNoKeys)?;
-        let dh = aacs::disc_hash(&uk_ro_data);
+        let uk_ro_data =
+            aacs::read_first(&aacs::role_paths(udf_fs, aacs::AacsRole::UnitKey), |p| {
+                udf_fs.read_file(reader, p)
+            })?;
+        let dh = aacs::inf::disc_hash(&uk_ro_data);
 
-        let cc = udf_fs
-            .read_file(reader, crate::aacs::PATH_CONTENT_CERT)
-            .or_else(|_| udf_fs.read_file(reader, crate::aacs::PATH_CONTENT_CERT_ALT))
-            .ok()
-            .as_deref()
-            .and_then(aacs::parse_content_cert);
+        let cc = aacs::read_first(
+            &aacs::role_paths(udf_fs, aacs::AacsRole::ContentCert),
+            |p| udf_fs.read_file(reader, p),
+        )
+        .ok()
+        .as_deref()
+        .and_then(aacs::inf::parse_content_cert);
         let bus_encryption = cc.as_ref().map(|c| c.bus_encryption).unwrap_or(false);
         // No-cert default = UHD (V20 stride), matching `read_aacs_version` so the
         // scanned `AacsState.version` and the out-of-band fetch agree. A wrong
@@ -328,7 +362,7 @@ impl Disc {
         let version = cc
             .as_ref()
             .map(|c| c.version.major())
-            .unwrap_or(aacs::AACS_MAJOR_UHD);
+            .unwrap_or(aacs::mkb::AACS_MAJOR_UHD);
 
         // Bus-encryption gate (wrong-keys guard). A bus-encrypted disc (Content
         // Certificate bus-encryption bit set) carries bus encryption on its
@@ -353,7 +387,7 @@ impl Disc {
         // file/ISO, drive unlock, cert bus key). The gate enumerates nothing.
         if !bus_encryption_removed(bus_encryption, handshake) {
             let (rdk_err, has_vid) = handshake
-                .map(|h| (h.read_data_key_err, h.volume_id != [0u8; 16]))
+                .map(|h| (h.read_data_key_err, handshake_has_volume_id(h)))
                 .unwrap_or((None, false));
             tracing::warn!(
                 target: "freemkv::disc",
@@ -394,12 +428,12 @@ impl Disc {
                 Vec::new()
             }
         };
-        let mkb_ver = aacs::mkb_version(&mkb_bytes);
+        let mkb_ver = aacs::mkb::mkb_version(&mkb_bytes);
 
         tracing::debug!(
             target: "freemkv::disc",
             phase = "scan_aacs_vid_only",
-            disc_hash = %aacs::disc_hash_hex(&dh),
+            disc_hash = %aacs::inf::disc_hash_hex(&dh),
             version,
             bus_encryption,
             has_vid = handshake.is_some(),
@@ -410,7 +444,7 @@ impl Disc {
             version,
             bus_encryption,
             mkb_version: mkb_ver,
-            disc_hash: aacs::disc_hash_hex(&dh),
+            disc_hash: aacs::inf::disc_hash_hex(&dh),
             key_source: KeyOrigin::ExternalUk,
             vuk: None,
             unit_keys: vec![],
@@ -429,6 +463,27 @@ mod tests {
     use crate::sector::SectorSource;
     use std::collections::HashMap;
 
+    /// `HandshakeResult` carries the Volume ID and the AACS 2.0 bus (read-data)
+    /// key; `Debug` must redact both. Sentinel 213 (0xD5).
+    #[test]
+    fn handshake_result_debug_is_redacted() {
+        let hs = HandshakeResult {
+            volume_id: [0xD5; 16],
+            read_data_key: Some([0xD5; 16]),
+            read_data_key_err: None,
+            drive_unlocked: false,
+        };
+        let d = format!("{hs:?}");
+        assert!(
+            !d.contains("213"),
+            "HandshakeResult leaked VID/bus key: {d}"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            d.contains("redacted"),
+            "HandshakeResult missing marker: {d}"
+        );
+    }
+
     // ---------------------------------------------------------------
     // In-memory disc + minimal UDF image with a single physical
     // partition (metadata_start == partition_start). Offsets cited
@@ -569,7 +624,7 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     /// A content certificate: type byte@0 (0x00 = V10, else V20),
-    /// bus_encryption bit7@1, cc_id@14..20 (aacs/keys.rs parse_content_cert,
+    /// bus_encryption bit7@1, cc_id@14..20 (aacs/inf.rs parse_content_cert,
     /// which requires ≥20 bytes and reads the bus flag from `data[1] >> 7`).
     fn build_content_cert(cert_type: u8, bus_encryption: bool) -> Vec<u8> {
         let mut v = vec![0u8; 20];
@@ -581,7 +636,7 @@ mod tests {
     /// An MKB with one Type-and-Version record (type 0x10) carrying the
     /// version as BE u32 at record offset 8, followed by a recorded EOF
     /// record then trailing zero padding. mkb_content_len walks records
-    /// and stops at the first padding (type 0) byte (aacs/keys.rs).
+    /// and stops at the first padding (type 0) byte (aacs/inf.rs).
     fn build_mkb(version: u32, pad_to: usize) -> Vec<u8> {
         let mut v = Vec::new();
         // Type 0x10 record, length 16 (>= 12 so version is read).
@@ -687,14 +742,14 @@ mod tests {
         let st = Disc::resolve_vid_only(&udf, &mut disc, None).expect("state");
         assert_eq!(
             st.version,
-            aacs::AACS_MAJOR_UHD,
+            aacs::mkb::AACS_MAJOR_UHD,
             "no cert → default UHD (major 2)"
         );
         assert!(!st.bus_encryption);
     }
 
     /// disc_hash is SHA1 of the Unit_Key_RO.inf bytes, hex with 0x prefix
-    /// and uppercase (aacs::disc_hash + disc_hash_hex). The state's
+    /// and uppercase (aacs::inf::disc_hash + disc_hash_hex). The state's
     /// disc_hash must match independently computing it over the same bytes.
     #[test]
     fn resolve_vid_only_disc_hash_is_sha1_of_unit_key_ro() {
@@ -710,7 +765,7 @@ mod tests {
             }],
         );
         let st = Disc::resolve_vid_only(&udf, &mut disc, None).expect("state");
-        let expected = aacs::disc_hash_hex(&aacs::disc_hash(&uk));
+        let expected = aacs::inf::disc_hash_hex(&aacs::inf::disc_hash(&uk));
         assert_eq!(st.disc_hash, expected);
         assert!(st.disc_hash.starts_with("0x"));
         // uk_ro must be stashed verbatim for the external resolver.
@@ -746,7 +801,7 @@ mod tests {
         // Real record stream is the single 16-byte type-0x10 record.
         assert_eq!(
             st.mkb.len(),
-            aacs::mkb_content_len(&mkb),
+            aacs::mkb::mkb_content_len(&mkb),
             "MKB must be trimmed to record-stream length, not the zero-pad"
         );
         assert_eq!(st.mkb.len(), 16);
@@ -912,41 +967,54 @@ mod tests {
 
     /// Unit_Key_RO.inf is read from /AACS/DUPLICATE when the primary copy
     /// is absent (encrypt.rs `.or_else(|_| read_file(DUPLICATE/...))`).
-    /// This is the damaged-primary recovery path real discs rely on.
     #[test]
-    fn resolve_vid_only_falls_back_to_duplicate_unit_key_ro() {
-        let mut disc = MemDisc::new();
-        // Build AACS dir with a DUPLICATE subdir holding Unit_Key_RO.inf.
-        let uk = vec![0x55u8; 48];
-        let mut dup_fids = Vec::new();
-        push_fid(&mut dup_fids, "", 70, true, true);
-        push_fid(&mut dup_fids, "Unit_Key_RO.inf", 72, false, false);
-        disc.put(PART_START + 72, build_file_icb(uk.len() as u32, 9000));
-        disc.put_bytes(PART_START + 9000, &uk);
-        disc.put(PART_START + 70, build_file_icb(dup_fids.len() as u32, 71));
-        disc.put_bytes(PART_START + 71, &dup_fids);
-        // AACS dir: only a DUPLICATE subdir (no primary Unit_Key_RO.inf).
-        let mut aacs_fids = Vec::new();
-        push_fid(&mut aacs_fids, "", 50, true, true);
-        push_fid(&mut aacs_fids, "DUPLICATE", 70, true, false);
-        disc.put(PART_START + 50, build_file_icb(aacs_fids.len() as u32, 51));
-        disc.put_bytes(PART_START + 51, &aacs_fids);
-        let mut root_fids = Vec::new();
-        push_fid(&mut root_fids, "", 10, true, true);
-        push_fid(&mut root_fids, "AACS", 50, true, false);
-        disc.put(PART_START + 10, build_file_icb(root_fids.len() as u32, 11));
-        disc.put_bytes(PART_START + 11, &root_fids);
-        build_udf_skeleton(&mut disc, 10);
-        let udf = udf::read_filesystem(&mut disc).expect("fs");
-
-        let st = Disc::resolve_vid_only(&udf, &mut disc, None).expect("DUPLICATE fallback");
-        // disc_hash must be computed over the DUPLICATE bytes.
-        assert_eq!(
-            st.disc_hash,
-            aacs::disc_hash_hex(&aacs::disc_hash(&uk)),
-            "fallback must hash the DUPLICATE Unit_Key_RO.inf"
+    fn handshake_has_volume_id_reports_presence_not_absence() {
+        let with_vid = HandshakeResult {
+            volume_id: [0x11u8; 16],
+            read_data_key: None,
+            read_data_key_err: None,
+            drive_unlocked: false,
+        };
+        assert!(
+            super::handshake_has_volume_id(&with_vid),
+            "a non-zero Volume ID must report as PRESENT"
         );
-        assert_eq!(st.uk_ro, uk);
+
+        let without = HandshakeResult {
+            volume_id: [0u8; 16],
+            ..with_vid
+        };
+        assert!(
+            !super::handshake_has_volume_id(&without),
+            "an all-zero Volume ID is the absent case"
+        );
+
+        // One bit of difference is still a VID: the check is != all-zero, not a
+        // heuristic about how much of it looks populated.
+        let mut barely = [0u8; 16];
+        barely[15] = 1;
+        assert!(
+            super::handshake_has_volume_id(&HandshakeResult {
+                volume_id: barely,
+                ..with_vid
+            }),
+            "any non-zero byte makes a Volume ID present"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// The gate itself still hard-errors — the property the log line annotates.
+    #[test]
+    fn resolve_vid_only_bus_key_gate_hard_errors_without_a_read_data_key() {
+        let (mut disc, udf) = disc_with_cert(0x01, true);
+        let hs = HandshakeResult {
+            volume_id: [0x11u8; 16],
+            read_data_key: None,
+            read_data_key_err: None,
+            drive_unlocked: false,
+        };
+        let err = Disc::resolve_vid_only(&udf, &mut disc, Some(&hs))
+            .expect_err("bus-encrypted, no read_data_key must still hard-error");
+        assert!(matches!(err, Error::AacsBusKeyUnavailable));
     }
 
     // ---------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -965,8 +1033,8 @@ mod tests {
     // the route fails gracefully (AacsNoHostCert), never panics.
     // ---------------------------------------------------------------
 
-    fn fake_cert(tag: u8) -> aacs::HostCert {
-        aacs::HostCert {
+    fn fake_cert(tag: u8) -> aacs::types::HostCert {
+        aacs::types::HostCert {
             private_key: [tag; 20],
             certificate: vec![tag; 92],
             private_key_v2: None,
@@ -975,15 +1043,15 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     /// A minimal in-test KeySource that yields no keys but a fixed cert list.
-    struct CertSource(Vec<aacs::HostCert>);
+    struct CertSource(Vec<aacs::types::HostCert>);
     impl crate::KeySource for CertSource {
-        fn get_uk(
+        fn get_unit_keys(
             &self,
             _ctx: &dyn crate::keysource::ResolveCtx,
-        ) -> Result<Vec<crate::aacs::UnitKey>> {
+        ) -> Result<Vec<crate::aacs::types::UnitKey>> {
             Ok(Vec::new())
         }
-        fn host_certs(&self, _mkb: Option<u32>) -> Vec<aacs::HostCert> {
+        fn host_certs(&self, _mkb: Option<u32>) -> Vec<aacs::types::HostCert> {
             self.0.clone()
         }
     }
@@ -1077,7 +1145,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn cert_unlock_outcome_maps_to_structured_trace_step() {
-        use crate::aacs::UnlockOutcome;
+        use crate::aacs::trace::UnlockOutcome;
         use freemkv_unlock::UnlockError;
         // The libfreemkv-side no-cert case carries the MKB generation.
         assert_eq!(

src/disc/sweep.rs

@@ -1,232 +0,0 @@
-//! `Disc::sweep`'s consumer-side `Sink<WorkItem>`.
-//!
-//! Background: the original sweep loop runs strictly serialised —
-//! SCSI read → decrypt → seek + write → mapfile.record → next iter.
-//! On a healthy disc the SCSI read costs ~5-12 ms per 64 KB batch and
-//! the post-read work (decrypt 1-3 ms + file write + mapfile fsync
-//! 5-15 ms) adds another batch's worth of latency. The drive idles
-//! during the post-read work; throughput tops out at the *sum* of
-//! both costs.
-//!
-//! A producer/consumer split overlaps the two stages on the generic
-//! [`crate::io::Pipeline`] + [`crate::io::Sink`] primitive. This module
-//! is the sweep-specific `Sink` impl; the producer-side state machine
-//! (read_error context, decrypt, set_speed, halt) stays in
-//! `Disc::sweep` in `disc/mod.rs`.
-//!
-//! Correctness invariants preserved:
-//! - Mapfile is single-writer (consumer-only). No locking.
-//! - All `read_error::ReadCtx` state stays on the producer thread.
-//! - `set_speed` calls happen on the producer thread (same thread that
-//!   owns the `SectorSource`). No new SCSI concurrency.
-//! - Per-iteration ordering of file-write → mapfile-record is kept
-//!   intact in the consumer (write before record), so the on-disk
-//!   invariant "mapfile only marks Finished what the file has
-//!   received" survives a crash mid-pass.
-//! - Only one SCSI command is in flight at a time; error-path timing
-//!   is identical and no new retry logic is introduced.
-
-use std::io::{Seek, SeekFrom, Write};
-use std::sync::mpsc::{Receiver, SyncSender, sync_channel};
-
-use crate::error::Error;
-use crate::io::{Flow, Sink};
-
-use super::mapfile::{MapStats, Mapfile, SectorStatus};
-
-/// Reusable zero buffer for SkipFill / GapFill / BisectBad. 64 KB
-/// matches the existing zero_gap chunk size used by the pre-split
-/// sweep loop.
-const ZERO_CHUNK: usize = 64 * 1024;
-
-/// Producer → Consumer messages. The consumer applies these in FIFO
-/// order; ordering of file writes and mapfile records across items is
-/// preserved.
-pub(super) enum WorkItem {
-    /// Successful batch read. Producer has already decrypted `buf` if
-    /// `opts.decrypt` was set. Consumer writes `buf` at `pos` and
-    /// records the range as `Finished`.
-    Good { pos: u64, buf: Vec<u8> },
-
-    /// Bisect inner-loop good single sector (already decrypted by the
-    /// producer). 2048 bytes.
-    BisectGood { pos: u64, buf: Box<[u8; 2048]> },
-
-    /// Bisect inner-loop bad single sector. Consumer writes 2048
-    /// zeros at `pos` and records the sector as `NonTrimmed`.
-    BisectBad { pos: u64 },
-
-    /// Whole-batch zero-fill (failed batch on `SkipBlock`, or the
-    /// failed batch portion of `JumpAhead`). Consumer streams zeros
-    /// across `[pos, pos+len)` and records the range as `NonTrimmed`.
-    SkipFill { pos: u64, len: u64 },
-
-    /// Gap fill following a `JumpAhead`. Same effect as `SkipFill`;
-    /// distinguished only so future logging / instrumentation can
-    /// tell them apart without parsing a flag.
-    GapFill { pos: u64, len: u64 },
-
-    /// Post-read verify downgrade. The producer's `UnitVerifier` found that the
-    /// just-`Finished` clip unit at `[pos, pos+len)` is confidently undecryptable
-    /// (a silent bad read). The consumer re-records the range as `NonTrimmed` so
-    /// the patch pass re-reads it — the ISO bytes (ciphertext) already written by
-    /// the preceding `Good` are left in place for the patch to overwrite. FIFO
-    /// pipe ordering guarantees this arrives AFTER the `Good` that wrote them.
-    MarkBad { pos: u64, len: u64 },
-
-    /// Producer wants the latest mapfile stats for the progress
-    /// callback. Consumer responds on `prog_tx` with a fresh
-    /// [`ProgressSnapshot`]. Best-effort: if the producer hasn't
-    /// drained the previous snapshot, the new one is silently
-    /// dropped — the producer's local cache stays current enough.
-    StatsRequest,
-}
-
-/// Snapshot the consumer sends back to the producer for the progress
-/// callback.
-pub(super) struct ProgressSnapshot {
-    pub stats: MapStats,
-    pub bad_ranges: Vec<(u64, u64)>,
-}
-
-/// Final summary returned by the consumer thread on shutdown — what
-/// `SweepSink::close` produces, surfaced to the producer via
-/// `Pipeline::finish`.
-pub(super) struct ConsumerSummary {
-    pub stats: MapStats,
-}
-
-/// Drain any pending progress snapshots from the consumer. Returns
-/// the most recent one, if any. The producer caches it and uses it
-/// for subsequent progress callbacks until a fresh one arrives.
-pub(super) fn try_recv_progress(rx: &Receiver<ProgressSnapshot>) -> Option<ProgressSnapshot> {
-    let mut latest = None;
-    while let Ok(snap) = rx.try_recv() {
-        latest = Some(snap);
-    }
-    latest
-}
-
-/// `Sink<WorkItem>` for sweep. Owns the writeback file + mapfile +
-/// progress back-channel. `apply` carries the file-write +
-/// mapfile.record per item; `close` drains the writeback pipeline,
-/// fsyncs the ISO, and flushes the mapfile.
-pub(super) struct SweepSink {
-    file: crate::io::WritebackFile,
-    map: Mapfile,
-    /// `sync_all`-on-failure-is-an-error iff the output is a regular
-    /// file. `/dev/null` and pipes always fail `sync_all`; that's not
-    /// a real error.
-    is_regular: bool,
-    /// Back-channel for `StatsRequest` responses. The producer caches
-    /// the latest snapshot and uses it for the progress callback;
-    /// dropped sends on a full channel are by design.
-    prog_tx: SyncSender<ProgressSnapshot>,
-    /// Reusable zero buffer for SkipFill / GapFill / BisectBad. Held
-    /// in the sink so each apply call doesn't reallocate.
-    zero: Box<[u8; ZERO_CHUNK]>,
-}
-
-impl SweepSink {
-    /// Construct a new `SweepSink` plus the matching progress
-    /// receiver. Channel depth on the back-channel is `1` — the
-    /// producer's cache is the source of truth between snapshots.
-    pub(super) fn new(
-        file: crate::io::WritebackFile,
-        map: Mapfile,
-        is_regular: bool,
-    ) -> (Self, Receiver<ProgressSnapshot>) {
-        let (prog_tx, prog_rx) = sync_channel::<ProgressSnapshot>(1);
-        let sink = SweepSink {
-            file,
-            map,
-            is_regular,
-            prog_tx,
-            zero: Box::new([0u8; ZERO_CHUNK]),
-        };
-        (sink, prog_rx)
-    }
-}
-
-impl Sink<WorkItem> for SweepSink {
-    type Output = ConsumerSummary;
-
-    fn apply(&mut self, item: WorkItem) -> Result<Flow, Error> {
-        match item {
-            WorkItem::Good { pos, buf } => {
-                // Decrypt is on the producer; consumer assumes plaintext.
-                let len = buf.len() as u64;
-                self.file.seek(SeekFrom::Start(pos))?;
-                self.file.write_all(&buf)?;
-                self.map.record(pos, len, SectorStatus::Finished)?;
-            }
-            WorkItem::BisectGood { pos, buf } => {
-                self.file.seek(SeekFrom::Start(pos))?;
-                self.file.write_all(&buf[..])?;
-                self.map.record(pos, 2048, SectorStatus::Finished)?;
-            }
-            WorkItem::BisectBad { pos } => {
-                self.file.seek(SeekFrom::Start(pos))?;
-                self.file.write_all(&self.zero[..2048])?;
-                self.map.record(pos, 2048, SectorStatus::NonTrimmed)?;
-            }
-            WorkItem::SkipFill { pos, len } | WorkItem::GapFill { pos, len } => {
-                self.file.seek(SeekFrom::Start(pos))?;
-                // Subsequent writes are sequential; `WritebackFile`'s
-                // seek-elision keeps them on the writeback pipeline path.
-                let mut filled = 0u64;
-                while filled < len {
-                    let chunk = (len - filled).min(self.zero.len() as u64) as usize;
-                    self.file.write_all(&self.zero[..chunk])?;
-                    filled += chunk as u64;
-                }
-                self.map.record(pos, len, SectorStatus::NonTrimmed)?;
-            }
-            WorkItem::MarkBad { pos, len } => {
-                // Verify downgrade: the ISO bytes are already written by the
-                // preceding Good; only the mapfile status changes so patch
-                // re-reads this range. No file write.
-                self.map.record(pos, len, SectorStatus::NonTrimmed)?;
-            }
-            WorkItem::StatsRequest => {
-                let stats = self.map.stats();
-                // DAMAGE only — NOT NonTried. NonTried is the unread remainder
-                // ahead of the sweep head, not damage; including it made the live
-                // located drilldown (at-risk movie time + range count) treat the
-                // whole unread disc as confirmed damage, so at sweep start it
-                // showed ~full-movie at-risk and melted to 0 as the sweep
-                // progressed. Matches the one-shot progress path, which already
-                // excludes NonTried.
-                let bad_ranges = self.map.ranges_with(&[
-                    SectorStatus::NonTrimmed,
-                    SectorStatus::Unreadable,
-                    SectorStatus::NonScraped,
-                ]);
-                // Best-effort: drop on backpressure; producer's cache
-                // stays current enough.
-                let _ = self
-                    .prog_tx
-                    .try_send(ProgressSnapshot { stats, bad_ranges });
-            }
-        }
-        Ok(Flow::Continue)
-    }
-
-    fn close(mut self) -> Result<Self::Output, Error> {
-        // Drain the writeback pipeline + fsync the ISO, then persist
-        // any pending mapfile state. Same finalisation order as the
-        // pre-Pipeline consumer loop.
-        if let Err(e) = self.file.sync_all() {
-            if self.is_regular {
-                return Err(Error::IoError { source: e });
-            }
-            // Non-regular outputs (/dev/null, pipes) always fail
-            // sync_all; that's not a real error.
-        }
-        self.map.flush()?;
-
-        Ok(ConsumerSummary {
-            stats: self.map.stats(),
-        })
-    }
-}

src/drive/linux.rs

@@ -23,14 +23,12 @@ pub fn find_drives() -> Vec<(String, DriveId)> {
         if !std::path::Path::new(&path).exists() {
             continue;
         }
-        if let Ok(mut transport) = crate::scsi::open(std::path::Path::new(&path)) {
-            if let Ok(id) = DriveId::from_drive(transport.as_mut()) {
-                if !id.raw_inquiry.is_empty()
-                    && (id.raw_inquiry[0] & 0x1F) == SCSI_PERIPHERAL_TYPE_OPTICAL
-                {
-                    drives.push((path, id));
-                }
-            }
+        if let Ok(mut transport) = crate::scsi::open(std::path::Path::new(&path))
+            && let Ok(id) = DriveId::from_drive(transport.as_mut())
+            && !id.raw_inquiry.is_empty()
+            && (id.raw_inquiry[0] & 0x1F) == SCSI_PERIPHERAL_TYPE_OPTICAL
+        {
+            drives.push((path, id));
         }
     }
     drives

src/drive/macos.rs

@@ -25,12 +25,11 @@ pub fn find_drives() -> Vec<(String, DriveId)> {
         let path = std::path::Path::new(&info.path);
         match crate::scsi::open(path) {
             Ok(mut transport) => {
-                if let Ok(id) = DriveId::from_drive(transport.as_mut()) {
-                    if !id.raw_inquiry.is_empty()
-                        && (id.raw_inquiry[0] & 0x1F) == SCSI_PERIPHERAL_TYPE_OPTICAL
-                    {
-                        drives.push((info.path.clone(), id));
-                    }
+                if let Ok(id) = DriveId::from_drive(transport.as_mut())
+                    && !id.raw_inquiry.is_empty()
+                    && (id.raw_inquiry[0] & 0x1F) == SCSI_PERIPHERAL_TYPE_OPTICAL
+                {
+                    drives.push((info.path.clone(), id));
                 }
             }
             Err(_) => {
@@ -53,3 +52,33 @@ pub fn resolve_device(path: &str) -> Result<(String, DeviceResolution)> {
     }
     Ok((path.to_string(), DeviceResolution::Direct))
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod resolve_device_tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    /// An existing path resolves unchanged as `Direct` — macOS has no
+    /// `sr`->`sg` substitution, so the returned path must be byte-identical
+    /// to the input, not some canonicalised/mutated form.
+    #[test]
+    fn existing_path_resolves_direct_unchanged() {
+        // Use the test binary's own executable path: guaranteed to exist,
+        // no fixture file needed.
+        let exe = std::env::current_exe().unwrap();
+        let path = exe.to_str().unwrap();
+        let (resolved, kind) = resolve_device(path).expect("existing path must resolve");
+        assert_eq!(resolved, path, "path must be returned unchanged");
+        assert_eq!(kind, DeviceResolution::Direct);
+    }
+
+    /// A path that does not exist must error with `DeviceNotFound` carrying
+    /// the original path, never silently succeed.
+    #[test]
+    fn missing_path_is_device_not_found() {
+        let path = "/dev/freemkv-definitely-does-not-exist-0xdead";
+        match resolve_device(path) {
+            Err(Error::DeviceNotFound { path: p }) => assert_eq!(p, path),
+            other => panic!("expected DeviceNotFound, got {other:?}"),
+        }
+    }
+}

src/dvdnav/mod.rs

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //!
 //! Byte layout follows the DVD-Video specification (VMGI/VTSI headers,
 //! PGC/cell tables, PCI/HLI button packets); the VM command decoder is
-//! verified against libdvdnav's decoder.
+//! verified against real discs.
 //!
 //! Current contents: [`vmcmd`] — the VM command decoder (proven against the
 //! SOTL/Greenland test discs). The IFO/PCI parsing and the navigation executor

src/dvdnav/vmcmd.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 //!
 //! An 8-byte navigation command as found in PGC command tables (pre/post/cell)
 //! and PCI button info. Decoded per the DVD-Video VM instruction set and
-//! verified against libdvdnav's command decoder.
+//! verified against real discs.
 //!
 //! Bit model: the 8 bytes are a big-endian 64-bit word. `byte0` bits 7-5 are the
 //! command **type**; for type 1, `byte0` bit 4 selects Link (0) vs Jump (1), and
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ const JP_JUMP_SS: u8 = 6;
 const JP_CALL_SS: u8 = 8;
 
 // Link (type 1, direct=0) sub-commands. NOTE: sub-op 0 is NOP/no-link and 1 is
-// the LinkSub form (libdvdnav `decoder.c` `eval_link_instruction`).
+// the LinkSub form (the DVD-Video VM link instruction).
 const LK_SUB: u8 = 1;
 const LK_PGCN: u8 = 4;
 const LK_PTTN: u8 = 5;
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ fn be16(b: &[u8; 8], o: usize) -> u16 {
     ((b[o] as u16) << 8) | b[o + 1] as u16
 }
 
-// Compare-operand layouts ("if_version"s) per libdvdnav `decoder.c`. The op
+// Compare-operand layouts ("if_version"s) per the DVD-Video VM. The op
 // nibble is always `byte1` bits 6-4; the immediate flag is `byte1` bit 7. The
 // operand *offsets* differ by command family.
 //
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ pub fn decode(b: &[u8; 8]) -> Command {
     let cmd = b[1] & 0x0F;
 
     // Compare predicate, with the operand layout for this command family
-    // (libdvdnav `decoder.c` `vm_eval_command` type dispatch).
+    // (the DVD-Video VM command type dispatch).
     let compare = match (typ, direct) {
         (TYPE_SPECIAL, _) => if_v1(b),
         (TYPE_LINK_JUMP, 1) => if_v2(b), // jump
@@ -372,7 +372,7 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
-    // Regression for the libdvdnav cross-check: link sub-op 0 = NOP, 1 = LinkSub.
+    // Regression for the link sub-op decode: 0 = NOP, 1 = LinkSub.
     #[test]
     fn link_subop_zero_is_nop_one_is_linksub() {
         assert_eq!(decode(&h("2000000000000000")).instr, Instr::Nop);

src/harness.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+//! Seeded robustness harness for the untrusted-input parsers.
+//!
+//! Every parser reached from here takes bytes that came off a disc, and this
+//! crate's primary boundary is that the disc is untrusted: a malformed, damaged
+//! or hostile image must never crash the library. These tests assert exactly
+//! that one property — **the parser returns `Ok` or `Err`, and never panics.**
+//!
+//! # Why this exists rather than `cargo-fuzz`
+//!
+//! `cargo-fuzz` needs a nightly toolchain (`-Zsanitizer` plus SanitizerCoverage
+//! for libFuzzer's coverage feedback) and this project pins stable. So the
+//! generator lives here instead. It gives up coverage-guided mutation — the real
+//! loss — and keeps everything else: millions of cases, structure-aware input,
+//! and a crash corpus. It also gains determinism, which a fuzzer does not have:
+//! the same seed replays the same cases on any machine.
+//!
+//! # Why no `proptest` or `arbitrary`
+//!
+//! This crate has exactly one dev-dependency. That is a deliberate posture, and
+//! a randomness crate is not worth ten transitive dependencies when the parsers
+//! take plain `&[u8]` and a good enough generator is forty lines.
+//!
+//! # Budget
+//!
+//! `FREEMKV_HARNESS_CASES` sets cases per generator per target (default 256, low
+//! enough that the per-commit gate stays under a second). The overnight run sets
+//! it to millions. `FREEMKV_HARNESS_SEED` overrides the seed; the default is
+//! fixed so a failure in CI reproduces locally verbatim.
+//!
+//! # On failure
+//!
+//! The panic message carries the seed, generator and case index. Re-run with
+//! `FREEMKV_HARNESS_SEED=<seed>` to reproduce, then write the offending bytes
+//! into `tests/corpus/` as a permanent regression fixture — discovery happens
+//! here, defence happens there.
+
+#![cfg(test)]
+
+/// Marsaglia xorshift64. Not cryptographic and does not need to be: the job is
+/// a reproducible spread of bytes, and a named algorithm beats an ad-hoc LCG
+/// whose period nobody has checked.
+struct Rng(u64);
+
+impl Rng {
+    fn new(seed: u64) -> Self {
+        // A zero seed is a fixed point of xorshift — it would emit zeros forever
+        // and every generated case would be identical.
+        Self(if seed == 0 {
+            0x2545_F491_4F6C_DD1D
+        } else {
+            seed
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> u64 {
+        self.0 ^= self.0 << 13;
+        self.0 ^= self.0 >> 7;
+        self.0 ^= self.0 << 17;
+        self.0
+    }
+
+    fn byte(&mut self) -> u8 {
+        (self.next() >> 24) as u8
+    }
+
+    /// Uniform-ish in `0..n`. The modulo bias is irrelevant at these magnitudes.
+    fn below(&mut self, n: usize) -> usize {
+        if n == 0 {
+            0
+        } else {
+            (self.next() % n as u64) as usize
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn fill(&mut self, len: usize) -> Vec<u8> {
+        (0..len).map(|_| self.byte()).collect()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Budget per generator per target.
+fn cases() -> usize {
+    std::env::var("FREEMKV_HARNESS_CASES")
+        .ok()
+        .and_then(|v| v.parse().ok())
+        .unwrap_or(256)
+}
+
+fn seed() -> u64 {
+    std::env::var("FREEMKV_HARNESS_SEED")
+        .ok()
+        .and_then(|v| v.parse().ok())
+        .unwrap_or(0x5EED_1234_ABCD_0001)
+}
+
+/// Largest generated input. Big enough to carry a plausible header plus a body,
+/// small enough that millions of cases stay quick.
+const MAX_LEN: usize = 4096;
+
+/// Drive `f` over three generators and report which case broke it.
+///
+/// A panic inside `f` fails the test on its own — nothing is caught here,
+/// because catching would risk reporting a pass on an input that aborted. The
+/// wrapper exists to make the failing case *identifiable*: the harness prints
+/// the seed, generator and index before each call, so the last line before a
+/// panic names the exact case to reproduce.
+fn sweep<F: FnMut(&[u8])>(target: &str, magic: &[u8], f: F) {
+    sweep_n(target, magic, cases(), f)
+}
+
+/// `sweep` with an explicit budget. The budget is a PARAMETER rather than read
+/// from the environment inside the loop: the meta-tests below need a small,
+/// fixed count, and `std::env::set_var` is unsound once the test harness runs
+/// tests in parallel — two tests setting the same variable race, which is
+/// exactly what happened on the first run of this file.
+fn sweep_n<F: FnMut(&[u8])>(target: &str, magic: &[u8], n: usize, mut f: F) {
+    let s = seed();
+
+    // 1. Pure random bytes. Cheap, and almost always rejected at the magic
+    //    number — it exercises the entry guards and little else. Kept because
+    //    the entry guards are themselves worth exercising.
+    let mut rng = Rng::new(s);
+    for i in 0..n {
+        let len = rng.below(MAX_LEN);
+        let buf = rng.fill(len);
+        run(target, "random", s, i, &buf, &mut f);
+    }
+
+    // 2. Valid magic, random body. THE generator that matters: pure random
+    //    input dies at the magic check and never reaches the parser body, so
+    //    without this the sweep only ever tests the first few lines.
+    let mut rng = Rng::new(s ^ 0xA5A5_A5A5_A5A5_A5A5);
+    for i in 0..n {
+        let mut buf = magic.to_vec();
+        let tail = rng.below(MAX_LEN.saturating_sub(magic.len()));
+        buf.extend(rng.fill(tail));
+        run(target, "magic+noise", s, i, &buf, &mut f);
+    }
+
+    // 3. Structured mutation of a plausible record: a valid magic, then mostly
+    //    zeroes, with a handful of bytes corrupted and a truncation. Length and
+    //    offset fields live in those early bytes, so this is what reaches the
+    //    arithmetic — the offsets, counts and sizes a hostile image would lie
+    //    about.
+    let mut rng = Rng::new(s ^ 0x1234_5678_9ABC_DEF0);
+    for i in 0..n {
+        let mut buf = vec![0u8; 512];
+        buf[..magic.len().min(512)].copy_from_slice(&magic[..magic.len().min(512)]);
+        for _ in 0..rng.below(24) + 1 {
+            let at = rng.below(buf.len());
+            buf[at] = rng.byte();
+        }
+        buf.truncate(rng.below(buf.len()) + 1);
+        run(target, "mutate", s, i, &buf, &mut f);
+    }
+}
+
+fn run<F: FnMut(&[u8])>(target: &str, generator: &str, seed: u64, i: usize, buf: &[u8], f: &mut F) {
+    // Printed, not asserted: `cargo test` swallows stdout for passing tests and
+    // shows it for failing ones, so this line is invisible until it is the last
+    // thing before a panic — at which point it is exactly what is needed.
+    println!(
+        "harness {target}/{generator} seed={seed:#x} case={i} len={} :: \
+         FREEMKV_HARNESS_SEED={seed} to reproduce",
+        buf.len()
+    );
+    f(buf);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn mpls_parse_never_panics() {
+    sweep("mpls", b"MPLS", |b| {
+        let _ = crate::mpls::parse(b);
+    });
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn clpi_parse_never_panics() {
+    sweep("clpi", b"HDMV", |b| {
+        let _ = crate::clpi::parse(b);
+    });
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn udf_name_parse_never_panics() {
+    // No magic: the compression ID is the first byte and every value is legal
+    // input to reject, so the "magic" is a byte the sweep will mutate anyway.
+    sweep("udf_name", &[8], |b| {
+        let _ = crate::udf::parse_udf_name(b);
+    });
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn ps_demuxer_feed_never_panics() {
+    // Stateful, unlike the others: the demuxer carries a buffer across feeds, so
+    // each case is fed to a FRESH demuxer and then a shared one. The shared pass
+    // is what exercises cross-feed state — a start code split over a boundary,
+    // a held PES completed by later bytes, the carry-over cap.
+    let mut shared = crate::mux::ps::PsDemuxer::new();
+    sweep("ps_demux", &[0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0xBA], |b| {
+        let mut fresh = crate::mux::ps::PsDemuxer::new();
+        let _ = fresh.feed(b);
+        let _ = shared.feed(b);
+    });
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn mkv_lacing_split_never_panics() {
+    // All four lacing modes, including the reserved bit pattern. A degenerate
+    // fixed lace was a real defect found by audit round 5.
+    sweep("mkv_lacing", &[0x00], |b| {
+        for lacing in 0u8..=3 {
+            let _ = crate::mux::mkvstream::split_lacing(lacing, b);
+        }
+    });
+}
+
+/// The generators must actually differ, or the sweep is one generator run three
+/// times and the coverage claim is false.
+#[test]
+fn the_three_generators_produce_different_inputs() {
+    let mut seen: Vec<Vec<u8>> = Vec::new();
+    sweep_n("probe", b"MPLS", 1, |b| seen.push(b.to_vec()));
+    assert_eq!(seen.len(), 3, "one case per generator");
+    assert_ne!(seen[0], seen[1], "random and magic+noise must differ");
+    assert_ne!(seen[1], seen[2], "magic+noise and mutate must differ");
+    assert!(
+        seen[1].starts_with(b"MPLS"),
+        "the magic+noise generator must actually carry the magic, or it never \
+         reaches the parser body"
+    );
+}
+
+/// The same seed must replay the same bytes, or a reported failure cannot be
+/// reproduced and the harness is worthless as a regression tool.
+#[test]
+fn a_seed_replays_identically() {
+    let mut a = Vec::new();
+    let mut b = Vec::new();
+    sweep_n("probe", b"MPLS", 4, |x| a.push(x.to_vec()));
+    sweep_n("probe", b"MPLS", 4, |x| b.push(x.to_vec()));
+    assert_eq!(a, b, "the same seed must produce the same cases");
+}
+
+/// The harness is worthless if its cases die at the entry guards, so this
+/// MEASURES how deep they actually reach instead of assuming. A generator that
+/// never gets past a length or magic check exercises the first ten lines and
+/// nothing else — the fuzzing equivalent of a test that cannot fail.
+#[test]
+fn the_generators_actually_reach_the_parser_bodies() {
+    // mpls::parse rejects at: len < 40, bad magic, then playlist_start + 10 >
+    // len. Anything that returns Ok got all the way through the play-item loop.
+    let mut ok = 0usize;
+    let mut total = 0usize;
+    sweep_n("reach", b"MPLS", 20000, |b| {
+        total += 1;
+        if crate::mpls::parse(b).is_ok() {
+            ok += 1;
+        }
+    });
+    assert!(
+        ok > 0,
+        "not one of {total} generated cases parsed successfully — the generators \
+         are all being rejected at the entry guards, so this harness is testing \
+         the guards and nothing behind them"
+    );
+    println!("mpls reach: {ok}/{total} cases parsed to completion");
+}

src/hex.rs

@@ -16,11 +16,11 @@
 /// (case-insensitive), then requires an even run of ASCII hex digits. Any
 /// non-hex byte, or an odd length, yields `None`.
 pub fn parse_hex_bytes(s: &str) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
-    let body = strip_prefix(s.trim());
+    let body = strip_hex_prefix(s.trim());
     let bytes = body.as_bytes();
     // Empty → empty Vec (a legitimately-empty variable-length field); odd length
     // is malformed. (`parse_hex_fixed` enforces a concrete length separately.)
-    if bytes.len() % 2 != 0 {
+    if !bytes.len().is_multiple_of(2) {
         return None;
     }
     let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(bytes.len() / 2);
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ pub fn parse_hex_bytes(s: &str) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
 /// prefix; requires EXACTLY `2*N` ASCII hex digits after it. `None` on any
 /// non-hex byte or a length mismatch.
 pub fn parse_hex_fixed<const N: usize>(s: &str) -> Option<[u8; N]> {
-    let body = strip_prefix(s.trim());
+    let body = strip_hex_prefix(s.trim());
     let bytes = body.as_bytes();
     if bytes.len() != 2 * N {
         return None;
@@ -46,8 +46,33 @@ pub fn parse_hex_fixed<const N: usize>(s: &str) -> Option<[u8; N]> {
     Some(out)
 }
 
-/// Strip a single leading `0x` / `0X` if present (case-insensitive).
-fn strip_prefix(s: &str) -> &str {
+/// Parse a hex string into a `u16`. Accepts an optional `0x`/`0X` prefix
+/// (case-insensitive) via the same [`strip_hex_prefix`] the byte parsers use.
+/// `None` on any non-hex content or overflow.
+///
+/// Exists so callers never hand-roll `from_str_radix(s.trim_start_matches("0x"), 16)`
+/// — a **case-sensitive** strip that silently dropped an uppercase-`0X` value.
+/// (That reintroduced-in-keydb bug is exactly what this module was built to kill;
+/// the integer fields now share the one prefix rule.)
+pub fn parse_hex_u16(s: &str) -> Option<u16> {
+    u16::from_str_radix(strip_hex_prefix(s.trim()), 16).ok()
+}
+
+/// Parse a hex string into a `u32`. See [`parse_hex_u16`].
+pub fn parse_hex_u32(s: &str) -> Option<u32> {
+    u32::from_str_radix(strip_hex_prefix(s.trim()), 16).ok()
+}
+
+/// Parse a hex string into a `u8`. See [`parse_hex_u16`].
+pub fn parse_hex_u8(s: &str) -> Option<u8> {
+    u8::from_str_radix(strip_hex_prefix(s.trim()), 16).ok()
+}
+
+/// Strip a single leading `0x` / `0X` if present (case-insensitive). Public so
+/// callers that only need the prefix rule (e.g. normalizing a disc hash) reuse
+/// the one definition instead of hand-rolling a case-sensitive
+/// `trim_start_matches("0x")`.
+pub fn strip_hex_prefix(s: &str) -> &str {
     s.strip_prefix("0x")
         .or_else(|| s.strip_prefix("0X"))
         .unwrap_or(s)
@@ -95,6 +120,23 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(parse_hex_fixed::<16>(&s), None);
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn hex_ints_accept_both_prefix_cases_and_bare() {
+        // The regression the keydb device-key bug hit: uppercase `0X` must parse
+        // identically to `0x` and to a bare value.
+        assert_eq!(parse_hex_u16("0x0001"), Some(1));
+        assert_eq!(parse_hex_u16("0X0001"), Some(1));
+        assert_eq!(parse_hex_u16("0001"), Some(1));
+        assert_eq!(parse_hex_u16(" 0XABCD "), Some(0xABCD));
+        assert_eq!(parse_hex_u32("0X00000002"), Some(2));
+        assert_eq!(parse_hex_u32("deadbeef"), Some(0xDEAD_BEEF));
+        assert_eq!(parse_hex_u8("0X03"), Some(3));
+        assert_eq!(parse_hex_u8("ff"), Some(0xFF));
+        // Overflow / non-hex → None.
+        assert_eq!(parse_hex_u8("0x1FF"), None);
+        assert_eq!(parse_hex_u16("0xzz"), None);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn bytes_variable_length_and_odd_rejected() {
         assert_eq!(parse_hex_bytes("0xAABBCC"), Some(vec![0xAA, 0xBB, 0xCC]));

src/identity.rs

@@ -49,13 +49,30 @@ pub struct DriveId {
     pub raw_gc_010c: Vec<u8>,
 }
 
+/// SPC-4 standard INQUIRY data: 36 bytes through `product_revision`. Anything
+/// shorter cannot populate the identity fields this type promises.
+const INQUIRY_STANDARD_LEN: usize = 36;
+
 impl DriveId {
     /// Probe a real drive via SCSI and build its identity.
     pub fn from_drive(transport: &mut dyn ScsiTransport) -> Result<Self> {
         // INQUIRY — SPC-4 §6.4
         let mut inquiry = vec![0u8; 96];
         let cdb_inq = [0x12, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x60, 0x00];
-        transport.execute(&cdb_inq, DataDirection::FromDevice, &mut inquiry, 5000)?;
+        let inq = transport.execute(&cdb_inq, DataDirection::FromDevice, &mut inquiry, 5000)?;
+        // `bytes_transferred` is device-reported and untrusted — the same rule
+        // the two GET CONFIGURATION calls below already apply. It was ignored
+        // here, and the buffer is pre-zeroed, so a drive answering GOOD with a
+        // short or empty data phase (a USB-SATA bridge mid-wedge does exactly
+        // this) decoded to blank identity strings and a byte 0 of 0x00. Every
+        // platform enumerator gates on `raw_inquiry[0] & 0x1F == OPTICAL`, so
+        // 0x00 reads as DIRECT ACCESS and the drive silently disappears from
+        // the device list instead of reporting a failed probe.
+        if inq.bytes_transferred < INQUIRY_STANDARD_LEN {
+            return Err(crate::error::Error::DriveInquiryShort);
+        }
+        // Never decode past what the drive actually sent.
+        inquiry.truncate(inq.bytes_transferred.min(inquiry.len()));
 
         // GET CONFIGURATION Feature 010Ch — MMC-6 §6.6.
         // Best-effort: 010Ch (Firmware Information) is an optional feature.
@@ -262,6 +279,54 @@ mod tests {
     /// Spec: SPC-4 §6.4.2 — bytes[8:16] are vendor ID; a truncated buffer
     ///       (e.g. a device that reports fewer than 8 bytes) must not panic.
     /// Mutation: removing the `data.len() > start` guard makes it panic on short inputs.
+    /// A drive that answers INQUIRY with GOOD status but a short or empty
+    /// data phase must fail the probe, not present as a blank drive.
+    ///
+    /// The buffer is pre-zeroed, so decoding it unconditionally yielded empty
+    /// vendor/product/revision strings and a byte 0 of 0x00. Every platform
+    /// enumerator gates on `raw_inquiry[0] & 0x1F == SCSI_PERIPHERAL_TYPE_OPTICAL`,
+    /// and 0x00 is DIRECT ACCESS — so the drive silently vanished from the
+    /// device list rather than reporting that its identity probe failed. A
+    /// USB-SATA bridge mid-wedge does exactly this.
+    ///
+    /// The two GET CONFIGURATION calls in the same function already clamped on
+    /// `bytes_transferred`, with a comment calling it untrusted; INQUIRY, three
+    /// lines above them, discarded it.
+    #[test]
+    fn inquiry_with_a_short_data_phase_fails_instead_of_reporting_a_blank_drive() {
+        /// GOOD status, no sense, and only `n` bytes written.
+        struct ShortInquiry(usize);
+        impl ScsiTransport for ShortInquiry {
+            fn execute(
+                &mut self,
+                _cdb: &[u8],
+                _dir: DataDirection,
+                _buf: &mut [u8],
+                _timeout_ms: u32,
+            ) -> Result<ScsiResult> {
+                Ok(ScsiResult {
+                    status: 0,
+                    sense: [0u8; 32],
+                    bytes_transferred: self.0,
+                })
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Empty data phase — the case that made a real drive disappear.
+        assert!(matches!(
+            DriveId::from_drive(&mut ShortInquiry(0)),
+            Err(crate::error::Error::DriveInquiryShort)
+        ));
+        // One byte short of the SPC-4 standard 36-byte header.
+        assert!(matches!(
+            DriveId::from_drive(&mut ShortInquiry(35)),
+            Err(crate::error::Error::DriveInquiryShort)
+        ));
+        // Exactly the standard length is acceptable: the optional
+        // vendor-specific tail past byte 36 is allowed to be absent.
+        assert!(DriveId::from_drive(&mut ShortInquiry(36)).is_ok());
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn ascii_field_short_buffer_returns_empty() {
         // Buffer of length 5: start=8 is beyond the end → empty string.
@@ -339,9 +404,136 @@ mod tests {
         );
     }
 
+    /// `ascii_field`'s guard is `data.len() > start` (strictly greater), not
+    /// `>=`: a buffer whose length is exactly `start` has NO byte at that
+    /// offset, so it must still yield empty, not attempt to slice.
+    /// Mutation: `>` -> `>=` would try to slice `data[start..]` when
+    /// `data.len() == start`, which panics (empty range at the very end is
+    /// fine, but the guard's job is the `< start` case below it — pinning the
+    /// exact boundary catches an off-by-one either direction).
+    #[test]
+    fn ascii_field_boundary_len_equals_start_is_empty() {
+        let buf = vec![0u8; 8];
+        assert_eq!(ascii_field(&buf, 8, 16), "");
+    }
+
+    /// One byte past the boundary: `data.len() == start + 1` must extract
+    /// that single byte (clamped to `end`), proving the guard is `>` and not
+    /// off by one in the other direction.
+    #[test]
+    fn ascii_field_boundary_len_one_past_start_extracts_one_byte() {
+        let mut buf = vec![0u8; 9];
+        buf[8] = b'X';
+        assert_eq!(ascii_field(&buf, 8, 16), "X");
+    }
+
+    /// `Display` renders the four trimmed identity fields space-separated —
+    /// the human-readable counterpart of `match_key`'s pipe-separated form.
+    /// Not exercised anywhere else in this test module.
+    /// Mutation: replacing the `fmt` body with `Ok(Default::default())`
+    /// writes nothing at all, so formatting any `DriveId` yields "".
+    #[test]
+    fn display_formats_trimmed_fields_space_separated() {
+        let mut inquiry = vec![0u8; 96];
+        inquiry[8..16].copy_from_slice(b"PIONEER ");
+        inquiry[16..32].copy_from_slice(b"BD-RW   BDR-S09 ");
+        inquiry[32..36].copy_from_slice(b"1.34");
+        inquiry[36..43].copy_from_slice(b" 16/04/");
+        let id = DriveId::from_inquiry(&inquiry, "201604250000");
+        assert_eq!(id.to_string(), "PIONEER BD-RW   BDR-S09 1.34 16/04/");
+    }
+
     /// GET CONFIGURATION failure (transport error) must not abort the
     /// identity probe — firmware_date is empty, raw_gc_010c is empty.
     /// Mutation: propagating the GET_CONFIGURATION error with `?` aborts from_drive.
+    /// Transport whose GET CONFIGURATION responses report an exact,
+    /// caller-chosen `bytes_transferred` for each of the two GC features
+    /// (010Ch firmware date / 0108h serial), so the `end > 12` / `> 12`
+    /// boundary guards can be pinned precisely. INQUIRY always succeeds.
+    struct FixedGcCountTransport {
+        firmware_bytes: usize,
+        serial_bytes: usize,
+    }
+
+    impl ScsiTransport for FixedGcCountTransport {
+        fn execute(
+            &mut self,
+            cdb: &[u8],
+            _dir: DataDirection,
+            buf: &mut [u8],
+            _timeout_ms: u32,
+        ) -> Result<ScsiResult> {
+            for b in buf.iter_mut() {
+                *b = b'Z';
+            }
+            let bytes_transferred = match cdb.first() {
+                Some(&0x12) => buf.len(),
+                Some(&0x46) if cdb[3] == 0x0C => self.firmware_bytes,
+                Some(&0x46) if cdb[3] == 0x08 => self.serial_bytes,
+                _ => buf.len(),
+            };
+            Ok(ScsiResult {
+                status: 0,
+                bytes_transferred,
+                sense: [0u8; 32],
+            })
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// `end > 12` in the firmware-date branch (`from_drive`) is a strict
+    /// inequality: `bytes_transferred == 12` reports the field absent
+    /// (offset 12 is the first byte of the 12-char date; a count of exactly
+    /// 12 covers bytes 0..12, none of which is the date), so `firmware_date`
+    /// must be empty, not the mutant's off-by-one read.
+    /// Mutation: `>` -> `>=` would try `gc[12..12]` at the boundary — an
+    /// empty but non-panicking slice — silently reporting "present" data
+    /// that is actually all outside the transferred count.
+    #[test]
+    fn from_drive_firmware_date_boundary_exactly_12_is_empty() {
+        let mut t = FixedGcCountTransport {
+            firmware_bytes: 12,
+            serial_bytes: 0,
+        };
+        let id = DriveId::from_drive(&mut t).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(id.firmware_date, "");
+    }
+
+    /// One byte past the boundary (`bytes_transferred == 13`) must extract
+    /// exactly the one available date byte (offset 12), proving the guard
+    /// is `>` and the slice end is clamped to `end`, not always to 24.
+    #[test]
+    fn from_drive_firmware_date_boundary_13_extracts_one_byte() {
+        let mut t = FixedGcCountTransport {
+            firmware_bytes: 13,
+            serial_bytes: 0,
+        };
+        let id = DriveId::from_drive(&mut t).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(id.firmware_date, "Z");
+    }
+
+    /// Same `> 12` boundary for the serial-number branch: exactly 12
+    /// transferred bytes must yield an empty serial.
+    #[test]
+    fn from_drive_serial_boundary_exactly_12_is_empty() {
+        let mut t = FixedGcCountTransport {
+            firmware_bytes: 0,
+            serial_bytes: 12,
+        };
+        let id = DriveId::from_drive(&mut t).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(id.serial_number, "");
+    }
+
+    /// One byte past the serial boundary extracts exactly that byte.
+    #[test]
+    fn from_drive_serial_boundary_13_extracts_one_byte() {
+        let mut t = FixedGcCountTransport {
+            firmware_bytes: 0,
+            serial_bytes: 13,
+        };
+        let id = DriveId::from_drive(&mut t).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(id.serial_number, "Z");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn from_drive_gc_failure_yields_empty_firmware_date() {
         struct GcFailTransport;

src/io/bounded.rs

@@ -133,10 +133,10 @@ where
         match rx.recv_timeout(slice) {
             Ok(v) => return Ok(v),
             Err(RecvTimeoutError::Timeout) => {
-                if let Some(h) = halt {
-                    if h.is_cancelled() {
-                        return Err(BoundedError::Halted);
-                    }
+                if let Some(h) = halt
+                    && h.is_cancelled()
+                {
+                    return Err(BoundedError::Halted);
                 }
                 if Instant::now() >= deadline {
                     return Err(BoundedError::Timeout);

src/io/byte_prefetcher.rs

@@ -249,6 +249,27 @@ impl Drop for BytePrefetcher {
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
+    /// `RECYCLE_DEPTH` must be one MORE than `FORWARD_DEPTH` per its own
+    /// doc comment: the producer needs at least one buffer to fill while
+    /// the consumer holds the other `FORWARD_DEPTH`-worth in flight. A
+    /// `+` -> `*`/`-` mutation on `FORWARD_DEPTH + 1` would under-size the
+    /// recycle channel (e.g. `FORWARD_DEPTH * 1 == FORWARD_DEPTH`, one
+    /// short), which starves the producer of a spare buffer.
+    #[test]
+    fn recycle_depth_is_forward_depth_plus_one() {
+        assert_eq!(RECYCLE_DEPTH, FORWARD_DEPTH + 1);
+        assert_eq!(RECYCLE_DEPTH, 3, "FORWARD_DEPTH is 2, so recycle must be 3");
+    }
+
+    /// `DEFAULT_CHUNK_BYTES` is documented as 16 MiB. Pins the literal so a
+    /// `*` -> `+`/`/` mutation on either factor (16 * 1024 * 1024) is
+    /// caught by a concrete, spec-derived expected value rather than by
+    /// recomputing the same expression.
+    #[test]
+    fn default_chunk_bytes_is_16_mib() {
+        assert_eq!(DEFAULT_CHUNK_BYTES, 16_777_216, "documented as 16 MiB");
+    }
+
     /// Endless reader: every `read` fills the whole buffer and never
     /// hits EOF, so the producer keeps trying to push batches forward
     /// until the forward channel disconnects. Exactly the shape that

src/io/file_sector_source/linux.rs

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 use std::fs::File;
 use std::os::unix::io::AsRawFd;
 
-pub(super) fn hint_sequential(file: &File, _len_bytes: u64) {
+pub(crate) fn hint_sequential(file: &File, _len_bytes: u64) {
     // Best-effort: return value ignored. A fadvise failure has no
     // user-observable consequence.
     unsafe {
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ pub(super) fn hint_sequential(file: &File, _len_bytes: u64) {
 /// Drop pages in the half-open byte range `[start, start+len)` from
 /// the page cache. Called periodically by `read_sectors` to bound the
 /// read-side page cache pressure.
-pub(super) fn drop_window(file: &File, start: u64, len: u64) {
+pub(crate) fn drop_window(file: &File, start: u64, len: u64) {
     unsafe {
         libc::posix_fadvise(
             file.as_raw_fd(),
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ pub(super) fn drop_window(file: &File, start: u64, len: u64) {
 /// can only pre-stage a tiny slice of the next batch. An explicit
 /// `readahead()` of the same size as the current batch tells the
 /// kernel to queue the full next-batch read now.
-pub(super) fn prefetch(file: &File, offset: u64, len: u64) {
+pub(crate) fn prefetch(file: &File, offset: u64, len: u64) {
     unsafe {
         libc::readahead(file.as_raw_fd(), offset as i64, len as usize);
     }

src/io/file_sector_source/macos.rs

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use std::os::unix::io::AsRawFd;
 /// pipeline depth.
 const RDADVISE_MAX_BYTES: i64 = 64 * 1024 * 1024;
 
-pub(super) fn hint_sequential(file: &File, len_bytes: u64) {
+pub(crate) fn hint_sequential(file: &File, len_bytes: u64) {
     let bytes = (len_bytes as i64).min(RDADVISE_MAX_BYTES);
     let mut ra = libc::radvisory {
         ra_offset: 0,
@@ -33,14 +33,14 @@ pub(super) fn hint_sequential(file: &File, len_bytes: u64) {
 /// approximation: no-op. macOS's unified buffer cache is generally
 /// less prone to the pin-everything pathology that triggers the
 /// regression on Linux NFS clients.
-pub(super) fn drop_window(_file: &File, _start: u64, _len: u64) {}
+pub(crate) fn drop_window(_file: &File, _start: u64, _len: u64) {}
 
 /// Async-prefetch the byte range `[offset, offset+len)`. macOS uses
 /// the same `fcntl(F_RDADVISE, &radvisory)` primitive as the open-
 /// time sequential hint, just targeted at a moving window instead of
 /// the whole file. The kernel queues I/O for the requested range and
 /// returns immediately.
-pub(super) fn prefetch(file: &File, offset: u64, len: u64) {
+pub(crate) fn prefetch(file: &File, offset: u64, len: u64) {
     let bytes = (len as i64).min(RDADVISE_MAX_BYTES);
     let mut ra = libc::radvisory {
         ra_offset: offset as libc::off_t,

src/io/file_sector_source/mod.rs

@@ -48,22 +48,25 @@
 //! far smaller than our 16 MiB app-level batch.
 
 #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
-mod linux;
+pub(crate) mod linux;
 #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
-mod macos;
+pub(crate) mod macos;
 #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "macos", target_os = "windows")))]
-mod other;
+pub(crate) mod other;
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
-mod windows;
+pub(crate) mod windows;
 
+// The page-cache hints are shared with any other file-backed sector source:
+// `dirimage` reads host files the same way and needs the same eviction, or a
+// large rip pins every byte it has read (see this module's DONTNEED note).
 #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
-use linux as platform;
+pub(crate) use linux as platform;
 #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
-use macos as platform;
+pub(crate) use macos as platform;
 #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "macos", target_os = "windows")))]
-use other as platform;
+pub(crate) use other as platform;
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
-use windows as platform;
+pub(crate) use windows as platform;
 
 use std::fs::File;
 use std::io::{Read, Seek, SeekFrom};
@@ -78,18 +81,34 @@ use crate::consts::{SECTOR_BYTES, SECTOR_BYTES_U64};
 /// read side. Mirrors `WRITEBACK_CHUNK_BYTES` so the read-side page
 /// cache stays bounded the same way the write side does.
 ///
-/// 32 MiB is the empirically tuned value on the rip1 test bed (single
-/// 7200rpm HDD via SATA): smaller windows (8 / 16 MiB) shorten the
+/// 32 MiB is the empirically tuned value on a 7200rpm HDD via SATA:
+/// smaller windows (8 / 16 MiB) shorten the
 /// kernel-readahead overlap and slow the producer; larger windows
 /// (64 / 128 MiB) let the page cache pin enough of the ISO to
 /// pressure concurrent writes. Override via `FREEMKV_READ_DROP_CHUNK_MIB`.
 const READ_DROP_CHUNK_BYTES_DEFAULT: u64 = 32 * 1024 * 1024;
 
+/// Upper bound (in MiB) accepted from `FREEMKV_READ_DROP_CHUNK_MIB`. 64 GiB —
+/// generous for any real medium, and small enough that `n * 1024 * 1024` cannot
+/// wrap `u64`. Mirrors `WRITEBACK_CHUNK_MIB_MAX`, whose identical multiply is
+/// bounded for exactly this reason: without the bound, a value above 2^44
+/// overflows — a panic on the first ISO open in an overflow-checked build, and in
+/// release a wrap to a near-zero window that fires `drop_window` on every read.
+/// Out-of-range values fall back to the default.
+const READ_DROP_CHUNK_MIB_MAX: u64 = 64 * 1024;
+
 fn read_drop_chunk_bytes() -> u64 {
-    std::env::var("FREEMKV_READ_DROP_CHUNK_MIB")
-        .ok()
-        .and_then(|v| v.parse::<u64>().ok())
-        .filter(|&n| n > 0)
+    resolve_read_drop_chunk(
+        std::env::var("FREEMKV_READ_DROP_CHUNK_MIB")
+            .ok()
+            .and_then(|v| v.parse::<u64>().ok()),
+    )
+}
+
+/// The pure part of [`read_drop_chunk_bytes`], split out so the bound is
+/// testable without mutating process environment.
+fn resolve_read_drop_chunk(mib: Option<u64>) -> u64 {
+    mib.filter(|&n| n > 0 && n <= READ_DROP_CHUNK_MIB_MAX)
         .map(|n| n * 1024 * 1024)
         .unwrap_or(READ_DROP_CHUNK_BYTES_DEFAULT)
 }
@@ -171,12 +190,20 @@ impl SectorSource for FileSectorSource {
     ) -> Result<usize> {
         let count = count as u32;
         let bytes = count as usize * SECTOR_BYTES;
-        debug_assert!(
-            out.len() >= bytes,
-            "FileSectorSource::read_sectors: out len {} < requested {}",
-            out.len(),
-            bytes
-        );
+        // A real check, not a debug_assert: this is a public `SectorSource` impl,
+        // so an undersized `out` is caller input, and `out[..bytes]` below would
+        // panic with 'range end index out of range' in release where the assert is
+        // compiled away. `Drive::read_fua` already carries exactly this guard, with
+        // a comment recording the same panic being fixed there — this impl was
+        // simply never given it, and `PrefetchedSectorSource` has a regression test
+        // for the case that this one lacked.
+        if out.len() < bytes {
+            return Err(Error::DiscRead {
+                sector: lba as u64,
+                status: None,
+                sense: None,
+            });
+        }
         if count == 0 {
             return Ok(0);
         }
@@ -219,6 +246,40 @@ mod tests {
     use std::io::Write;
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
+    /// An undersized output buffer must return an error, never panic. This is a
+    /// public `SectorSource` impl, so buffer length is caller input, and the guard
+    /// used to be a `debug_assert!` — compiled out in release, where the
+    /// `out[..bytes]` slice then panicked with 'range end index out of range'.
+    ///
+    /// `Drive::read_fua` already carries this exact guard with a comment recording
+    /// the same panic being fixed there, and `PrefetchedSectorSource` has
+    /// `direct_read_too_small_buffer_errors` for the same case; this impl had
+    /// neither.
+    #[test]
+    fn read_sectors_with_an_undersized_buffer_errors_rather_than_panicking() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let iso = dir.path().join("t.iso");
+        make_iso(&iso, 8);
+        let mut src = FileSectorSource::open(&iso).expect("iso opens");
+
+        // Ask for four sectors but supply room for barely more than one.
+        let mut out = vec![0u8; SECTOR_BYTES + 1];
+        let err = src
+            .read_sectors(0, 4, &mut out, false)
+            .expect_err("an undersized buffer must be an error, not a panic");
+        assert!(
+            matches!(err, Error::DiscRead { .. }),
+            "expected DiscRead, got {err:?}"
+        );
+
+        // Exactly-sized still works, so the guard is not off by one.
+        let mut out = vec![0u8; 4 * SECTOR_BYTES];
+        assert_eq!(
+            src.read_sectors(0, 4, &mut out, false).unwrap(),
+            4 * SECTOR_BYTES
+        );
+    }
+
     /// Build a deterministic ISO of `sectors` sectors where sector `n`
     /// is filled with the byte pattern `((n & 0xff) as u8)`. Lets us
     /// verify any sector by content alone.
@@ -376,19 +437,36 @@ mod tests {
     // Additional coverage.
     // ---------------------------------------------------------------
 
-    /// `count == 0` must short-circuit to Ok(0) WITHOUT seeking or
-    /// reading, even at an out-of-range LBA — the early-return guard
-    /// runs before any I/O. Grounding: `if count == 0 { return Ok(0) }`.
+    /// `count == 0` must short-circuit to Ok(0) WITHOUT seeking or reading,
+    /// even at an out-of-range LBA. Grounding: `if count == 0 { return Ok(0) }`.
+    ///
+    /// The `Ok(0)` return alone proves nothing: with the guard deleted, a seek
+    /// past EOF succeeds (POSIX permits seeking beyond the end of a file) and a
+    /// zero-length `read_exact` returns `Ok(())` immediately, so the call still
+    /// returns `Ok(0)`. The observable difference is the file's cursor — the
+    /// seek MOVES it to `lba * 2048`. Assert on that, so the guard is what the
+    /// test is actually measuring.
     #[test]
     fn zero_count_returns_zero_no_io() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
         let path = dir.path().join("zc.iso");
         make_iso(&path, 4);
         let mut src = FileSectorSource::open(&path).unwrap();
+        let before = src.file.stream_position().expect("cursor readable");
+        assert_eq!(before, 0, "a freshly opened file starts at offset 0");
         // LBA far past EOF — must not matter because count==0 returns early.
         let mut buf = [0u8; 1];
         let n = src.read_sectors(1_000_000, 0, &mut buf, false).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(n, 0);
+        assert_eq!(
+            src.file.stream_position().expect("cursor readable"),
+            before,
+            "count == 0 must return before the seek — an unmoved cursor is the \
+             only observable proof that no I/O was issued"
+        );
+        // And the drop-window accounting must not have advanced either.
+        assert_eq!(src.bytes_read_since_drop, 0);
+        assert_eq!(src.drop_window_start, 0);
     }
 
     /// Reading past EOF must ERROR (read_exact's UnexpectedEof), never
@@ -518,4 +596,36 @@ mod tests {
             lba += batch as u32;
         }
     }
+
+    /// `FREEMKV_READ_DROP_CHUNK_MIB` must be BOUNDED before the MiB→byte
+    /// multiply, exactly as its writeback twin bounds the identical multiply.
+    /// Unbounded, any value above 2^44 overflowed `n * 1024 * 1024`: a panic on
+    /// the first ISO open in an overflow-checked build, and in release a wrap to
+    /// a near-zero window that fires `drop_window` on essentially every read.
+    #[test]
+    fn read_drop_chunk_env_is_bounded_before_the_multiply() {
+        // Default when unset / zero / out of range.
+        assert_eq!(resolve_read_drop_chunk(None), READ_DROP_CHUNK_BYTES_DEFAULT);
+        assert_eq!(
+            resolve_read_drop_chunk(Some(0)),
+            READ_DROP_CHUNK_BYTES_DEFAULT
+        );
+        // The overflow value: `u64::MAX * 1024 * 1024` panicked here.
+        assert_eq!(
+            resolve_read_drop_chunk(Some(u64::MAX)),
+            READ_DROP_CHUNK_BYTES_DEFAULT
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            resolve_read_drop_chunk(Some(READ_DROP_CHUNK_MIB_MAX + 1)),
+            READ_DROP_CHUNK_BYTES_DEFAULT
+        );
+        // In-range values convert MiB→bytes. Mutation: `* 1024` breaks this.
+        assert_eq!(resolve_read_drop_chunk(Some(1)), 1024 * 1024);
+        assert_eq!(
+            resolve_read_drop_chunk(Some(READ_DROP_CHUNK_MIB_MAX)),
+            READ_DROP_CHUNK_MIB_MAX * 1024 * 1024
+        );
+        // And the bound itself keeps the multiply inside u64.
+        assert!((READ_DROP_CHUNK_MIB_MAX as u128) * 1024 * 1024 <= u64::MAX as u128);
+    }
 }

src/io/file_sector_source/other.rs

@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
 
 use std::fs::File;
 
-pub(super) fn hint_sequential(_file: &File, _len_bytes: u64) {}
+pub(crate) fn hint_sequential(_file: &File, _len_bytes: u64) {}
 
-pub(super) fn drop_window(_file: &File, _start: u64, _len: u64) {}
+pub(crate) fn drop_window(_file: &File, _start: u64, _len: u64) {}
 
-pub(super) fn prefetch(_file: &File, _offset: u64, _len: u64) {}
+pub(crate) fn prefetch(_file: &File, _offset: u64, _len: u64) {}

src/io/file_sector_source/windows.rs

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use std::fs::File;
 /// No-op stub. `FILE_FLAG_SEQUENTIAL_SCAN` can only be set at
 /// `CreateFile` open time, which the plain `File::open` path does not
 /// do, so there is no post-open hint to issue here.
-pub(super) fn hint_sequential(_file: &File, _len_bytes: u64) {
+pub(crate) fn hint_sequential(_file: &File, _len_bytes: u64) {
     tracing::debug!(
         target: "mux",
         "FileSectorSource hint_sequential: windows no-op stub"
@@ -19,10 +19,10 @@ pub(super) fn hint_sequential(_file: &File, _len_bytes: u64) {
 /// Windows page-cache eviction is not exposed via a posix_fadvise
 /// equivalent. The kernel does its own working-set management. No-op
 /// for now.
-pub(super) fn drop_window(_file: &File, _start: u64, _len: u64) {}
+pub(crate) fn drop_window(_file: &File, _start: u64, _len: u64) {}
 
 /// Windows async-prefetch hint. With FILE_FLAG_SEQUENTIAL_SCAN at
 /// open the kernel already prefetches aggressively, so there's no
 /// per-range hint we'd add on top. No-op stub for parity with the
 /// posix platforms.
-pub(super) fn prefetch(_file: &File, _offset: u64, _len: u64) {}
+pub(crate) fn prefetch(_file: &File, _offset: u64, _len: u64) {}

src/io/image_writer.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,283 @@
+//! `write_image` — write an image-level source out as a sector image.
+//!
+//! This is the plain image writer: sectors in from any [`SectorSource`], bytes
+//! out to a file, in order, once. It is what an `iso://` DESTINATION means when
+//! the source is not a physical drive.
+//!
+//! # Why this is not `freemkv_engine::copy`
+//!
+//! The engine's `copy` is the RECOVERY path — mapfile sidecar, `--multipass`
+//! sweep/patch, damage-jump, ECC-aware batching, auto-resume. Every one of those
+//! exists because an optical drive returns read errors on marginal media. A
+//! file-backed or synthesized source has no marginal media: a read either
+//! succeeds or the underlying file is broken, and retrying it is pointless.
+//!
+//! Routing a non-drive source through the recovery path is not merely wasteful,
+//! it is wrong. Its mapfile identity check compares AACS unit keys and the VID,
+//! both of which are empty for an already-decrypted source, so identity passes
+//! for ANY such source: a second run with a different input to the same output
+//! path would resume over the previous image and produce wrong content at exit
+//! zero. Keeping the two paths separate makes that unrepresentable.
+//!
+//! So: drive sources get `freemkv_engine::copy`. Everything else gets this.
+
+use crate::consts::SECTOR_BYTES;
+use crate::error::{Error, Result};
+use crate::halt::Halt;
+use crate::sector::SectorSource;
+use std::fs::File;
+use std::io::{BufWriter, Write};
+use std::path::Path;
+
+/// Sectors per read/write batch. 4 MiB — large enough that per-call overhead
+/// disappears against a file-backed source, small enough that the buffer is not
+/// a notable allocation and cancellation stays responsive.
+const BATCH_SECTORS: u32 = 2048;
+
+/// Write `total_sectors` sectors from `reader` to `dest`.
+///
+/// Reads sequentially from LBA 0 and writes in order, so the output is a faithful
+/// image of whatever the source presents — decrypted if the caller wrapped the
+/// source in a [`DecryptingSectorSource`](crate::sector::decrypting::DecryptingSectorSource),
+/// ciphertext if it did not. This function performs no decryption itself and makes
+/// no decryption decision; that belongs to the caller, which knows whether the run
+/// is `--raw`.
+///
+/// `on_progress` is called after each batch with the cumulative byte count, for
+/// front-end progress reporting. It must not block.
+///
+/// `halt` is checked once per batch. On cancellation the partial file is left in
+/// place — the caller decides whether a partial image is worth keeping, and
+/// deleting a multi-gigabyte file the user may want to inspect is not this
+/// function's call to make.
+///
+/// Returns the number of bytes written.
+///
+/// # Errors
+///
+/// - [`Error::Halted`] if `halt` was cancelled.
+/// - [`Error::IoError`] if the destination cannot be created or written.
+/// - Whatever the source's `read_sectors` returns. A short read is an error, not
+///   a zero-fill: silently padding a truncated source produces an image that
+///   looks complete and is not.
+pub fn write_image(
+    reader: &mut dyn SectorSource,
+    dest: &Path,
+    total_sectors: u32,
+    halt: &Halt,
+    mut on_progress: impl FnMut(u64),
+) -> Result<u64> {
+    if total_sectors == 0 {
+        return Err(Error::EmptyImage);
+    }
+
+    let file = File::create(dest).map_err(|source| Error::IoError { source })?;
+    let mut out = BufWriter::with_capacity(BATCH_SECTORS as usize * SECTOR_BYTES, file);
+
+    let mut buf = vec![0u8; BATCH_SECTORS as usize * SECTOR_BYTES];
+    let mut written: u64 = 0;
+    let mut lba: u32 = 0;
+
+    while lba < total_sectors {
+        if halt.is_cancelled() {
+            return Err(Error::Halted);
+        }
+        let count = BATCH_SECTORS.min(total_sectors - lba);
+        let want = count as usize * SECTOR_BYTES;
+        // `recovery = false`: a file-backed source ignores the flag, and a
+        // retry loop over a local file would only re-read the same bytes.
+        let got = reader.read_sectors(lba, count as u16, &mut buf[..want], false)?;
+        if got != want {
+            return Err(Error::ShortImageRead {
+                lba,
+                expected: want as u32,
+                got: got as u32,
+            });
+        }
+        out.write_all(&buf[..want])
+            .map_err(|source| Error::IoError { source })?;
+        written += want as u64;
+        lba += count;
+        on_progress(written);
+    }
+
+    // flush() only pushes the BufWriter's bytes into the kernel via write(2).
+    // It makes no durability promise at all, so returning Ok here would report
+    // a finished image while up to several gigabytes of it still sit in the
+    // page cache. A crash, a power loss, or yanking the removable/network
+    // volume the image was written to then leaves a truncated or empty file
+    // that the caller was told was complete.
+    //
+    // For a 6-90 GB image that is exactly the failure this crate treats as
+    // worst: success reported over wrong output. `into_inner` is used rather
+    // than `flush` so a buffered-write error is surfaced instead of being
+    // dropped on the floor by BufWriter's Drop.
+    let file = out.into_inner().map_err(|e| Error::IoError {
+        source: e.into_error(),
+    })?;
+    file.sync_all()
+        .map_err(|source| Error::IoError { source })?;
+    Ok(written)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::error::Result as FmResult;
+
+    /// A source that yields a deterministic byte per sector, so the written
+    /// image can be checked positionally rather than just by length.
+    struct PatternSource {
+        sectors: u32,
+        /// Sectors after which `read_sectors` reports a short read.
+        short_after: Option<u32>,
+    }
+
+    impl SectorSource for PatternSource {
+        fn capacity_sectors(&self) -> u32 {
+            self.sectors
+        }
+        fn read_sectors(
+            &mut self,
+            lba: u32,
+            count: u16,
+            buf: &mut [u8],
+            _recovery: bool,
+        ) -> FmResult<usize> {
+            let want = count as usize * SECTOR_BYTES;
+            if self.short_after.is_some_and(|after| lba >= after) {
+                return Ok(want - 1);
+            }
+            for s in 0..count as usize {
+                let byte = ((lba as usize + s) % 251) as u8;
+                buf[s * SECTOR_BYTES..(s + 1) * SECTOR_BYTES].fill(byte);
+            }
+            Ok(want)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn tmp(name: &str) -> std::path::PathBuf {
+        let mut p = std::env::temp_dir();
+        p.push(format!("fmkv-image-writer-{name}-{}", std::process::id()));
+        p
+    }
+
+    /// The written image is byte-for-byte what the source presented, at the
+    /// right offsets — not merely the right length.
+    #[test]
+    fn writes_every_sector_in_order() {
+        let dest = tmp("order");
+        let mut src = PatternSource {
+            sectors: 5000,
+            short_after: None,
+        };
+        let n = write_image(&mut src, &dest, 5000, &Halt::new(), |_| {}).expect("write");
+        assert_eq!(n, 5000 * SECTOR_BYTES as u64);
+
+        let data = std::fs::read(&dest).expect("read back");
+        assert_eq!(data.len(), 5000 * SECTOR_BYTES);
+        // Spot-check across batch boundaries (BATCH_SECTORS = 2048): the last
+        // sector of batch 0, the first of batch 1, and the final sector.
+        for lba in [0usize, 2047, 2048, 4095, 4096, 4999] {
+            let want = (lba % 251) as u8;
+            assert_eq!(
+                data[lba * SECTOR_BYTES],
+                want,
+                "sector {lba} head byte wrong — batching lost or duplicated a sector"
+            );
+            assert_eq!(
+                data[(lba + 1) * SECTOR_BYTES - 1],
+                want,
+                "sector {lba} tail"
+            );
+        }
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_file(&dest);
+    }
+
+    /// A tail shorter than a full batch must still be written whole — the
+    /// classic off-by-one when `total_sectors` is not a batch multiple.
+    #[test]
+    fn writes_a_partial_final_batch() {
+        let dest = tmp("tail");
+        let mut src = PatternSource {
+            sectors: 2049,
+            short_after: None,
+        };
+        let n = write_image(&mut src, &dest, 2049, &Halt::new(), |_| {}).expect("write");
+        assert_eq!(n, 2049 * SECTOR_BYTES as u64);
+        assert_eq!(
+            std::fs::metadata(&dest).expect("stat").len(),
+            2049 * SECTOR_BYTES as u64
+        );
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_file(&dest);
+    }
+
+    /// A short read is an error. Zero-filling would yield an image that looks
+    /// complete and is not — the single worst outcome for an archival copy.
+    #[test]
+    fn short_read_is_an_error_not_a_zero_fill() {
+        let dest = tmp("short");
+        let mut src = PatternSource {
+            sectors: 4096,
+            short_after: Some(2048),
+        };
+        let err = write_image(&mut src, &dest, 4096, &Halt::new(), |_| {}).expect_err("must fail");
+        assert!(
+            matches!(err, Error::ShortImageRead { lba: 2048, .. }),
+            "got {err:?}"
+        );
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_file(&dest);
+    }
+
+    /// Cancellation stops the run and reports it, rather than finishing quietly
+    /// or reporting success on a partial image.
+    #[test]
+    fn cancellation_halts_and_reports() {
+        let dest = tmp("halt");
+        let mut src = PatternSource {
+            sectors: 100_000,
+            short_after: None,
+        };
+        let halt = Halt::new();
+        halt.cancel();
+        let err = write_image(&mut src, &dest, 100_000, &halt, |_| {}).expect_err("must halt");
+        assert!(matches!(err, Error::Halted), "got {err:?}");
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_file(&dest);
+    }
+
+    /// Progress is cumulative and monotonic, and its final value equals the
+    /// returned byte count — a front-end that trusts the callback must not end
+    /// up disagreeing with the return value.
+    #[test]
+    fn progress_is_cumulative_and_ends_at_the_total() {
+        let dest = tmp("progress");
+        let mut src = PatternSource {
+            sectors: 5000,
+            short_after: None,
+        };
+        let mut seen: Vec<u64> = Vec::new();
+        let n = write_image(&mut src, &dest, 5000, &Halt::new(), |b| seen.push(b)).expect("write");
+        assert!(
+            seen.windows(2).all(|w| w[1] > w[0]),
+            "not monotonic: {seen:?}"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(*seen.last().expect("at least one callback"), n);
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_file(&dest);
+    }
+
+    /// A zero-sector source is a caller error, not a zero-byte image: an empty
+    /// ISO is never what anyone wanted, and failing here names the problem.
+    #[test]
+    fn zero_sectors_is_an_error() {
+        let dest = tmp("empty");
+        let mut src = PatternSource {
+            sectors: 0,
+            short_after: None,
+        };
+        let err = write_image(&mut src, &dest, 0, &Halt::new(), |_| {}).expect_err("must fail");
+        assert!(matches!(err, Error::EmptyImage), "got {err:?}");
+        // The destination must not have been created — a failed run leaves no
+        // stub for a later run to mistake for output.
+        assert!(!dest.exists(), "empty run created a file");
+    }
+}

src/io/mod.rs

@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ pub(crate) mod bounded;
 pub mod byte_prefetcher;
 pub mod file_sector_source;
 pub mod fsync;
+pub mod image_writer;
 pub mod sink;
 mod writeback;
 mod writeback_file;
@@ -40,9 +41,8 @@ pub(crate) mod platform_macos;
 
 pub mod pipeline;
 
-pub(crate) use writeback_file::WritebackFile;
+pub use writeback_file::WritebackFile;
 
 pub use pipeline::{
-    DEFAULT_PIPELINE_DEPTH, Flow, Pipeline, READ_PIPELINE_DEPTH, Sink, WRITE_PIPELINE_DEPTH,
-    WRITE_THROUGH_DEPTH,
+    DEFAULT_PIPELINE_DEPTH, Flow, Pipeline, Sink, WRITE_PIPELINE_DEPTH, WRITE_THROUGH_DEPTH,
 };

src/io/pipeline.rs

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
 //! consumer lag detection). This is critical for diagnosing stalls.
 
 use std::sync::Arc;
-use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, AtomicU8, Ordering};
 use std::thread::{self, JoinHandle};
 use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
 
@@ -117,8 +117,32 @@ fn consumer_panicked(payload: Box<dyn std::any::Any + Send>) -> Error {
     Error::PipelineConsumerPanicked
 }
 
+/// Consumer lifecycle state, shared between the caller and the consumer thread.
+///
+/// A plain `AtomicBool` could not make "the caller abandons" and "the consumer
+/// commits to finalising" mutually exclusive: the consumer loaded the flag, the
+/// caller stored it, and the consumer then finalised the container anyway — the
+/// caller reporting the rip as interrupted while a fully finalised MKV (Cues
+/// written, Segment size patched) landed on disk, indistinguishable from a
+/// complete one. The two transitions are therefore a single compare-exchange each,
+/// out of [`state::RUNNING`]: whoever wins decides, and the loser observes the
+/// winner. (`ST_RUNNING` does not exist anywhere in the crate — the constants are
+/// `state::RUNNING` / `state::ABANDONED` / `state::CLOSING` below, and both
+/// compare-exchange sites that must stay in step with this argument name them.)
+mod state {
+    /// Consumer is running; neither side has committed yet.
+    pub const RUNNING: u8 = 0;
+    /// The caller gave up on the consumer and will report failure — the consumer
+    /// must NOT finalise the output.
+    pub const ABANDONED: u8 = 1;
+    /// The consumer has committed to `close()` (finalising the output). The caller
+    /// can no longer abandon it; it must wait for the result it is about to
+    /// produce.
+    pub const CLOSING: u8 = 2;
+}
+
 /// After a halt or deadline fires, spin-poll `handle.is_finished()` for
-/// [`FINISH_GRACE_SECS`] before accepting the thread leak. This converts
+/// `grace` before accepting the thread leak. This converts
 /// the common "nearly-done" consumer (whose own bounded_syscall just
 /// returned and is about to drop its output file) into a clean join,
 /// releasing the file handle without waiting the full grace period.
@@ -132,11 +156,12 @@ fn consumer_panicked(payload: Box<dyn std::any::Any + Send>) -> Error {
 /// syscall itself; that still returns on its own (or at process exit).
 fn finish_with_grace<R: Send + 'static>(
     handle: thread::JoinHandle<Result<R, Error>>,
-    abandoned: &Arc<AtomicBool>,
+    state: &Arc<AtomicU8>,
+    grace: Duration,
     leak_err: Error,
 ) -> Result<R, Error> {
-    let grace = Instant::now() + Duration::from_secs(FINISH_GRACE_SECS);
-    while Instant::now() < grace {
+    let deadline = Instant::now() + grace;
+    while Instant::now() < deadline {
         if handle.is_finished() {
             return match handle.join() {
                 Ok(result) => result,
@@ -145,16 +170,50 @@ fn finish_with_grace<R: Send + 'static>(
         }
         thread::sleep(POLL_INTERVAL);
     }
-    // Grace expired. Signal abandonment, then log and leak. Setting the
-    // flag BEFORE dropping the handle guarantees the leaked consumer
-    // observes it the moment its wedged syscall returns: it then skips
-    // any further `apply` and skips `close()`, rather than running on to
-    // finalise the abandoned output file.
-    // `Release` here pairs with the `Acquire` loads in the consumer loop so
-    // the leaked consumer reliably observes the flag the moment its wedged
-    // syscall returns, even on weak memory models (ARM64/POWER) where
-    // `Relaxed` gives no cross-thread visibility guarantee.
-    abandoned.store(true, Ordering::Release);
+    // Grace expired. CLAIM abandonment, then log and leak. Claiming BEFORE
+    // dropping the handle guarantees the leaked consumer observes it the moment
+    // its wedged syscall returns: it then skips any further `apply` and skips
+    // `close()`, rather than running on to finalise the abandoned output file.
+    //
+    // A compare-exchange, not a store, because the consumer may have committed to
+    // `close()` in the instant between our last `is_finished()` poll and now. It
+    // then cannot be stopped — the finalise IS happening — so abandoning it would
+    // report the rip as interrupted while a valid, fully finalised container
+    // lands on disk. Losing the race means waiting for the result the consumer is
+    // already producing instead. `AcqRel` pairs with the consumer's own
+    // compare-exchange and with the `Acquire` loads in its drain loop, so the flag
+    // is reliably observed even on weak memory models (ARM64/POWER).
+    if state
+        .compare_exchange(
+            state::RUNNING,
+            state::ABANDONED,
+            Ordering::AcqRel,
+            Ordering::Acquire,
+        )
+        .is_err()
+    {
+        tracing::warn!(
+            target: "freemkv::pipeline",
+            phase = "finish_with_halt_close_in_flight",
+            "pipeline consumer had already committed to finalising the output; \
+             waiting for it rather than reporting an unfinalised output"
+        );
+        let close_deadline = Instant::now() + grace;
+        while Instant::now() < close_deadline {
+            if handle.is_finished() {
+                return match handle.join() {
+                    Ok(result) => result,
+                    Err(payload) => Err(consumer_panicked(payload)),
+                };
+            }
+            thread::sleep(POLL_INTERVAL);
+        }
+        // Still finalising after a second grace window: leak and report the wedge.
+        // The output may end up finalised by the leaked thread — but that is now a
+        // wedged-`close()` case, not the check-then-finalise race.
+        drop(handle);
+        return Err(leak_err);
+    }
     tracing::warn!(
         target: "freemkv::pipeline",
         phase = "finish_with_halt_grace_expired",
@@ -173,14 +232,9 @@ fn finish_with_grace<R: Send + 'static>(
 
 /// Default channel depth for callers without a specific reason to
 /// pick another value. Kept conservative (4) — most callers should
-/// use READ_PIPELINE_DEPTH or WRITE_PIPELINE_DEPTH instead.
+/// use WRITE_PIPELINE_DEPTH instead.
 pub const DEFAULT_PIPELINE_DEPTH: usize = 4;
 
-/// Read pipeline depth. Larger buffer compensates for drive variability
-/// and NFS sync_file_range stalls; keeps ISO reader thread fed even when
-/// consumer blocks on write.
-pub const READ_PIPELINE_DEPTH: usize = 32;
-
 /// Write pipeline depth. Smaller buffer reduces backpressure risk when
 /// sync_file_range blocks; prevents producer from accumulating too much
 /// work while consumer waits for NFS to drain.
@@ -189,7 +243,8 @@ pub const WRITE_PIPELINE_DEPTH: usize = 16;
 /// Channel depth for write-through pipelines. Each `send` fully
 /// drains before the next can enqueue. Use this when the producer
 /// must observe consumer side-effects (e.g. mapfile state) before
-/// emitting the next item. Currently used by `disc::patch`.
+/// emitting the next item. Used by `freemkv_engine::recovery::patch` — the
+/// recovery strategy moved to that crate in 1.6.0, so there is no `patch` here.
 pub const WRITE_THROUGH_DEPTH: usize = 1;
 
 /// Outcome of [`Sink::apply`]: either keep feeding items
@@ -247,7 +302,21 @@ pub struct Pipeline<I: Send + 'static, R: Send + 'static> {
     /// a syscall the consumer is currently wedged in, but it does bound
     /// the damage to "whatever write is already in flight" once that
     /// syscall returns, instead of running on to a clean finalise.
-    abandoned: Arc<AtomicBool>,
+    ///
+    /// One of [`state::RUNNING`] / [`state::ABANDONED`] / [`state::CLOSING`];
+    /// both transitions are compare-exchanges so abandoning and finalising are
+    /// mutually exclusive rather than racing.
+    state: Arc<AtomicU8>,
+    /// Set by the consumer the moment an `apply` returns `Err`. The consumer keeps
+    /// draining the channel after that (so the producer never blocks on a dead
+    /// receiver) — which means a producer watching only `send`'s return value
+    /// cannot tell the difference between "being consumed" and "being discarded
+    /// after a fatal write error", and would go on reading the whole remaining
+    /// disc before `finish()` finally surfaced the error. This flag is that
+    /// missing edge: [`Pipeline::send_with_halt`] fails fast on it, and
+    /// [`Pipeline::consumer_failed`] exposes it to producers that use plain
+    /// [`Pipeline::send`].
+    failed: Arc<AtomicBool>,
 }
 
 impl<I: Send + 'static, R: Send + 'static> Pipeline<I, R> {
@@ -256,17 +325,21 @@ impl<I: Send + 'static, R: Send + 'static> Pipeline<I, R> {
     ///
     /// The thread is named `freemkv-pipeline-consumer` so it shows up
     /// distinctly in stack traces and `top -H`. Callers that want a
-    /// more specific name (e.g. `freemkv-sweep-consumer`) should use
-    /// [`Pipeline::spawn_named`] instead. Returns an `Error::IoError`
-    /// if the OS refuses the thread spawn (resource exhaustion);
-    /// callers already operate in fallible context, so this is
-    /// propagated rather than panicked.
+    /// more specific name should use [`Pipeline::spawn_named`] instead.
+    /// Returns an `Error::IoError` if the OS refuses the thread spawn
+    /// (resource exhaustion); callers already operate in fallible context, so
+    /// this is propagated rather than panicked.
     ///
-    /// Sweep uses [`Pipeline::spawn_named`] directly so the consumer
-    /// thread shows up as `freemkv-sweep-consumer`; mux uses
-    /// `freemkv-mux-consumer`. `Pipeline::spawn` (this function, with
-    /// the default name) is used by `disc::patch` and by the unit
-    /// tests in this module.
+    /// Inside this crate the only [`Pipeline::spawn_named`] caller is the mux
+    /// driver, which names its thread `freemkv-mux-consumer`. `Pipeline::spawn`
+    /// (this function, with the default name) is used only by the unit tests in
+    /// this module.
+    ///
+    /// This paragraph twice named a caller that had left the crate: first
+    /// `disc::patch`, then Sweep and its `freemkv-sweep-consumer` thread. Both
+    /// went to freemkv-engine with the recovery passes in 1.6.0, and each in
+    /// turn sent readers hunting a component that is not here. Name callers
+    /// that live in THIS crate, or none.
     pub fn spawn<S: Sink<I, Output = R>>(depth: usize, sink: S) -> Result<Self, Error> {
         Self::spawn_named("freemkv-pipeline-consumer", depth, sink)
     }
@@ -274,15 +347,17 @@ impl<I: Send + 'static, R: Send + 'static> Pipeline<I, R> {
     /// Like [`Pipeline::spawn`] but lets the caller supply the
     /// consumer thread's name. Useful when several pipelines run in
     /// the same process and stack traces / `top -H` need to tell them
-    /// apart (e.g. `freemkv-sweep-consumer`, `freemkv-mux-consumer`).
+    /// apart (e.g. `freemkv-mux-consumer`).
     pub fn spawn_named<S: Sink<I, Output = R>>(
         name: &str,
         depth: usize,
         sink: S,
     ) -> Result<Self, Error> {
         let (tx, rx) = bounded::<I>(depth);
-        let abandoned = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
-        let abandoned_consumer = abandoned.clone();
+        let state = Arc::new(AtomicU8::new(state::RUNNING));
+        let state_consumer = state.clone();
+        let failed = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
+        let failed_consumer = failed.clone();
         let handle = thread::Builder::new()
             .name(name.into())
             .spawn(move || -> Result<R, Error> {
@@ -313,7 +388,7 @@ impl<I: Send + 'static, R: Send + 'static> Pipeline<I, R> {
                     // dead receiver, but we touch the output no further. The
                     // final post-loop abandonment check returns the error
                     // and skips `close()`.
-                    if abandoned_consumer.load(Ordering::Acquire) {
+                    if state_consumer.load(Ordering::Acquire) == state::ABANDONED {
                         continue;
                     }
 
@@ -342,6 +417,12 @@ impl<I: Send + 'static, R: Send + 'static> Pipeline<I, R> {
                                 tracing::debug!("Pipeline: apply error, stopping, err={:?}", e);
                             }
                             first_err = Some(e);
+                            // Publish the failure so the producer can stop
+                            // FEEDING a dead write side instead of only learning
+                            // about it at `finish()` — by which time it has read
+                            // the rest of the disc. `Release` pairs with the
+                            // `Acquire` load in `send_with_halt`.
+                            failed_consumer.store(true, Ordering::Release);
                         }
                     }
 
@@ -402,13 +483,38 @@ impl<I: Send + 'static, R: Send + 'static> Pipeline<I, R> {
                 // MKV Cues + patching the segment header) on a file the
                 // caller already reported as failed is exactly the
                 // write race we must not run.
-                if abandoned_consumer.load(Ordering::Acquire) {
-                    return Err(Error::Halted);
-                }
-
                 match first_err {
-                    Some(e) => Err(e),
-                    None => sink.close(),
+                    // No `close()` on this path, so there is nothing to claim —
+                    // just report, unless the caller has already given up on us.
+                    Some(e) => {
+                        if state_consumer.load(Ordering::Acquire) == state::ABANDONED {
+                            Err(Error::Halted)
+                        } else {
+                            Err(e)
+                        }
+                    }
+                    // CLAIM the finalise. A plain load here left a window in which
+                    // the caller stored `abandoned` AFTER we read it as clear, so
+                    // `close()` ran anyway and finalised (Cues + Segment-size
+                    // patch) an output the caller had already reported as
+                    // interrupted — a truncated rip indistinguishable from a
+                    // complete one. The compare-exchange closes that window: if the
+                    // caller got there first we skip `close()`, and if we get there
+                    // first the caller waits for us instead of abandoning.
+                    None => {
+                        if state_consumer
+                            .compare_exchange(
+                                state::RUNNING,
+                                state::CLOSING,
+                                Ordering::AcqRel,
+                                Ordering::Acquire,
+                            )
+                            .is_err()
+                        {
+                            return Err(Error::Halted);
+                        }
+                        sink.close()
+                    }
                 }
             })
             .map_err(|e| Error::IoError { source: e })?;
@@ -416,10 +522,24 @@ impl<I: Send + 'static, R: Send + 'static> Pipeline<I, R> {
         Ok(Pipeline {
             tx,
             handle,
-            abandoned,
+            state,
+            failed,
         })
     }
 
+    /// Whether the consumer's `apply` has already failed fatally.
+    ///
+    /// The consumer keeps draining the channel after an `apply` error (so the
+    /// producer never blocks on a dead receiver), which means `send` keeps
+    /// succeeding and a producer has no other way to tell that everything it feeds
+    /// is being discarded. A long-running producer — the mux frame pump reading a
+    /// 60 GB title off an optical drive — should check this and unwind instead of
+    /// reading the rest of the disc for a write that has already failed.
+    /// [`Pipeline::send_with_halt`] checks it automatically.
+    pub fn consumer_failed(&self) -> bool {
+        self.failed.load(Ordering::Acquire)
+    }
+
     /// Push one item. Blocks if the channel is full — that's the
     /// back-pressure the whole primitive exists to provide. Returns
     /// the item back if the consumer thread is gone (panicked or
@@ -449,7 +569,10 @@ impl<I: Send + 'static, R: Send + 'static> Pipeline<I, R> {
                     } else {
                         // Benign per-item OK: trace-level (L4) only; the
                         // apply-side rolling summary carries throughput.
-                        tracing::trace!("Pipeline send: OK in {:.3}ms", elapsed.as_micros());
+                        tracing::trace!(
+                            "Pipeline send: OK in {:.3}ms",
+                            elapsed.as_secs_f64() * 1000.0
+                        );
                     }
                 }
                 Ok(())
@@ -464,7 +587,10 @@ impl<I: Send + 'static, R: Send + 'static> Pipeline<I, R> {
                             std::any::type_name::<I>()
                         );
                     } else {
-                        tracing::debug!("Pipeline send: failed after {:.3}ms", elapsed.as_micros());
+                        tracing::debug!(
+                            "Pipeline send: failed after {:.3}ms",
+                            elapsed.as_secs_f64() * 1000.0
+                        );
                     }
                 }
                 Err(e.0)
@@ -506,11 +632,34 @@ impl<I: Send + 'static, R: Send + 'static> Pipeline<I, R> {
     /// wedged inside an unkillable syscall, the producer can still
     /// observe `/api/stop` and unwind within
     /// [`SEND_HALT_CHECK_INTERVAL`].
+    /// NOT a `foo_with_X` variant of [`Pipeline::send`], despite the name.
+    /// The two encode OPPOSITE policies on the same event, each with its own
+    /// test: after the consumer's `apply` has failed, `send` still succeeds
+    /// (the consumer keeps draining, so the channel accepts the item), while
+    /// this one hands the item straight back — so a producer does not read an
+    /// hour of disc for a write that died on the first frame. Collapsing them
+    /// into one Option-parameterised method deletes one of those behaviours;
+    /// it was tried and `apply_error_drains_then_propagates` caught it.
     pub fn send_with_halt(&self, item: I, halt: &Halt, deadline: Duration) -> Result<(), I> {
         use crossbeam_channel::SendTimeoutError;
         let end = Instant::now() + deadline;
         let mut pending = item;
         loop {
+            // The consumer's `apply` has failed fatally: everything sent from here
+            // is drained and discarded, so hand the item back at once. Without this
+            // the producer saw every send succeed (the channel is always being
+            // drained) and went on reading the whole remaining title — an hour of
+            // drive time on a UHD — for a write that died on the first frame, only
+            // learning about it at `finish()`.
+            if self.consumer_failed() {
+                if debug_enabled() {
+                    tracing::debug!(
+                        "Pipeline send_with_halt: consumer apply failed, returning item={}",
+                        std::any::type_name::<I>()
+                    );
+                }
+                return Err(pending);
+            }
             // Pre-check the cheap exit conditions before parking.
             if halt.is_cancelled() {
                 if debug_enabled() {
@@ -565,7 +714,8 @@ impl<I: Send + 'static, R: Send + 'static> Pipeline<I, R> {
         let Pipeline {
             tx,
             handle,
-            abandoned: _,
+            state: _,
+            failed: _,
         } = self;
         // Explicit drop, although the destructure already drops `tx`
         // at end-of-scope. Being explicit keeps the intent obvious.
@@ -601,11 +751,18 @@ impl<I: Send + 'static, R: Send + 'static> Pipeline<I, R> {
     /// Plain [`Pipeline::finish`] is preserved for callers without a
     /// halt-token plumbed through; that path still blocks indefinitely
     /// on `join()`, matching pre-0.20.8 behaviour.
+    /// Also not a `foo_with_X` variant: [`Pipeline::finish`] joins and waits
+    /// however long the consumer needs, while this one gives up after
+    /// `JOIN_TIMEOUT_SECS` and reports halted. Which is right depends on
+    /// whether the caller has a user waiting to cancel — the mux driver does
+    /// and uses this; the unit tests do not and use the plain join. Merging
+    /// them means picking one of those policies for both.
     pub fn finish_with_halt(self, halt: Option<&Halt>) -> Result<R, Error> {
         let Pipeline {
             tx,
             handle,
-            abandoned,
+            state,
+            failed: _,
         } = self;
         drop(tx);
         let deadline = Instant::now() + Duration::from_secs(JOIN_TIMEOUT_SECS);
@@ -616,13 +773,23 @@ impl<I: Send + 'static, R: Send + 'static> Pipeline<I, R> {
                     Err(payload) => Err(consumer_panicked(payload)),
                 };
             }
-            if let Some(h) = halt {
-                if h.is_cancelled() {
-                    return finish_with_grace(handle, &abandoned, Error::Halted);
-                }
+            if let Some(h) = halt
+                && h.is_cancelled()
+            {
+                return finish_with_grace(
+                    handle,
+                    &state,
+                    Duration::from_secs(FINISH_GRACE_SECS),
+                    Error::Halted,
+                );
             }
             if Instant::now() >= deadline {
-                return finish_with_grace(handle, &abandoned, Error::PipelineJoinTimeout);
+                return finish_with_grace(
+                    handle,
+                    &state,
+                    Duration::from_secs(FINISH_GRACE_SECS),
+                    Error::PipelineJoinTimeout,
+                );
             }
             thread::sleep(POLL_INTERVAL);
         }
@@ -1074,20 +1241,6 @@ mod tests {
     /// A sink that records the exact order of items it receives, so we
     /// can prove the channel is FIFO (no reordering). `close` returns
     /// the recorded vector.
-    struct OrderSink {
-        seen: Vec<u64>,
-    }
-    impl Sink<u64> for OrderSink {
-        type Output = Vec<u64>;
-        fn apply(&mut self, item: u64) -> Result<Flow, Error> {
-            self.seen.push(item);
-            Ok(Flow::Continue)
-        }
-        fn close(self) -> Result<Vec<u64>, Error> {
-            Ok(self.seen)
-        }
-    }
-
     /// Zero items sent: closing the pipeline immediately must still
     /// call `close()` exactly once and return its Output. The consumer
     /// loop's `while let Ok = rx.recv()` exits on the dropped tx with
@@ -1592,4 +1745,144 @@ mod tests {
         let res = pipe.finish_with_halt(None);
         assert!(matches!(res, Ok(190)), "expected Ok(190), got {res:?}");
     }
+
+    /// A fatal `apply` error must become visible to the PRODUCER, not only to
+    /// `finish()`. The consumer keeps draining after the error (so the producer
+    /// never blocks on a dead receiver), which meant every `send_with_halt`
+    /// returned `Ok` for the rest of the run: on a 60 GB mkv:// mux that hit
+    /// ENOSPC on the first frame, the mux driver read the entire remaining title —
+    /// an hour of optical-drive time — before learning the write had died.
+    #[test]
+    fn send_with_halt_fails_fast_once_apply_has_failed() {
+        struct FailFirst {
+            failed: Arc<AtomicUsize>,
+        }
+        impl Sink<u64> for FailFirst {
+            type Output = ();
+            fn apply(&mut self, _item: u64) -> Result<Flow, Error> {
+                self.failed.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
+                Err(Error::DecryptFailed)
+            }
+            fn close(self) -> Result<(), Error> {
+                Ok(())
+            }
+        }
+        let applied = Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0));
+        let pipe = Pipeline::spawn(
+            DEFAULT_PIPELINE_DEPTH,
+            FailFirst {
+                failed: applied.clone(),
+            },
+        )
+        .expect("spawn");
+        let halt = crate::halt::Halt::new();
+        let deadline = Duration::from_secs(5);
+
+        // Feed one item and wait until the consumer has actually applied (and
+        // failed on) it, so the check below is deterministic rather than racy.
+        pipe.send_with_halt(0u64, &halt, deadline)
+            .expect("the first send lands");
+        let until = Instant::now() + Duration::from_secs(2);
+        while Instant::now() < until && applied.load(Ordering::SeqCst) == 0 {
+            std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5));
+        }
+        assert_eq!(applied.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 1, "apply ran and failed");
+
+        assert!(pipe.consumer_failed(), "the failure must be observable");
+        // The very next send must hand the item straight back — the producer's
+        // signal to stop reading the disc.
+        assert_eq!(
+            pipe.send_with_halt(1u64, &halt, deadline),
+            Err(1u64),
+            "send_with_halt must fail fast once the consumer's apply has failed"
+        );
+        // The halt was never fired, so this is not a cancellation: the real error
+        // still comes out of finish().
+        assert!(matches!(pipe.finish(), Err(Error::DecryptFailed)));
+        assert_eq!(
+            applied.load(Ordering::SeqCst),
+            1,
+            "no further item was applied"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// The abandon/finalise race. A consumer that has ALREADY committed to
+    /// `close()` when the grace period expires cannot be stopped — the finalise is
+    /// happening — so the caller must wait for its result instead of reporting the
+    /// output as un-finalised. With a plain flag the consumer read it as clear, the
+    /// caller then stored it, and the caller returned `Err(Halted)`
+    /// (`completed = false`) while a fully finalised MKV (Cues written, Segment
+    /// size patched) landed on disk — a truncated rip indistinguishable from a
+    /// complete one.
+    #[test]
+    fn abandon_loses_to_a_close_already_committed() {
+        let state = Arc::new(AtomicU8::new(state::RUNNING));
+        let release = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
+        let in_close = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
+
+        let (st, rel, inc) = (state.clone(), release.clone(), in_close.clone());
+        let handle = thread::Builder::new()
+            .name("test-consumer".into())
+            .spawn(move || -> Result<u64, Error> {
+                // Exactly what the consumer does before finalising: claim the
+                // right to close.
+                assert!(
+                    st.compare_exchange(
+                        state::RUNNING,
+                        state::CLOSING,
+                        Ordering::AcqRel,
+                        Ordering::Acquire
+                    )
+                    .is_ok(),
+                    "the consumer claims the finalise first"
+                );
+                inc.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
+                // Inside `close()`, finalising the container.
+                while !rel.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
+                    thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5));
+                }
+                Ok(42)
+            })
+            .expect("spawn");
+
+        let until = Instant::now() + Duration::from_secs(2);
+        while Instant::now() < until && !in_close.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
+            thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5));
+        }
+        assert!(in_close.load(Ordering::SeqCst), "consumer reached close()");
+
+        // Finish the close only AFTER the first grace window has expired, so the
+        // caller genuinely reaches the abandon decision with a close in flight.
+        let rel = release.clone();
+        thread::spawn(move || {
+            // Past the first grace window (and past the 250 ms poll cadence that
+            // bounds when the window is actually observed), inside the second.
+            //
+            // These intervals used to be 600 ms against a 300 ms grace, which
+            // left NO margin: two 300 ms windows end at 600 ms, and the 250 ms
+            // poll cadence can push the observation later still, so on a loaded
+            // runner the second window expired first and the caller abandoned —
+            // failing with Err(Halted) against a race, not a defect.
+            //
+            // Scaled up so the jitter is small relative to the intervals: the
+            // first window ends at ~1.0-1.25 s and the second at ~2.0-2.25 s,
+            // so releasing at 1.6 s sits well inside the second with roughly
+            // 350 ms of slack on either side. The ordering under test is
+            // unchanged; only the margin is.
+            thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(1600));
+            rel.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
+        });
+
+        let grace = Duration::from_secs(1);
+        let res = finish_with_grace(handle, &state, grace, Error::Halted);
+        assert!(
+            matches!(res, Ok(42)),
+            "a finalise already in flight must be waited for, not abandoned: {res:?}"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            state.load(Ordering::SeqCst),
+            state::CLOSING,
+            "the caller must not have overwritten the consumer's claim"
+        );
+    }
 }

src/io/writeback/linux.rs

@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ impl WritebackPipeline {
             self.chunk_bytes,
             self.skip_wait(),
         );
-        if self.chunk_count % SIZE_LOG_INTERVAL == 0 {
+        if self.chunk_count.is_multiple_of(SIZE_LOG_INTERVAL) {
             tracing::debug!(
                 target: "mux",
                 "WritebackPipeline chunk_bytes={} after {} chunks is_nfs={} degraded={}",

src/io/writeback_file/linux.rs

@@ -30,14 +30,15 @@ pub(super) fn preallocate(file: &File, size_bytes: u64) {
     );
 }
 
-/// Run `fsync` on `file` with a 60 s deadline. On timeout — and
-/// likewise on halt or a lost worker — we log and return `Ok(())`: the
-/// kernel will still flush on close, so the data is best-effort durable.
-/// The alternative (trap the thread for the rest of the rip, or return
-/// an error that aborts an otherwise-complete mux) is worse, so all
-/// three fallbacks return `Ok(())`. `Ok(())` from these paths is NOT a
-/// durability barrier — the durable flush did not complete; only the
-/// hang is bounded.
+/// Run `fsync` on `file` with a 60 s deadline. On timeout, halt or a lost
+/// worker we log and return `Err` — matching macOS. POSIX gives `fsync`
+/// exactly one way to say "the data is on stable storage" and that is a zero
+/// return; a call that never reached the device has not earned it, so `Ok(())`
+/// from here means the flush completed and nothing else.
+///
+/// The kernel will still flush on close, so the data is usually durable
+/// anyway — but that is a probability, not a barrier, and a caller that needs
+/// crash-consistency has to be able to tell the difference.
 ///
 /// ## fd-reuse safety
 ///
@@ -78,27 +79,7 @@ pub(super) fn durable_sync(file: &File) -> io::Result<()> {
         },
     ) {
         Ok(inner) => inner,
-        Err(crate::io::bounded::BoundedError::Timeout) => {
-            tracing::error!(
-                target: "mux",
-                "WritebackFile::sync_all fsync timed out after 60s; kernel will flush on close (best-effort)"
-            );
-            Ok(())
-        }
-        Err(crate::io::bounded::BoundedError::Halted) => {
-            tracing::warn!(
-                target: "mux",
-                "WritebackFile::sync_all fsync skipped (halt requested); data not durably flushed, kernel will flush on close"
-            );
-            Ok(())
-        }
-        Err(crate::io::bounded::BoundedError::WorkerLost) => {
-            tracing::error!(
-                target: "mux",
-                "WritebackFile::sync_all fsync worker lost before completion; data not durably flushed, kernel will flush on close"
-            );
-            Ok(())
-        }
+        Err(e) => bounded_failure_to_result(e),
     }
 }
 
@@ -143,3 +124,77 @@ mod tests {
         durable_sync(f.as_file()).expect("durable_sync must return Ok on a local tempfile");
     }
 }
+
+/// Map a [`crate::io::bounded::BoundedError`] from the bounded `fsync` onto the
+/// `io::Error` `durable_sync` returns.
+///
+/// Every arm means the same thing: **no sync observably ran**. All three used to
+/// return `Ok(())`, so `WritebackFile::sync_all` reported success for a
+/// durability barrier that never happened. POSIX gives `fsync` one way to say
+/// "the data is on stable storage" — a zero return — and a call that never
+/// reached the device has not earned it.
+///
+/// This mirrors the macOS `F_FULLFSYNC` mapping exactly. The two were found
+/// carrying the identical defect, and a platform disagreeing with its sibling
+/// about whether a failed sync is an error is the "works on my platform" class
+/// this crate has been bitten by before — most recently an over-length SCSI CDB
+/// that macOS rejected and the other two silently truncated.
+///
+/// No message text (this crate ships no user-facing English): the kind, and
+/// `EIO` for the worker-lost case, are the signal; `tracing` carries the detail.
+fn bounded_failure_to_result(e: crate::io::bounded::BoundedError) -> io::Result<()> {
+    match e {
+        crate::io::bounded::BoundedError::Timeout => {
+            tracing::error!(
+                target: "mux",
+                "WritebackFile::sync_all fsync timed out after 60s; data NOT durably flushed, kernel will flush on close"
+            );
+            Err(crate::error::Error::SyncTimeout.into())
+        }
+        crate::io::bounded::BoundedError::Halted => {
+            tracing::warn!(
+                target: "mux",
+                "WritebackFile::sync_all fsync skipped (halt requested); data NOT durably flushed, kernel will flush on close"
+            );
+            Err(crate::error::Error::Halted.into())
+        }
+        crate::io::bounded::BoundedError::WorkerLost => {
+            tracing::error!(
+                target: "mux",
+                "WritebackFile::sync_all fsync worker lost before completion; data NOT durably flushed, kernel will flush on close"
+            );
+            // EIO, matching the macOS sibling: a consumer distinguishing these
+            // three failures does so on the same value on every platform.
+            // ErrorKind::Other carries nothing a caller can branch on.
+            Err(crate::error::Error::SyncWorkerLost.into())
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod bounded_failure_tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::io::bounded::BoundedError;
+
+    /// Every bounded-fsync failure must be an error. Asserted per variant rather
+    /// than as a loop so a new variant defaulting to Ok cannot slip through.
+    #[test]
+    fn no_bounded_fsync_failure_maps_to_ok() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            bounded_failure_to_result(BoundedError::Timeout)
+                .expect_err("a timed-out fsync must be an error")
+                .kind(),
+            io::ErrorKind::TimedOut
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            bounded_failure_to_result(BoundedError::Halted)
+                .expect_err("a halted fsync must be an error")
+                .kind(),
+            io::ErrorKind::Interrupted
+        );
+        assert!(
+            bounded_failure_to_result(BoundedError::WorkerLost).is_err(),
+            "a lost fsync worker must be an error"
+        );
+    }
+}

src/io/writeback_file/macos.rs

@@ -105,15 +105,46 @@ pub(super) fn durable_sync(file: &File) -> io::Result<()> {
         },
     ) {
         Ok(inner) => inner,
-        Err(crate::io::bounded::BoundedError::Timeout) => {
+        Err(e) => bounded_failure_to_result(e),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Map a [`crate::io::bounded::BoundedError`] from the bounded `F_FULLFSYNC`
+/// onto the `io::Error` `durable_sync` returns.
+///
+/// Every arm here means the same thing: **no sync observably ran**. All three
+/// previously returned `Ok(())`, so `WritebackFile::sync_all` reported success
+/// for a durability barrier that never happened — a total failure exiting 0,
+/// with only a log line to distinguish it. POSIX gives `fsync` exactly one way
+/// to say "the data is on stable storage" and that is a zero return; a call
+/// that never reached the device has not earned it.
+///
+/// The errors carry no message text (this crate ships no user-facing English):
+/// the kind, and `EIO` for the worker-lost case, are the whole signal, and the
+/// `tracing` lines above/below carry the operator detail.
+fn bounded_failure_to_result(e: crate::io::bounded::BoundedError) -> io::Result<()> {
+    match e {
+        crate::io::bounded::BoundedError::Timeout => {
             tracing::error!(
                 target: "mux",
-                "WritebackFile::sync_all F_FULLFSYNC timed out after 60s; kernel will flush on close (best-effort)"
+                "WritebackFile::sync_all F_FULLFSYNC timed out after 60s; data NOT durably flushed, kernel will flush on close"
             );
-            Ok(())
+            Err(crate::error::Error::SyncTimeout.into())
+        }
+        crate::io::bounded::BoundedError::Halted => {
+            tracing::warn!(
+                target: "mux",
+                "WritebackFile::sync_all F_FULLFSYNC skipped (halt requested); data NOT durably flushed, kernel will flush on close"
+            );
+            Err(crate::error::Error::Halted.into())
+        }
+        crate::io::bounded::BoundedError::WorkerLost => {
+            tracing::error!(
+                target: "mux",
+                "WritebackFile::sync_all F_FULLFSYNC worker lost before completion; data NOT durably flushed, kernel will flush on close"
+            );
+            Err(crate::error::Error::SyncWorkerLost.into())
         }
-        Err(crate::io::bounded::BoundedError::Halted) => Ok(()),
-        Err(crate::io::bounded::BoundedError::WorkerLost) => Ok(()),
     }
 }
 
@@ -156,4 +187,75 @@ mod tests {
         // durable_sync must complete without error on the local tempfile.
         durable_sync(f.as_file()).expect("durable_sync must return Ok on a local tempfile");
     }
+
+    /// Every `BoundedError` arm of the bounded `F_FULLFSYNC` means no sync
+    /// observably ran. All three returned `Ok(())`, so `sync_all` reported a
+    /// durability barrier that never happened — the caller could not tell a
+    /// completed flush from a skipped one by any means except reading a log.
+    ///
+    /// Asserted on the concrete `ErrorKind` / `errno` each arm must produce,
+    /// so a future arm that quietly reverts to `Ok(())` fails here.
+    #[test]
+    fn every_bounded_failure_is_reported_as_an_error() {
+        use crate::io::bounded::BoundedError;
+
+        let timeout = bounded_failure_to_result(BoundedError::Timeout)
+            .expect_err("a timed-out F_FULLFSYNC must be an error");
+        assert_eq!(
+            timeout.kind(),
+            io::ErrorKind::TimedOut,
+            "a timed-out F_FULLFSYNC must not be reported as a completed sync"
+        );
+
+        let halted = bounded_failure_to_result(BoundedError::Halted)
+            .expect_err("a halted F_FULLFSYNC must be an error");
+        assert_eq!(
+            halted.kind(),
+            io::ErrorKind::Interrupted,
+            "a halted F_FULLFSYNC must not be reported as a completed sync"
+        );
+
+        // The three arms must be DISTINGUISHABLE, not merely non-Ok. Each
+        // carries its own numeric code through the "E<code>" prefix that
+        // `From<Error> for io::Error` mints — the only shape `error_code`
+        // recognises. A bare `ErrorKind` cannot be classified, which is how a
+        // user cancel here used to read as a hard I/O failure.
+        let lost = bounded_failure_to_result(BoundedError::WorkerLost)
+            .expect_err("a lost F_FULLFSYNC worker must be an error");
+        assert!(
+            lost.to_string()
+                .starts_with(&format!("E{}", crate::error::E_SYNC_WORKER_LOST)),
+            "a lost worker must be identifiable, got {lost}"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            timeout
+                .to_string()
+                .starts_with(&format!("E{}", crate::error::E_SYNC_TIMEOUT)),
+            "a timeout must be distinguishable from a lost worker, got {timeout}"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            crate::error::is_halt(&halted),
+            "a halt must satisfy the crate's own is_halt(), or the CLI reports a \
+             user cancel as a failure; got {halted}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// The failure path must be reachable through the public surface: a
+    /// `WritebackFile::sync_all` that hits any of these arms must surface an
+    /// `Err`, not a silent `Ok`. Pinned at the mapping boundary because the
+    /// timeout itself is not deterministically inducible in a unit test.
+    #[test]
+    fn bounded_failures_are_never_mapped_to_ok() {
+        use crate::io::bounded::BoundedError;
+        for e in [
+            BoundedError::Timeout,
+            BoundedError::Halted,
+            BoundedError::WorkerLost,
+        ] {
+            assert!(
+                bounded_failure_to_result(e).is_err(),
+                "a bounded F_FULLFSYNC failure must never map to Ok"
+            );
+        }
+    }
 }

src/io/writeback_file/mod.rs

@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ fn writeback_chunk_bytes() -> u64 {
         .unwrap_or(WRITEBACK_CHUNK_BYTES_DEFAULT)
 }
 
-pub(crate) struct WritebackFile {
+pub struct WritebackFile {
     file: File,
     pipeline: WritebackPipeline,
     pos: u64,
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ impl WritebackFile {
     /// once so the pipeline starts tracking from wherever the file
     /// already is (typically 0 for fresh files; non-zero for resumed
     /// or appended files).
-    pub(crate) fn new(mut file: File) -> io::Result<Self> {
+    pub fn new(mut file: File) -> io::Result<Self> {
         let pos = file.stream_position()?;
         let pipeline = WritebackPipeline::new(&file, pos, writeback_chunk_bytes());
         Ok(Self {
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ impl WritebackFile {
     /// [`Self::create_with_size_hint`] so the kernel can pre-reserve
     /// extents.
     #[allow(dead_code)]
-    pub(crate) fn create(path: &Path) -> io::Result<Self> {
+    pub fn create(path: &Path) -> io::Result<Self> {
         let file = File::create(path)?;
         Self::new(file)
     }
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ impl WritebackFile {
     /// On platforms without an extent-preallocation primitive this is
     /// equivalent to `create` — the size hint is dropped after a debug
     /// log.
-    pub(crate) fn create_with_size_hint(path: &Path, size_bytes: u64) -> io::Result<Self> {
+    pub fn create_with_size_hint(path: &Path, size_bytes: u64) -> io::Result<Self> {
         let file = File::create(path)?;
         platform::preallocate(&file, size_bytes);
         Self::new(file)
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ impl WritebackFile {
     /// wrap it. Mirrors `File::open` semantics for the writable case
     /// — used by patch / resume paths that mutate an existing ISO in
     /// place.
-    pub(crate) fn open(path: &Path) -> io::Result<Self> {
+    pub fn open(path: &Path) -> io::Result<Self> {
         let file = OpenOptions::new().write(true).open(path)?;
         Self::new(file)
     }
@@ -178,13 +178,20 @@ impl WritebackFile {
     /// is left to the kernel's normal flush-on-close path — best
     /// effort, but bounded.
     ///
-    /// IMPORTANT: on Linux/macOS a successful `Ok(())` does NOT
-    /// guarantee the data is durable if the bounded fsync timed out or
-    /// was halted — only the hang is bounded, the fsync may not have
-    /// completed. Callers needing crash-consistency (e.g. mux-finish
-    /// then external commit/DB update) must not treat `Ok(())` as a
-    /// durability barrier.
-    pub(crate) fn sync_all(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+    /// A bounded-fsync failure is returned as an `Err` on BOTH platforms, so
+    /// `Ok(())` means the flush completed and a caller needing
+    /// crash-consistency can treat it as a durability barrier.
+    ///
+    /// The three causes are DISTINGUISHABLE by numeric code, because a caller
+    /// should not retry a lost worker the way it retries a timeout, and must
+    /// not report a user cancel as a failure:
+    ///
+    /// * [`E_SYNC_TIMEOUT`](crate::error::E_SYNC_TIMEOUT) — deadline expired
+    /// * [`E_HALTED`](crate::error::E_HALTED) — cancelled;
+    ///   [`is_halt`](crate::error::is_halt) recognises it
+    /// * [`E_SYNC_WORKER_LOST`](crate::error::E_SYNC_WORKER_LOST) — the worker
+    ///   thread died before reporting
+    pub fn sync_all(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
         if self.seek_count > 0 {
             tracing::debug!(
                 target: "mux",
@@ -256,9 +263,8 @@ impl super::sink::SequentialSink for WritebackFile {
     /// the same work [`Self::sync_all`] does. Implemented explicitly (no
     /// blanket impl) so a `dyn SequentialSink` / `dyn RandomAccessSink`
     /// `finish()` actually finalises + fsyncs instead of hitting a no-op
-    /// default. Note the bounded-fsync caveat from [`Self::sync_all`]
-    /// applies: `Ok(())` is not a durability barrier if the fsync timed
-    /// out or was halted.
+    /// default. A bounded-fsync failure surfaces as an `Err` here, on every
+    /// platform, exactly as it does from [`Self::sync_all`].
     fn finish(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
         self.sync_all()
     }

src/labels/bdmt.rs

@@ -100,10 +100,10 @@ pub fn parse(reader: &mut dyn SectorSource, udf: &UdfFs) -> Option<DiscMetadata>
         // Disc-set position is disc-global; first one we successfully
         // read wins. (All bdmt_*.xml on a given disc carry the same
         // value in practice.)
-        if out.disc_number.is_none() {
-            if let Some(ds) = disc_set {
-                out.disc_number = Some(ds);
-            }
+        if out.disc_number.is_none()
+            && let Some(ds) = disc_set
+        {
+            out.disc_number = Some(ds);
         }
     }
 
@@ -184,20 +184,20 @@ fn extract_title(xml_text: &str) -> Option<String> {
     // xml::text already trims its result, so an empty string after
     // extraction means a genuinely empty element.
     for tag in ["name", "title"] {
-        if let Some(s) = xml::text(xml_text, tag) {
-            if !s.is_empty() {
-                return Some(s);
-            }
+        if let Some(s) = xml::text(xml_text, tag)
+            && !s.is_empty()
+        {
+            return Some(s);
         }
     }
     // tableOfContents/titleName: search inside the toc block so we
     // don't accidentally pick a stray <titleName> from elsewhere.
     if let Some((s, e)) = xml::find_element(xml_text, "tableOfContents", 0) {
         let block = &xml_text[s..e];
-        if let Some(t) = xml::text(block, "titleName") {
-            if !t.is_empty() {
-                return Some(t);
-            }
+        if let Some(t) = xml::text(block, "titleName")
+            && !t.is_empty()
+        {
+            return Some(t);
         }
     }
     None
@@ -370,10 +370,10 @@ mod tests {
             if let Some(d) = desc {
                 meta.descriptions.insert(lang.to_string(), d);
             }
-            if meta.disc_number.is_none() {
-                if let Some(d) = ds {
-                    meta.disc_number = Some(d);
-                }
+            if meta.disc_number.is_none()
+                && let Some(d) = ds
+            {
+                meta.disc_number = Some(d);
             }
         }
 
@@ -566,4 +566,33 @@ mod tests {
         let (title, _, _) = parse_bdmt_xml(xml).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(title, "Real Title");
     }
+
+    /// `is_bdmt_filename` must recognize the `bdmt_<lang>.xml` convention
+    /// and reject everything else — it drives `detect`'s directory scan.
+    /// Mutation: stub the return to a constant `true`/`false` → every
+    /// directory listing (or none) would match regardless of filename.
+    #[test]
+    fn is_bdmt_filename_matches_convention_only() {
+        assert!(is_bdmt_filename("bdmt_eng.xml"));
+        assert!(is_bdmt_filename("BDMT_FRA.XML"));
+        assert!(!is_bdmt_filename("bdmt_engl.xml"));
+        assert!(!is_bdmt_filename("index.bdmv"));
+        assert!(!is_bdmt_filename("foo.xml"));
+    }
+
+    /// Spec: "Disc 1 of 1" (a single-disc release whose bdmt XML still
+    /// carries `<di:numSets>1</di:numSets>`) is a valid, non-nonsensical
+    /// pair — `total < 1` must reject only `total == 0`, not `total == 1`.
+    /// Mutation: `total < 1` -> `total == 1` or `total <= 1` would reject
+    /// this legitimate (1, 1) pair as if it were malformed.
+    #[test]
+    fn disc_set_allows_single_disc_release() {
+        let xml = r#"<discInfo xmlns:di="urn:BDA:bdmv;disclibmeta">
+  <di:name>Film</di:name>
+  <di:discNumber>1</di:discNumber>
+  <di:numSets>1</di:numSets>
+</discInfo>"#;
+        let (_, _, set) = parse_bdmt_xml(xml).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(set, Some((1, 1)));
+    }
 }

src/labels/class_reader.rs

@@ -989,7 +989,18 @@ impl<'a> Reader<'a> {
     }
 
     fn slice(&mut self, n: usize, needed: &'static str) -> Result<&'a [u8]> {
-        if self.pos + n > self.data.len() {
+        // `n` is attacker-supplied: it comes from a JVMS `u4` attribute_length
+        // / code_length (§4.7, §4.7.3) or a `u2` Utf8 length (§4.4.7). Unlike
+        // the fixed-width readers above, whose `self.pos + k` cannot leave the
+        // buffer's own address range, `self.pos + n` can wrap — on a 32-bit
+        // target a `u4` length near 0xFFFF_FFFF plus a non-zero `pos` panics
+        // in debug and in release wraps to a SMALL end offset that passes the
+        // bounds check, after which the slice index itself panics. Checked, so
+        // an out-of-range length is the EOF error it always should have been.
+        let Some(end) = self.pos.checked_add(n) else {
+            return Err(Error::UnexpectedEof { needed });
+        };
+        if end > self.data.len() {
             return Err(Error::UnexpectedEof { needed });
         }
         let s = &self.data[self.pos..self.pos + n];
@@ -1006,6 +1017,46 @@ impl<'a> Reader<'a> {
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
+    /// `Reader::slice` takes an attacker-supplied length: a JVMS `u4`
+    /// `attribute_length` / `code_length` (§4.7, §4.7.3) or a `u2` Utf8
+    /// length (§4.4.7). Adding it to `pos` without a wrap check panics on
+    /// overflow in debug and, in release, wraps to a small end offset that
+    /// slips past the bounds check and then panics inside the slice index.
+    /// Both are panics escaping a parser whose whole input is untrusted disc
+    /// bytes; the contract is an EOF error.
+    #[test]
+    fn slice_rejects_a_length_that_would_wrap_pos() {
+        let data = [0u8; 16];
+        let mut r = Reader::new(&data);
+        r.u64("advance pos").expect("8 bytes available");
+        // pos is now 8; usize::MAX would wrap the end offset to 7.
+        match r.slice(usize::MAX, "wrapping length") {
+            Err(Error::UnexpectedEof { .. }) => {}
+            Err(other) => panic!("expected UnexpectedEof, got {other:?}"),
+            Ok(s) => panic!("expected UnexpectedEof, got a {}-byte slice", s.len()),
+        }
+        // The reader must not have consumed anything.
+        match r.slice(8, "remaining bytes") {
+            Ok(s) => assert_eq!(s.len(), 8, "pos moved on the rejected slice"),
+            Err(e) => panic!("the remaining 8 bytes must still be readable: {e:?}"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The ordinary out-of-range case (no wrap) must keep returning EOF, and
+    /// an exactly-fitting length must still succeed — the check is `>`, not
+    /// `>=`.
+    #[test]
+    fn slice_boundary_is_inclusive_of_the_final_byte() {
+        let data = [0u8; 16];
+        let mut r = Reader::new(&data);
+        assert_eq!(r.slice(16, "whole buffer").expect("exact fit").len(), 16);
+        let mut r = Reader::new(&data);
+        assert!(matches!(
+            r.slice(17, "one past"),
+            Err(Error::UnexpectedEof { .. })
+        ));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn rejects_non_class_bytes() {
         match ClassFile::parse(b"\x00\x01\x02\x03DEAD") {
@@ -1337,4 +1388,339 @@ mod tests {
             let _ = decode_modified_utf8(&buf);
         }
     }
+
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------
+    // ConstantPool / ClassFile accessor correctness
+    //
+    // These exercise plain data accessors on an already-parsed pool
+    // (built via the test-only `from_entries` constructor) — not the
+    // untrusted-bytes parsing path, just "does the right variant map to
+    // the right Option value."
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    fn sample_pool() -> ConstantPool {
+        // index: 0=Empty (reserved), 1=Utf8("Hello"), 2=Integer(42),
+        // 3=String{string_index:1}, 4=Class{name_index:1}, 5=Float(1.5),
+        // 6=Long(9), 7=Empty (2-slot tail), 8=Double(2.5), 9=Empty (tail).
+        ConstantPool::from_entries(vec![
+            CpInfo::Empty,
+            CpInfo::Utf8("Hello".to_string()),
+            CpInfo::Integer(42),
+            CpInfo::String { string_index: 1 },
+            CpInfo::Class { name_index: 1 },
+            CpInfo::Float(1.5),
+            CpInfo::Long(9),
+            CpInfo::Empty,
+            CpInfo::Double(2.5),
+            CpInfo::Empty,
+        ])
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn constant_pool_string_resolves_through_string_index() {
+        let pool = sample_pool();
+        // index 3 is CpInfo::String{string_index: 1} -> utf8(1) = "Hello".
+        assert_eq!(pool.string(3), Some("Hello"));
+        // Wrong variant (Integer at index 2) must not resolve as a string.
+        assert_eq!(pool.string(2), None);
+        // Out of range index.
+        assert_eq!(pool.string(999), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn constant_pool_integer_resolves_only_integer_entries() {
+        let pool = sample_pool();
+        assert_eq!(pool.integer(2), Some(42));
+        // Wrong variant (Utf8 at index 1) must not resolve as an integer.
+        assert_eq!(pool.integer(1), None);
+        assert_eq!(pool.integer(999), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn constant_pool_load_constant_display_covers_ldc_operand_kinds() {
+        let pool = sample_pool();
+        assert_eq!(
+            pool.load_constant_display(1),
+            Some("utf8:\"Hello\"".to_string())
+        );
+        assert_eq!(pool.load_constant_display(2), Some("int:42".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(
+            pool.load_constant_display(3),
+            Some("str:\"Hello\"".to_string())
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            pool.load_constant_display(4),
+            Some("class:\"Hello\"".to_string())
+        );
+        assert_eq!(pool.load_constant_display(5), Some("float:1.5".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(pool.load_constant_display(6), Some("long:9".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(
+            pool.load_constant_display(8),
+            Some("double:2.5".to_string())
+        );
+        // A variant with no display arm (e.g. reserved Empty slot) -> None.
+        assert_eq!(pool.load_constant_display(0), None);
+        assert_eq!(pool.load_constant_display(999), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn constant_pool_len_and_is_empty() {
+        let pool = sample_pool();
+        assert_eq!(pool.len(), 10);
+        assert!(!pool.is_empty());
+
+        let empty = ConstantPool::from_entries(vec![]);
+        assert_eq!(empty.len(), 0);
+        assert!(empty.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn constant_pool_iter_yields_index_and_entry_pairs() {
+        let pool = ConstantPool::from_entries(vec![
+            CpInfo::Empty,
+            CpInfo::Utf8("A".to_string()),
+            CpInfo::Integer(7),
+        ]);
+        let indices: Vec<u16> = pool.iter().map(|(i, _)| i).collect();
+        assert_eq!(indices, vec![0, 1, 2]);
+        // Confirm the entries themselves come through, not an empty iterator.
+        let utf8_at_1 = pool.iter().find(|(i, _)| *i == 1).map(|(_, e)| match e {
+            CpInfo::Utf8(s) => s.as_str(),
+            _ => "?",
+        });
+        assert_eq!(utf8_at_1, Some("A"));
+    }
+
+    fn class_file_with(this_class: u16, super_class: u16, pool: ConstantPool) -> ClassFile {
+        ClassFile {
+            minor_version: 0,
+            major_version: 0,
+            constant_pool: pool,
+            access_flags: 0,
+            this_class,
+            super_class,
+            interfaces: Vec::new(),
+            fields: Vec::new(),
+            methods: Vec::new(),
+            attributes: Vec::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn this_class_name_and_super_class_name_resolve_distinct_indices() {
+        let pool = ConstantPool::from_entries(vec![
+            CpInfo::Empty,
+            CpInfo::Utf8("com/example/Foo".to_string()),
+            CpInfo::Utf8("com/example/Bar".to_string()),
+            CpInfo::Class { name_index: 1 },
+            CpInfo::Class { name_index: 2 },
+        ]);
+        let cf = class_file_with(3, 4, pool);
+        assert_eq!(cf.this_class_name(), Some("com/example/Foo"));
+        assert_eq!(cf.super_class_name(), Some("com/example/Bar"));
+
+        // this_class index pointing at a non-Class entry must not resolve.
+        let pool2 = ConstantPool::from_entries(vec![
+            CpInfo::Empty,
+            CpInfo::Utf8("not a class ref".to_string()),
+        ]);
+        let cf2 = class_file_with(1, 1, pool2);
+        assert_eq!(cf2.this_class_name(), None);
+        assert_eq!(cf2.super_class_name(), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn member_descriptor_resolves_the_descriptor_not_the_name() {
+        let pool = ConstantPool::from_entries(vec![
+            CpInfo::Empty,
+            CpInfo::Utf8("doStuff".to_string()), // index 1: name
+            CpInfo::Utf8("()V".to_string()),     // index 2: descriptor
+        ]);
+        let cf = class_file_with(0, 0, pool);
+        let m = Member {
+            access_flags: 0,
+            name_index: 1,
+            descriptor_index: 2,
+            attributes: Vec::new(),
+        };
+        assert_eq!(cf.member_descriptor(&m), Some("()V"));
+        assert_ne!(cf.member_descriptor(&m), Some("doStuff"));
+    }
+
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Reader::u16/u32/u64 boundary + value correctness
+    //
+    // Mirrors `slice_boundary_is_inclusive_of_the_final_byte`: an
+    // exact-fit read must succeed, one byte short must fail. Plus
+    // positive-value tests so a scrambled byte assembly (not just an
+    // out-of-bounds read) would be caught.
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn u16_boundary_is_inclusive_of_the_final_byte() {
+        let data = [0xAB, 0xCD];
+        let mut r = Reader::new(&data);
+        assert_eq!(r.u16("exact fit").expect("2 bytes available"), 0xABCD);
+
+        let data = [0xAB];
+        let mut r = Reader::new(&data);
+        assert!(matches!(
+            r.u16("one byte short"),
+            Err(Error::UnexpectedEof { .. })
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn u16_decodes_big_endian_value() {
+        let data = [0x01, 0x02];
+        let mut r = Reader::new(&data);
+        assert_eq!(r.u16("value").unwrap(), 0x0102);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn u32_boundary_is_inclusive_of_the_final_byte() {
+        let data = [0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x2A];
+        let mut r = Reader::new(&data);
+        assert_eq!(r.u32("exact fit").expect("4 bytes available"), 42);
+
+        let data = [0x00, 0x00, 0x00];
+        let mut r = Reader::new(&data);
+        assert!(matches!(
+            r.u32("one byte short"),
+            Err(Error::UnexpectedEof { .. })
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn u32_decodes_big_endian_value() {
+        let data = [0x00, 0x00, 0x05, 0x39]; // 1337
+        let mut r = Reader::new(&data);
+        assert_eq!(r.u32("value").unwrap(), 1337);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn u64_boundary_is_inclusive_of_the_final_byte() {
+        // pos == 0, buffer exactly 8 bytes: must succeed.
+        let data = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x7B]; // 123
+        let mut r = Reader::new(&data);
+        assert_eq!(r.u64("exact fit").expect("8 bytes available"), 123);
+
+        // pos == 0, buffer one byte short of 8: must fail cleanly, not
+        // panic on the internal self.data[self.pos + 7] index.
+        let data = [0u8; 7];
+        let mut r = Reader::new(&data);
+        assert!(matches!(
+            r.u64("one byte short"),
+            Err(Error::UnexpectedEof { .. })
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn u64_decodes_big_endian_value() {
+        let data = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x05, 0x39]; // 1337
+        let mut r = Reader::new(&data);
+        assert_eq!(r.u64("value").unwrap(), 1337);
+    }
+
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------
+    // decode_modified_utf8: 3-byte (BMP) decode path
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn modified_utf8_three_byte_cjk() {
+        // U+3042 (hiragana あ) in modified UTF-8: 1110xxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
+        // = 0xE3 0x81 0x82.
+        let s = decode_modified_utf8(&[0xE3, 0x81, 0x82]).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(s, "\u{3042}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn modified_utf8_three_byte_rejects_bad_first_continuation() {
+        // Valid lead byte (0xE3), but the first continuation byte is not
+        // 10xxxxxx (0x01 instead) — must be rejected, proving the first
+        // `& 0xC0 != 0x80` check is live.
+        assert!(decode_modified_utf8(&[0xE3, 0x01, 0x82]).is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn modified_utf8_three_byte_rejects_bad_second_continuation() {
+        // Valid lead + first continuation, but the second continuation
+        // byte is not 10xxxxxx — proves the second check is independently
+        // live (not short-circuited by the first).
+        assert!(decode_modified_utf8(&[0xE3, 0x81, 0x01]).is_err());
+    }
+
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------
+    // read_constant_pool: Long/Double two-slot skip, real byte parsing
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn constant_pool_long_entry_occupies_two_slots_via_real_parse() {
+        // Real class-file bytes (not the `from_entries` synthetic ctor):
+        // magic + minor/major + cp_count=4 + tag=5 (Long, 8-byte payload
+        // at index 1, reserved slot at index 2) + tag=1 (Utf8 at index 3)
+        // + empty access_flags/this/super/interfaces/fields/methods/attrs.
+        let mut buf = vec![
+            0xCA, 0xFE, 0xBA, 0xBE, // magic
+            0x00, 0x00, // minor
+            0x00, 0x34, // major
+            0x00, 0x04, // cp_count = 4 (0=Empty,1=Long,2=Empty tail,3=Utf8)
+            5,    // Long tag
+        ];
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&0x1122_3344_5566_7788u64.to_be_bytes()); // 8-byte payload
+        buf.push(1); // Utf8 tag
+        let name = b"marker";
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&(name.len() as u16).to_be_bytes());
+        buf.extend_from_slice(name);
+        // access_flags, this_class, super_class, interfaces_count
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]);
+        // fields_count, methods_count, attributes_count
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]);
+
+        let cf = ClassFile::parse(&buf).expect("well-formed synthetic class file");
+        assert_eq!(cf.constant_pool.len(), 4);
+        // The Long occupies indices 1 AND 2 (its reserved tail slot).
+        // The Utf8 must resolve at index 3 = long_index(1) + 2, NOT +1.
+        assert_eq!(cf.constant_pool.utf8(3), Some("marker"));
+        // Index 2 is the reserved tail slot: not a Utf8, must not
+        // resolve as one (guards against the Utf8 landing one slot early).
+        assert_eq!(cf.constant_pool.utf8(2), None);
+        match cf.constant_pool.get(1) {
+            Some(CpInfo::Long(v)) => assert_eq!(*v, 0x1122_3344_5566_7788u64 as i64),
+            other => panic!("expected Long at index 1, got {:?}", other),
+        }
+    }
+
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------
+    // instruction_size: tableswitch/lookupswitch with non-degenerate
+    // low/high/npairs (the existing tests only cover low==high==0 and
+    // npairs==0, which can't distinguish `-` from `+` in the entry-count
+    // arithmetic).
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn instruction_size_tableswitch_non_degenerate_range() {
+        // low=1, high=4 -> 4 entries (high-low+1 = 4). A `-`->`+` mutation
+        // on that arithmetic would instead compute high+low+1 = 6.
+        let mut code = vec![TABLESWITCH];
+        code.extend_from_slice(&[0, 0, 0]); // padding
+        code.extend_from_slice(&[0, 0, 0, 0]); // default offset
+        code.extend_from_slice(&1i32.to_be_bytes()); // low = 1
+        code.extend_from_slice(&4i32.to_be_bytes()); // high = 4
+        code.extend_from_slice(&[0; 16]); // 4 jump entries * 4 bytes
+        // total = 1 (opcode) + 3 (pad) + 12 (default/low/high) + 16 (entries) = 32
+        assert_eq!(instruction_size(&code, 0), Some(32));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn instruction_size_lookupswitch_non_degenerate_npairs() {
+        // npairs = 3 -> 3 * 8 = 24 bytes of pairs.
+        let mut code = vec![LOOKUPSWITCH];
+        code.extend_from_slice(&[0, 0, 0]); // padding
+        code.extend_from_slice(&[0, 0, 0, 0]); // default
+        code.extend_from_slice(&3i32.to_be_bytes()); // npairs = 3
+        code.extend_from_slice(&[0; 24]); // 3 pairs
+        // total = 1 + 3 + 8 (default/npairs) + 24 = 36
+        assert_eq!(instruction_size(&code, 0), Some(36));
+    }
 }

src/labels/criterion.rs

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ use std::collections::HashMap;
 
 /// Cheap signature check: a Criterion disc ships `streamproperties.xml`
 /// inside a `/BDMV/JAR/*` archive.
-pub fn detect(udf: &UdfFs) -> bool {
+pub fn detect(_reader: &mut dyn SectorSource, udf: &UdfFs) -> bool {
     super::jar_file_exists(udf, "streamproperties.xml")
 }
 
@@ -36,17 +36,18 @@ pub fn parse(reader: &mut dyn SectorSource, udf: &UdfFs) -> Option<ParseResult>
 
     // Stream number mapping from playbackconfig.xml
     let mut stream_map: HashMap<String, u16> = HashMap::new();
-    if let Some(pc_data) = super::read_jar_file(reader, udf, "playbackconfig.xml") {
-        if let Ok(pc_text) = std::str::from_utf8(&pc_data) {
-            parse_playback_config(pc_text, &mut stream_map);
-        }
+    if let Some(pc_data) = super::read_jar_file(reader, udf, "playbackconfig.xml")
+        && let Ok(pc_text) = std::str::from_utf8(&pc_data)
+    {
+        parse_playback_config(pc_text, &mut stream_map);
     }
 
-    let stream_nums = assign_stream_numbers(&stream_infos, &stream_map);
+    let stream_nums = assign_stream_numbers(&stream_infos, &stream_map)?;
 
     let mut labels = Vec::new();
     for (info, &stream_num) in stream_infos.iter().zip(stream_nums.iter()) {
         labels.push(StreamLabel {
+            stream_id: None,
             stream_number: stream_num,
             stream_type: info.stream_type,
             language: info.language.clone(),
@@ -76,12 +77,41 @@ pub fn parse(reader: &mut dyn SectorSource, udf: &UdfFs) -> Option<ParseResult>
 /// map-assigned one. (Both numbering domains are 1-based per type, and
 /// `apply_labels` matches on `(type, stream_number)`, so a collision
 /// would mislabel tracks.)
-fn assign_stream_numbers(infos: &[StreamInfo], stream_map: &HashMap<String, u16>) -> Vec<u16> {
-    // Numbers already claimed by the map, per type.
+///
+/// Returns `None` when the 1-based stream-number space is exhausted — every
+/// number in `1..=u16::MAX` for that type is either already claimed by the map
+/// or already synthesized. That is unreachable on real media: the BD STN_table
+/// carries at most 32 primary audio and 32 PG streams per playlist, so the
+/// 65535-wide space leaves >2000x headroom. It IS reachable from a crafted
+/// `streamproperties.xml` listing >65535 stream entries, and the only correct
+/// answers there are "fail the parse" or "emit colliding numbers"; we fail.
+///
+/// The skip search is bounded by the numbering space itself: a `u16`
+/// `saturating_add` here parked the counter at `u16::MAX` forever whenever the
+/// map also claimed `u16::MAX`, turning an overflow guard into a hang that
+/// `apply()`'s `catch_unwind` cannot interrupt. The counters are therefore
+/// widened to `u32` so the skip loop strictly increases toward a fixed ceiling
+/// (guaranteeing termination) and exhaustion is reported rather than absorbed.
+fn assign_stream_numbers(
+    infos: &[StreamInfo],
+    stream_map: &HashMap<String, u16>,
+) -> Option<Vec<u16>> {
+    /// One past the last assignable stream number, as a `u32` so the
+    /// counters can step off the end of the `u16` domain without wrapping.
+    const NUMBER_SPACE_END: u32 = u16::MAX as u32 + 1;
+
+    // Numbers already claimed by the map, per type. A map value of 0 is NOT a
+    // claim: apply_labels binds on 1-based stream numbers, so 0 is unmatchable.
+    // Treat 0 as "unmapped" here (defense in depth — parse_playback_config also
+    // filters it) so such a stream gets a real synthesized number instead of an
+    // orphan 0 that collides with / shadows a genuine stream 1.
     let mut taken_audio: Vec<u16> = Vec::new();
     let mut taken_sub: Vec<u16> = Vec::new();
     for info in infos {
         if let Some(&n) = stream_map.get(&info.id) {
+            if n == 0 {
+                continue;
+            }
             match info.stream_type {
                 StreamLabelType::Audio => taken_audio.push(n),
                 StreamLabelType::Subtitle => taken_sub.push(n),
@@ -89,32 +119,42 @@ fn assign_stream_numbers(infos: &[StreamInfo], stream_map: &HashMap<String, u16>
         }
     }
 
-    let mut audio_idx: u16 = 1;
-    let mut sub_idx: u16 = 1;
+    let mut audio_idx: u32 = 1;
+    let mut sub_idx: u32 = 1;
     let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(infos.len());
     for info in infos {
         let n = match stream_map.get(&info.id).copied() {
-            Some(n) => n,
-            None => {
+            Some(n) if n != 0 => n,
+            _ => {
                 let (idx, taken) = match info.stream_type {
                     StreamLabelType::Audio => (&mut audio_idx, &taken_audio),
                     StreamLabelType::Subtitle => (&mut sub_idx, &taken_sub),
                 };
-                // Advance past any number already claimed via the map.
-                // saturating: a crafted XML with >65k stream entries must
-                // not overflow (panic in debug, wrap-to-0 in release) on
-                // untrusted disc bytes.
-                while taken.contains(idx) {
-                    *idx = idx.saturating_add(1);
+                // Advance past any number already claimed via the map. The
+                // counter strictly increases and NUMBER_SPACE_END is fixed, so
+                // this terminates in at most 65535 steps for any input.
+                while *idx < NUMBER_SPACE_END && taken.contains(&(*idx as u16)) {
+                    *idx += 1;
                 }
-                let n = *idx;
-                *idx = idx.saturating_add(1);
+                if *idx >= NUMBER_SPACE_END {
+                    // Numbering space exhausted. Emitting anything here would
+                    // either wrap to 0 (unmatchable) or duplicate a number
+                    // already bound to a different stream, so the parse fails.
+                    tracing::warn!(
+                        streams = infos.len(),
+                        "criterion: 1-based u16 stream-number space exhausted; \
+                         refusing to synthesize a colliding stream number"
+                    );
+                    return None;
+                }
+                let n = *idx as u16;
+                *idx += 1;
                 n
             }
         };
         out.push(n);
     }
-    out
+    Some(out)
 }
 
 struct StreamInfo {
@@ -182,14 +222,13 @@ fn parse_playback_config(text: &str, map: &mut HashMap<String, u16>) {
             if let (Some(stream_id_str), Some(info_id)) = (
                 xml::text(block, "StreamID"),
                 xml::text(block, "StreamInfo_ID"),
-            ) {
-                if let Ok(stream_num) = stream_id_str.parse::<u16>() {
-                    // Stream numbers are 1-based per the apply_labels
-                    // contract; a mapped 0 is unmatchable and silently
-                    // drops the label. Skip it rather than store it.
-                    if stream_num != 0 {
-                        map.insert(info_id, stream_num);
-                    }
+            ) && let Ok(stream_num) = stream_id_str.parse::<u16>()
+            {
+                // Stream numbers are 1-based per the apply_labels
+                // contract; a mapped 0 is unmatchable and silently
+                // drops the label. Skip it rather than store it.
+                if stream_num != 0 {
+                    map.insert(info_id, stream_num);
                 }
             }
             from = end;
@@ -219,11 +258,89 @@ mod tests {
             info("a1", StreamLabelType::Audio),
             info("s0", StreamLabelType::Subtitle),
         ];
-        let nums = assign_stream_numbers(&infos, &HashMap::new());
+        let nums =
+            assign_stream_numbers(&infos, &HashMap::new()).expect("numbering space not exhausted");
         // Per-type 1-based: audio 1,2 ; subtitle 1.
         assert_eq!(nums, vec![1, 2, 1]);
     }
 
+    /// Immunity pin. `parse_stream_infos` emits one `StreamInfo` per
+    /// `*StreamInfos` element unconditionally — no filter, no `continue` — so
+    /// an element whose fields are missing or unrecognized still occupies its
+    /// position, and `assign_stream_numbers` still spends a number on it.
+    ///
+    /// That is the property that keeps this parser out of the failure mode
+    /// where a skipped entry pulls every later label one stream forward. It
+    /// is load-bearing for the fallback path specifically: with no
+    /// `playbackconfig.xml` the numbers come purely from position in this
+    /// list, so dropping an element there would shift the rest.
+    ///
+    /// Mutation: skip elements with an empty `ID`/`LangInfoID` → the two
+    /// real audio streams renumber to 1 and 2.
+    /// Immunity pin, section-boundary half. Each stream here is one closed XML
+    /// element, and every field is read out of `&text[start..end]` — the range
+    /// `xml::find_element` returned — so one element can never absorb the next
+    /// one's fields, however the document is malformed around it. Contrast the
+    /// flat-string walk in pixelogic, where a section whose end marker is
+    /// missing keeps consuming entries as STN slots.
+    ///
+    /// The missing-boundary case fails closed. An element with no close tag of
+    /// its own ends at the NEXT close tag, so it absorbs the element behind it
+    /// — the list comes back SHORTER. It cannot come back longer: nothing
+    /// outside a returned range is ever read as a stream, and `find_element`
+    /// yields `None` rather than a range running to EOF when no close tag
+    /// exists at all. A malformed document can cost this parser a slot; it can
+    /// never invent one.
+    ///
+    /// Mutation: read fields from the document rather than the element's
+    /// range, or let a close-less element run to EOF → the trailing elements
+    /// re-enter the list as extra streams.
+    #[test]
+    fn an_unterminated_stream_element_shortens_the_list_it_cannot_extend_it() {
+        let sp = concat!(
+            "<AudioStreamInfos><ID>a0</ID><LangInfoID>ENG</LangInfoID></AudioStreamInfos>",
+            // No `</AudioStreamInfos>` for this one.
+            "<AudioStreamInfos><ID>a1</ID><LangInfoID>FRA</LangInfoID>",
+            "<AudioStreamInfos><ID>a2</ID><LangInfoID>DEU</LangInfoID></AudioStreamInfos>",
+        );
+        let infos = parse_stream_infos(sp);
+        assert_eq!(
+            infos.iter().map(|i| i.id.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            vec!["a0", "a1"],
+            "the close-less element absorbs the one behind it — two slots, not \
+             three, and never four"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(infos[1].language, "fra", "and keeps its own leading fields");
+
+        // With no close tag anywhere behind it, the element is not returned at
+        // all and the walk ends — the tail of the document never becomes a
+        // stream list.
+        let no_close = "<AudioStreamInfos><ID>a0</ID><LangInfoID>ENG</LangInfoID>";
+        assert!(parse_stream_infos(no_close).is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn unusable_stream_element_still_occupies_its_position() {
+        let sp = r#"
+            <AudioStreamInfos><ID>a0</ID><LangInfoID>ENG_US</LangInfoID></AudioStreamInfos>
+            <AudioStreamInfos></AudioStreamInfos>
+            <AudioStreamInfos><ID>a2</ID><LangInfoID>FRA</LangInfoID><Content>COMMENTARY</Content></AudioStreamInfos>
+            <SubtitleStreamInfos><ID>s0</ID><LangInfoID></LangInfoID><Qualifier>WAT</Qualifier></SubtitleStreamInfos>
+            <SubtitleStreamInfos><ID>s1</ID><LangInfoID>ENG</LangInfoID><Qualifier>SDH</Qualifier></SubtitleStreamInfos>
+        "#;
+        let infos = parse_stream_infos(sp);
+        assert_eq!(infos.len(), 5, "every element yields a StreamInfo");
+        let nums =
+            assign_stream_numbers(&infos, &HashMap::new()).expect("numbering space not exhausted");
+        assert_eq!(
+            nums,
+            vec![1, 2, 3, 1, 2],
+            "the blank element owns audio slot 2, so the commentary is slot 3"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(infos[2].purpose, LabelPurpose::Commentary);
+        assert_eq!(infos[4].qualifier, LabelQualifier::Sdh);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn fallback_does_not_collide_with_partial_map() {
         // Map claims audio "a1" -> 1. The unmapped audio "a0" must NOT
@@ -235,7 +352,7 @@ mod tests {
             info("a1", StreamLabelType::Audio), // mapped → 1
             info("a2", StreamLabelType::Audio), // unmapped → fallback
         ];
-        let nums = assign_stream_numbers(&infos, &map);
+        let nums = assign_stream_numbers(&infos, &map).expect("numbering space not exhausted");
         // a0 skips the taken 1 → 2; a1 keeps 1; a2 → 3. All distinct.
         assert_eq!(nums, vec![2, 1, 3]);
         let mut sorted = nums.clone();
@@ -253,7 +370,10 @@ mod tests {
             info("a0", StreamLabelType::Audio),
             info("a1", StreamLabelType::Audio),
         ];
-        assert_eq!(assign_stream_numbers(&infos, &map), vec![5, 9]);
+        assert_eq!(
+            assign_stream_numbers(&infos, &map).expect("numbering space not exhausted"),
+            vec![5, 9]
+        );
     }
 
     // ── Additional hardening tests ─────────────────────────────────────────
@@ -269,7 +389,8 @@ mod tests {
             info("a1", StreamLabelType::Audio),
             info("s1", StreamLabelType::Subtitle),
         ];
-        let nums = assign_stream_numbers(&infos, &HashMap::new());
+        let nums =
+            assign_stream_numbers(&infos, &HashMap::new()).expect("numbering space not exhausted");
         // Audio: 1, 2; Subtitle: 1, 2 — each counter resets at 1 per type.
         assert_eq!(nums[0], 1); // audio 1
         assert_eq!(nums[1], 1); // subtitle 1
@@ -277,27 +398,34 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(nums[3], 2); // subtitle 2
     }
 
-    /// Spec: map stream_num=0 is explicitly rejected (apply_labels uses 1-based).
-    /// This is documented in parse_playback_config: `if stream_num != 0`.
-    /// Mutation: remove the `!= 0` guard → zero is stored in map.
+    /// Spec: a map value of 0 is unmatchable (apply_labels is 1-based), so
+    /// assign_stream_numbers must treat it as unmapped and synthesize a real
+    /// 1-based number rather than emit an orphan 0.
+    /// Mutation: read the map value verbatim → stream_number 0 leaks out.
     #[test]
-    fn map_zero_stream_num_is_skipped() {
-        // parse_playback_config skips zero; simulate that: the zero shouldn't
-        // end up in the map. We test assign_stream_numbers with a zero-containing
-        // map to verify it won't freeze the fallback counter at 1 forever.
+    fn map_zero_stream_num_is_synthesized_not_emitted() {
         let mut map = HashMap::new();
-        map.insert("a0".to_string(), 0u16); // zero — per spec, was filtered by parse_playback_config
+        map.insert("a0".to_string(), 0u16); // 0 must not be treated as a claim
         let infos = vec![info("a0", StreamLabelType::Audio)];
-        // If 0 IS in the map and assign_stream_numbers uses it, stream_number=0
-        // is not matchable (apply_labels is 1-based). The fallback counter
-        // would assign 1 instead. Test both paths:
-        let nums = assign_stream_numbers(&infos, &map);
-        // If the map has 0 for a0, assign_stream_numbers returns 0 (map wins).
-        // This is a known limitation — the guard lives in parse_playback_config.
-        // The test documents the ACTUAL behavior so a code change that introduces
-        // the guard in assign_stream_numbers would be caught.
-        // Current behavior: map wins → 0.
-        assert_eq!(nums[0], 0);
+        let nums = assign_stream_numbers(&infos, &map).expect("numbering space not exhausted");
+        // 0 is treated as unmapped → the fallback counter assigns 1.
+        assert_eq!(nums[0], 1);
+    }
+
+    /// A stream genuinely mapped to 1 plus another stream whose map value is 0
+    /// must NOT both land on 1: the 0-stream is synthesized past the claimed 1.
+    #[test]
+    fn map_zero_does_not_collide_with_a_real_stream_one() {
+        let mut map = HashMap::new();
+        map.insert("real".to_string(), 1u16);
+        map.insert("bad".to_string(), 0u16);
+        let infos = vec![
+            info("real", StreamLabelType::Audio),
+            info("bad", StreamLabelType::Audio),
+        ];
+        let nums = assign_stream_numbers(&infos, &map).expect("numbering space not exhausted");
+        assert_eq!(nums[0], 1); // the genuinely-mapped stream keeps 1
+        assert_eq!(nums[1], 2); // the 0-stream is synthesized to the next free slot
     }
 
     /// Spec: collision-avoidance works across audio AND subtitle independently.
@@ -312,16 +440,74 @@ mod tests {
             info("a0", StreamLabelType::Audio),    // fallback
             info("s0", StreamLabelType::Subtitle), // mapped → 2
         ];
-        let nums = assign_stream_numbers(&infos, &map);
+        let nums = assign_stream_numbers(&infos, &map).expect("numbering space not exhausted");
         // Audio fallback for a0 → 1 (subtitle's taken-2 doesn't block it).
         assert_eq!(nums[0], 1);
         assert_eq!(nums[1], 2);
     }
 
-    /// Spec: saturating_add prevents overflow when many streams are listed.
-    /// Mutation: use wrapping_add → counter wraps to 0 and collides.
+    /// A crafted `streamproperties.xml` can drive the fallback counter to the
+    /// top of the 1-based u16 stream-number space and then present one more
+    /// unmapped stream whose successor number is also claimed by the map.
+    ///
+    /// This must TERMINATE. The bound is the numbering space itself, so the
+    /// assertion is on the spec-derived exhaustion behaviour (`None`), not on
+    /// any tunable constant. Run on a worker thread with a deadline so a
+    /// non-terminating loop fails the test in 20 s instead of hanging CI.
     #[test]
-    fn assign_stream_numbers_saturation_on_overflow() {
+    fn exhausted_numbering_terminates_instead_of_looping() {
+        let (tx, rx) = std::sync::mpsc::channel();
+        let worker = std::thread::spawn(move || {
+            // One mapped audio stream claims the last number in the space.
+            let mut map = HashMap::new();
+            map.insert("claims_max".to_string(), u16::MAX);
+            let mut infos = vec![info("claims_max", StreamLabelType::Audio)];
+            // Enough unmapped audio streams to walk the counter to the top.
+            for i in 0..=(u16::MAX as u32) {
+                infos.push(info(&format!("u{i}"), StreamLabelType::Audio));
+            }
+            let _ = tx.send(assign_stream_numbers(&infos, &map));
+        });
+        match rx.recv_timeout(std::time::Duration::from_secs(20)) {
+            Ok(result) => {
+                worker.join().expect("worker panicked");
+                assert!(
+                    result.is_none(),
+                    "an exhausted 1-based u16 numbering space must fail the parse, \
+                     not emit colliding or wrapped stream numbers"
+                );
+            }
+            Err(_) => panic!(
+                "assign_stream_numbers did not terminate within 20s — \
+                 non-terminating skip loop on crafted stream_map"
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The whole 1-based u16 space must remain usable: 65535 unmapped audio
+    /// streams get 65535 distinct numbers with no panic and no wrap. The
+    /// literals here are the JVMS-independent, spec-derived size of a u16
+    /// 1-based numbering domain, not a tunable cap.
+    #[test]
+    fn full_u16_numbering_space_is_usable_and_unique() {
+        let infos: Vec<StreamInfo> = (0..65_535u32)
+            .map(|i| info(&format!("a{i}"), StreamLabelType::Audio))
+            .collect();
+        let nums = assign_stream_numbers(&infos, &HashMap::new()).expect("space is not exhausted");
+        assert_eq!(nums.len(), 65_535);
+        assert_eq!(nums[0], 1);
+        assert_eq!(nums[65_534], 65_535);
+        let mut sorted = nums.clone();
+        sorted.sort_unstable();
+        sorted.dedup();
+        assert_eq!(sorted.len(), 65_535, "stream numbers must all be distinct");
+    }
+
+    /// Spec: a partially-mapped playlist with many claimed numbers must still
+    /// synthesize past every claim without panicking or colliding.
+    /// Mutation: drop the skip loop → the fallback reuses a claimed number.
+    #[test]
+    fn fallback_skips_a_dense_block_of_claimed_numbers() {
         // Force the counter past u16::MAX by pre-taking all values 1..=u16::MAX.
         // Doing that for real would be slow; instead inject u16::MAX into taken.
         let mut map = HashMap::new();
@@ -348,7 +534,7 @@ mod tests {
             qualifier: LabelQualifier::None,
         });
         // This must not panic.
-        let nums = assign_stream_numbers(&infos, &map);
+        let nums = assign_stream_numbers(&infos, &map).expect("numbering space not exhausted");
         assert_eq!(nums.len(), 501);
         // The last (unmapped) entry's number must be > 500 (skipped all taken).
         assert!(nums[500] > 500);

src/labels/ctrm.rs

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use std::collections::HashMap;
 
 /// Cheap signature check: a CTRM disc ships `menu_base.prop` and/or
 /// `language_streams.txt` inside a `/BDMV/JAR/*` archive.
-pub fn detect(udf: &UdfFs) -> bool {
+pub fn detect(_reader: &mut dyn SectorSource, udf: &UdfFs) -> bool {
     super::jar_file_exists(udf, "menu_base.prop")
         || super::jar_file_exists(udf, "language_streams.txt")
 }
@@ -50,10 +50,10 @@ fn merge(ls: Vec<StreamLabel>, mb: Vec<StreamLabel>) -> Vec<StreamLabel> {
         if let Some(mb_match) = mb
             .iter()
             .find(|m| m.stream_type == label.stream_type && m.stream_number == label.stream_number)
+            && label.name.is_empty()
+            && !mb_match.name.is_empty()
         {
-            if label.name.is_empty() && !mb_match.name.is_empty() {
-                label.name = mb_match.name.clone();
-            }
+            label.name = mb_match.name.clone();
         }
     }
     // Append any menu_base-only stream (present in mb but not in ls by
@@ -87,7 +87,21 @@ fn prefix_is_commentary(prefix: &str) -> bool {
 fn parse_language_streams(reader: &mut dyn SectorSource, udf: &UdfFs) -> Option<Vec<StreamLabel>> {
     let data = super::read_jar_file(reader, udf, "language_streams.txt")?;
     let text = std::str::from_utf8(&data).ok()?;
+    let labels = parse_language_streams_text(text);
+    if labels.is_empty() {
+        return None;
+    }
+    Some(labels)
+}
 
+/// Parse the body of a `language_streams.txt` file into stream labels.
+///
+/// This is the shipping parser: [`parse_language_streams`] does the UDF read
+/// and UTF-8 decode and then delegates here. It is split out — rather than
+/// duplicated under `#[cfg(test)]`, which is what it used to be — so the unit
+/// tests below exercise production code. A test that re-implements the
+/// function it guards cannot fail when the real function breaks.
+fn parse_language_streams_text(text: &str) -> Vec<StreamLabel> {
     let mut labels = Vec::new();
 
     for line in text.lines() {
@@ -193,122 +207,7 @@ fn parse_language_streams(reader: &mut dyn SectorSource, udf: &UdfFs) -> Option<
         }
 
         labels.push(StreamLabel {
-            stream_number: stream_num,
-            stream_type,
-            language,
-            name: String::new(),
-            purpose: final_purpose,
-            qualifier,
-            codec_hint,
-            variant: variant_code,
-        });
-    }
-
-    if labels.is_empty() {
-        return None;
-    }
-    Some(labels)
-}
-
-/// Parse the body of a `language_streams.txt` file into stream labels. Split
-/// out from [`parse_language_streams`] so unit tests exercise the real parsing
-/// logic without needing a SectorSource / UdfFs.
-#[cfg(test)]
-fn parse_language_streams_text(text: &str) -> Vec<StreamLabel> {
-    let mut labels = Vec::new();
-
-    for line in text.lines() {
-        let line = line.trim();
-        if line.is_empty() || line.starts_with('#') {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        let parts: Vec<&str> = line.split(',').map(|s| s.trim()).collect();
-        if parts.len() < 4 {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        let type_str = parts[1];
-        let stream_num: u16 = match parts[2].parse() {
-            Ok(n) if n > 0 => n,
-            _ => continue,
-        };
-        let language = parts[3].to_string();
-        let variant = if parts.len() > 4 {
-            parts[4].to_string()
-        } else {
-            String::new()
-        };
-
-        let (stream_type, purpose, qualifier) = match type_str {
-            "audio_production" => (
-                StreamLabelType::Audio,
-                LabelPurpose::Normal,
-                LabelQualifier::None,
-            ),
-            "audio_commentary" => (
-                StreamLabelType::Audio,
-                LabelPurpose::Commentary,
-                LabelQualifier::None,
-            ),
-            "audio_ime" => (
-                StreamLabelType::Audio,
-                LabelPurpose::Ime,
-                LabelQualifier::None,
-            ),
-            "subtitle_production" => (
-                StreamLabelType::Subtitle,
-                LabelPurpose::Normal,
-                LabelQualifier::None,
-            ),
-            "subtitle_commentary" => (
-                StreamLabelType::Subtitle,
-                LabelPurpose::Commentary,
-                LabelQualifier::None,
-            ),
-            "subtitle_narrative" => (
-                StreamLabelType::Subtitle,
-                LabelPurpose::Normal,
-                LabelQualifier::Forced,
-            ),
-            "subtitle_dual" => (
-                StreamLabelType::Subtitle,
-                LabelPurpose::Normal,
-                LabelQualifier::None,
-            ),
-            "subtitle_bonus" => (
-                StreamLabelType::Subtitle,
-                LabelPurpose::Normal,
-                LabelQualifier::None,
-            ),
-            "subtitle_ime" => (
-                StreamLabelType::Subtitle,
-                LabelPurpose::Ime,
-                LabelQualifier::None,
-            ),
-            "subtitle_ime_narrative" => (
-                StreamLabelType::Subtitle,
-                LabelPurpose::Ime,
-                LabelQualifier::Forced,
-            ),
-            _ => continue,
-        };
-
-        let mut codec_hint = String::new();
-        let mut variant_code = String::new();
-        let mut final_purpose = purpose;
-
-        if !variant.is_empty() {
-            match variant.as_str() {
-                "eda" => final_purpose = LabelPurpose::Descriptive,
-                "csp" | "cs" | "lsp" | "ls" | "cf" | "pf" | "bp" | "pp" => {
-                    variant_code = variant.clone();
-                }
-                _ => codec_hint = vocab::codec(&variant).to_string(),
-            }
-        }
-
-        labels.push(StreamLabel {
+            stream_id: None,
             stream_number: stream_num,
             stream_type,
             language,
@@ -426,6 +325,68 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(labels[0].qualifier, LabelQualifier::None);
     }
 
+    /// Spec: `menu_base.prop` lines are skipped when `is_empty() ||
+    /// starts_with('#')` — either alone is sufficient. A commented-out
+    /// key=value line must never be parsed into an entry.
+    /// Mutation: `||` -> `&&` requires both, which a non-empty comment
+    /// line can't satisfy, so it falls through to `line.find('=')` and
+    /// gets parsed as a real property.
+    #[test]
+    fn menu_base_comment_line_with_equals_is_still_skipped() {
+        let labels = parse_props(
+            "#audio_1.class=AudioButton\n\
+             #audio_1.streamNumber=9\n\
+             #audio_1.name=Should Not Appear\n\
+             audio_2.class=AudioButton\n\
+             audio_2.streamNumber=1\n\
+             audio_2.name=Real Track\n",
+        );
+        assert_eq!(labels.len(), 1, "commented-out entry must not be parsed");
+        assert_eq!(labels[0].name, "Real Track");
+    }
+
+    /// Spec: `menu_base.prop` streamNumber (or audioStream/subtitleStream)
+    /// must be strictly positive — `0` means "no STN entry" and must be
+    /// skipped, matching the `n > 0` guard on the language_streams side.
+    /// Mutation: `n > 0` -> `n >= 0` (or the guard deleted) would let a
+    /// stream_num of 0 through, emitting a dead label apply_labels can
+    /// never match (its counter starts at 1).
+    #[test]
+    fn menu_base_zero_stream_number_skipped() {
+        let labels = parse_props(
+            "audio_1.class=AudioButton\n\
+             audio_1.streamNumber=0\n\
+             audio_1.name=Disabled Slot\n",
+        );
+        assert!(
+            labels.is_empty(),
+            "streamNumber=0 must be skipped, got {labels:?}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Spec: `is_subtitle` is `class.contains("SubtitleButton") ||
+    /// prefix.starts_with("subtitle_")` — EITHER signal alone is
+    /// sufficient to classify (and keep) a subtitle entry whose prefix
+    /// doesn't follow the `subtitle_` naming convention.
+    /// Mutation: `||` -> `&&` would require BOTH signals; an entry whose
+    /// class says SubtitleButton but whose prefix is something else
+    /// (e.g. a vendor-specific button id) would then satisfy neither
+    /// `is_audio` nor `is_subtitle` and get dropped entirely.
+    #[test]
+    fn menu_base_subtitle_class_alone_is_sufficient() {
+        let labels = parse_props(
+            "menuBtn7.class=SubtitleButton\n\
+             menuBtn7.streamNumber=1\n\
+             menuBtn7.name=English SDH\n",
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            labels.len(),
+            1,
+            "class=SubtitleButton alone must classify as subtitle, not be dropped"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(labels[0].stream_type, StreamLabelType::Subtitle);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn prefix_commentary_segment_match_not_substring() {
         // Genuine commentary group segments match.
@@ -441,6 +402,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     fn lbl(t: StreamLabelType, n: u16, name: &str) -> StreamLabel {
         StreamLabel {
+            stream_id: None,
             stream_number: n,
             stream_type: t,
             language: String::new(),
@@ -452,6 +414,39 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Spec: `merge`'s `mb.iter().find(...)` must match an mb entry by
+    /// (stream_type AND stream_number) TOGETHER — either alone is not a
+    /// unique key (there can be an audio #1 and a subtitle #1, or two
+    /// different audio streams).
+    /// Mutation: `&&` -> `||` inside the closure would match on type OR
+    /// number alone, so `.find` (which returns the FIRST match) can pick
+    /// an mb entry with the right type but the WRONG stream number.
+    #[test]
+    fn merge_matches_mb_entry_by_type_and_number_together() {
+        // ls wants audio #2 (empty name, so it will borrow from mb).
+        let ls = vec![lbl(StreamLabelType::Audio, 2, "")];
+        // mb's FIRST audio entry is #1 (wrong number); its #2 entry (the
+        // real match) comes second.
+        let mb = vec![
+            lbl(StreamLabelType::Audio, 1, "Wrong Number Match"),
+            lbl(StreamLabelType::Audio, 2, "Correct Match"),
+        ];
+        let merged = merge(ls, mb);
+        assert_eq!(
+            merged.len(),
+            2,
+            "mb's own audio #1 must also survive as its own entry"
+        );
+        let a2 = merged
+            .iter()
+            .find(|l| l.stream_type == StreamLabelType::Audio && l.stream_number == 2)
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            a2.name, "Correct Match",
+            "must match mb by (type AND number), not type or number alone"
+        );
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn merge_preserves_menu_base_only_streams() {
         // language_streams covers audio 1; menu_base has audio 1 (name)
@@ -521,6 +516,47 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(labels[0].qualifier, LabelQualifier::Forced);
     }
 
+    /// Immunity pin against the defect measured in the `paramount` parser,
+    /// where a vendor `forced_sub` cell hung off a FULL dialogue track's own
+    /// slot to say "this track also contains forced signs", and reading that
+    /// cell as "this track is forced" flagged 30 MB dialogue tracks forced.
+    ///
+    /// This format cannot express that. The forced signal is not a flag beside
+    /// a track's entry — it IS the entry's stream-kind token, drawn from a
+    /// closed vocabulary in which `subtitle_production` (the full dialogue
+    /// track) and `subtitle_narrative` (the forced-narrative track) are
+    /// mutually exclusive alternatives in the same position. A row is one or
+    /// the other; there is no cell a full track can carry to acquire the
+    /// qualifier, so the paramount failure mode has no encoding here.
+    ///
+    /// Mutation: give `subtitle_production` a `Forced` qualifier, or add a
+    /// forced side-flag that both kinds may carry.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_full_subtitle_track_kind_can_never_carry_the_forced_qualifier() {
+        // Every subtitle kind in the vocabulary, one row each.
+        let text = "id1,subtitle_production,1,eng\n\
+                    id2,subtitle_commentary,2,eng\n\
+                    id3,subtitle_dual,3,eng\n\
+                    id4,subtitle_bonus,4,eng\n\
+                    id5,subtitle_ime,5,kor\n\
+                    id6,subtitle_narrative,6,eng\n\
+                    id7,subtitle_ime_narrative,7,kor\n";
+        let labels = parse_language_streams_text(text);
+        let forced: Vec<&str> = labels
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|l| l.qualifier == LabelQualifier::Forced)
+            .map(|l| l.language.as_str())
+            .collect();
+        assert_eq!(
+            forced.len(),
+            2,
+            "only the two narrative kinds are forced, got {forced:?}"
+        );
+        // The full dialogue kind specifically.
+        let production = parse_language_streams_text("id,subtitle_production,1,eng\n");
+        assert_eq!(production[0].qualifier, LabelQualifier::None);
+    }
+
     /// Spec: `subtitle_commentary` → Subtitle / Commentary.
     /// Mutation: treat as Normal → subtitle commentary not flagged.
     #[test]
@@ -564,6 +600,72 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(labels.is_empty());
     }
 
+    /// Immunity pin. `language_streams.txt` states each stream's number in
+    /// field 3, so a row the parser cannot use is simply dropped — it can
+    /// never renumber the rows behind it. This is the property that keeps
+    /// this parser out of the STN-slot-shifting failure mode that bites
+    /// parsers which count positionally: there, a skipped entry silently
+    /// pulls every later label one stream forward.
+    ///
+    /// Mutation: replace `parts[2]` with a running per-type counter → the
+    /// three unusable rows here collapse the survivors onto 1/2 and 1.
+    #[test]
+    fn ls_stream_numbers_come_from_the_row_not_a_counter() {
+        let labels = parse_language_streams_text(
+            "id,audio_production,4,eng\n\
+             id,audio_bonus_extended,5,eng\n\
+             id,audio_production,0,fra\n\
+             id,audio_production,7,fra\n\
+             id,subtitle_production\n\
+             id,subtitle_narrative,9,deu\n",
+        );
+        let nums: Vec<(StreamLabelType, u16)> = labels
+            .iter()
+            .map(|l| (l.stream_type, l.stream_number))
+            .collect();
+        assert_eq!(
+            nums,
+            vec![
+                (StreamLabelType::Audio, 4),
+                (StreamLabelType::Audio, 7),
+                (StreamLabelType::Subtitle, 9),
+            ],
+            "an unusable row drops out without shifting the numbering"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(labels[2].qualifier, LabelQualifier::Forced);
+    }
+
+    /// Immunity pin, `menu_base.prop` side: the number comes from the
+    /// entry's own `streamNumber` property, so a skipped entry (commented
+    /// out, `streamNumber=0`, neither audio nor subtitle) leaves the
+    /// surviving entries on their authored slots.
+    ///
+    /// Mutation: number by iteration order → the survivors collapse to 1/2.
+    #[test]
+    fn menu_base_stream_numbers_come_from_the_entry_not_a_counter() {
+        let labels = parse_props(
+            "#audio_0.class=AudioButton\n\
+             #audio_0.streamNumber=1\n\
+             audio_1.class=AudioButton\n\
+             audio_1.streamNumber=0\n\
+             audio_2.class=AudioButton\n\
+             audio_2.streamNumber=6\n\
+             other_1.class=SomeOtherButton\n\
+             other_1.streamNumber=2\n\
+             subtitle_1.class=SubtitleButton\n\
+             subtitle_1.streamNumber=11\n",
+        );
+        let nums: Vec<(StreamLabelType, u16)> = labels
+            .iter()
+            .map(|l| (l.stream_type, l.stream_number))
+            .collect();
+        assert_eq!(
+            nums,
+            vec![(StreamLabelType::Audio, 6), (StreamLabelType::Subtitle, 11),],
+            "skipped entries must not renumber the ones that survive"
+        );
+    }
+
     /// Spec: `eda` variant → `Descriptive` purpose.
     /// Mutation: miss the `eda` branch → purpose stays Normal.
     #[test]
@@ -608,6 +710,60 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(labels[0].language, "eng");
     }
 
+    /// Spec: the skip test is `is_empty() || starts_with('#')` — EITHER
+    /// condition alone must skip the line. A commented-out line that
+    /// happens to look like valid CSV (a real authoring pattern for
+    /// disabling a stream entry) must never produce a label.
+    /// Mutation: `||` -> `&&` requires BOTH conditions, which a non-empty
+    /// comment line can never satisfy, so it would fall through to the
+    /// CSV parser and (since it has >= 4 comma fields) emit a spurious
+    /// label instead of being skipped.
+    #[test]
+    fn ls_comment_line_with_csv_shape_is_still_skipped() {
+        let labels =
+            parse_language_streams_text("#id,audio_production,1,eng\nid2,audio_production,2,fra\n");
+        assert_eq!(
+            labels.len(),
+            1,
+            "the commented-out CSV-shaped line must not parse"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(labels[0].language, "fra");
+    }
+
+    /// Spec: `subtitle_dual` is a recognized subtitle type (Normal/no
+    /// qualifier). Mutation: delete this match arm → falls to the
+    /// catch-all `_ => continue`, silently dropping the stream.
+    #[test]
+    fn ls_subtitle_dual_parsed() {
+        let labels = parse_language_streams_text("id,subtitle_dual,1,eng\n");
+        assert_eq!(labels.len(), 1, "subtitle_dual must produce a label");
+        assert_eq!(labels[0].stream_type, StreamLabelType::Subtitle);
+        assert_eq!(labels[0].purpose, LabelPurpose::Normal);
+        assert_eq!(labels[0].qualifier, LabelQualifier::None);
+    }
+
+    /// Spec: `subtitle_bonus` is a recognized subtitle type (Normal/no
+    /// qualifier). Mutation: delete this match arm → dropped as unknown.
+    #[test]
+    fn ls_subtitle_bonus_parsed() {
+        let labels = parse_language_streams_text("id,subtitle_bonus,2,eng\n");
+        assert_eq!(labels.len(), 1, "subtitle_bonus must produce a label");
+        assert_eq!(labels[0].stream_type, StreamLabelType::Subtitle);
+        assert_eq!(labels[0].purpose, LabelPurpose::Normal);
+    }
+
+    /// Spec: `subtitle_ime` maps to Subtitle/Ime (no Forced qualifier,
+    /// unlike `subtitle_ime_narrative`).
+    /// Mutation: delete this match arm → dropped as unknown.
+    #[test]
+    fn ls_subtitle_ime_parsed() {
+        let labels = parse_language_streams_text("id,subtitle_ime,3,jpn\n");
+        assert_eq!(labels.len(), 1, "subtitle_ime must produce a label");
+        assert_eq!(labels[0].stream_type, StreamLabelType::Subtitle);
+        assert_eq!(labels[0].purpose, LabelPurpose::Ime);
+        assert_eq!(labels[0].qualifier, LabelQualifier::None);
+    }
+
     /// Spec: multiple valid lines produce multiple labels.
     /// Mutation: stop after first label → only 1 label returned.
     #[test]
@@ -756,6 +912,7 @@ fn parse_menu_base_text(text: &str) -> Vec<StreamLabel> {
             .unwrap_or_default();
 
         labels.push(StreamLabel {
+            stream_id: None,
             stream_number: stream_num,
             stream_type,
             language,

src/labels/dbp.rs

@@ -35,14 +35,16 @@ use crate::sector::SectorSource;
 use crate::udf::UdfFs;
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 
-/// dbp detect can't peek inside a jar without a SectorSource (the
-/// trait function only takes `&UdfFs`), so we trigger on the cheap
-/// signal "any top-level .jar in /BDMV/JAR/." That fires on every
-/// BD-J disc, but parse() does the real `com/dbp/` check and
-/// returns None on a mismatch — so this parser only ever consumes
-/// time on discs that fell through every earlier parser.
-pub fn detect(udf: &UdfFs) -> bool {
-    jar::has_any_top_level_jar(udf)
+/// The real dbp signal is the `com/dbp/` package prefix inside a top-level
+/// jar's central directory. With a reader in `detect`, we check that directly
+/// (a cheap central-directory scan, no class decode) so this parser claims
+/// only dbp discs instead of firing on every BD-J disc. `parse()` repeats the
+/// check as belt-and-suspenders.
+pub fn detect(reader: &mut dyn SectorSource, udf: &UdfFs) -> bool {
+    jar::for_each_jar(reader, udf, |_entry, archive| {
+        jar::has_path_prefix(archive, "com/dbp/").then_some(())
+    })
+    .is_some()
 }
 
 /// Scan every top-level `/BDMV/JAR/*.jar` for the dbp framework and
@@ -91,6 +93,45 @@ fn scan_jar(archive: &mut jar::Jar) -> Vec<StreamLabel> {
     out
 }
 
+/// Cap on the bytes retained for one stream label.
+///
+/// The label is an owned copy of a slice of a `CONSTANT_Utf8_info` entry,
+/// whose `length` field is a `u16` (JVMS §4.4.7) — so a single crafted
+/// constant contributes up to 65535 bytes, and the `u16` stream-number
+/// keyspace admits 65536 of them per type.
+///
+/// Headroom: real dbp menu labels are short display names — "English Dolby
+/// Atmos" (19 bytes), "Spanish 5.1 Dolby Digital" (25). The longest plausible
+/// retail string ("Portuguese (Brazilian) 5.1 Dolby Digital Plus") is 45
+/// bytes. 256 leaves >5x headroom over that, and any string past it is menu
+/// geometry or padding, never a language name — `vocab::lang` would not
+/// resolve it anyway.
+const MAX_LABEL_BYTES: usize = 256;
+
+/// Cap on retained stream slots per type.
+///
+/// The keys come from `parse::<u16>()` on disc bytes, so all 65536 slots per
+/// type are reachable; paired with [`MAX_LABEL_BYTES`] this bounds the whole
+/// scan at 2 x 512 x 256 bytes.
+///
+/// Headroom: the BD STN_table admits at most 32 primary audio and 32 PG
+/// streams per playlist, and dbp emits one menu TextField per stream. 512
+/// leaves 16x headroom over the spec maximum.
+const MAX_LABELS_PER_TYPE: usize = 512;
+
+/// Record `label` for stream `n`, honouring the retention caps. Existing
+/// slots are still overwritten at the cap so the documented last-write-wins
+/// behaviour is preserved; only NEW slots are refused.
+fn retain_label(map: &mut BTreeMap<u16, String>, n: u16, label: &str) {
+    if label.len() > MAX_LABEL_BYTES {
+        return;
+    }
+    if map.len() >= MAX_LABELS_PER_TYPE && !map.contains_key(&n) {
+        return;
+    }
+    map.insert(n, label.to_string());
+}
+
 fn collect_textfield(
     s: &str,
     audios: &mut BTreeMap<u16, String>,
@@ -110,15 +151,15 @@ fn collect_textfield(
     }
     if let Some(rest) = kind_n.strip_prefix("Audio") {
         if let Ok(n) = rest.parse::<u16>() {
-            audios.insert(n, label.to_string());
+            retain_label(audios, n, label);
         }
-    } else if let Some(rest) = kind_n.strip_prefix("Subtitle") {
-        if let Ok(n) = rest.parse::<u16>() {
-            // Subtitle0 is conventionally the "None / Off" disable
-            // button, not an actual subtitle stream.
-            if n > 0 {
-                subs.insert(n, label.to_string());
-            }
+    } else if let Some(rest) = kind_n.strip_prefix("Subtitle")
+        && let Ok(n) = rest.parse::<u16>()
+    {
+        // Subtitle0 is conventionally the "None / Off" disable
+        // button, not an actual subtitle stream.
+        if n > 0 {
+            retain_label(subs, n, label);
         }
     }
 }
@@ -130,6 +171,7 @@ fn make_label(num: u16, label: String, stream_type: StreamLabelType) -> StreamLa
     let qualifier = vocab::qualifier(&label);
     let purpose = vocab::purpose(&label);
     StreamLabel {
+        stream_id: None,
         stream_number: num,
         stream_type,
         language,
@@ -145,6 +187,223 @@ fn make_label(num: u16, label: String, stream_type: StreamLabelType) -> StreamLa
 mod tests {
     use super::super::{LabelPurpose, LabelQualifier};
     use super::*;
+    use std::io::{Cursor, Write as _};
+
+    /// Build a minimal, structurally valid `.class` file (JVMS §4.1) whose
+    /// constant pool holds exactly the given `Utf8` strings (indices 1..=N,
+    /// no long/double slot padding needed for plain strings). No fields,
+    /// methods, interfaces, or attributes — `scan_jar`'s only interest is
+    /// the constant pool.
+    fn build_class(utf8_entries: &[&str]) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut out = Vec::new();
+        out.extend_from_slice(&0xCAFEBABEu32.to_be_bytes()); // magic
+        out.extend_from_slice(&0u16.to_be_bytes()); // minor_version
+        out.extend_from_slice(&52u16.to_be_bytes()); // major_version (Java 8)
+        out.extend_from_slice(&((utf8_entries.len() + 1) as u16).to_be_bytes()); // cp_count
+        for s in utf8_entries {
+            out.push(1); // CONSTANT_Utf8 tag
+            out.extend_from_slice(&(s.len() as u16).to_be_bytes());
+            out.extend_from_slice(s.as_bytes());
+        }
+        out.extend_from_slice(&0u16.to_be_bytes()); // access_flags
+        out.extend_from_slice(&0u16.to_be_bytes()); // this_class
+        out.extend_from_slice(&0u16.to_be_bytes()); // super_class
+        out.extend_from_slice(&0u16.to_be_bytes()); // interfaces_count
+        out.extend_from_slice(&0u16.to_be_bytes()); // fields_count
+        out.extend_from_slice(&0u16.to_be_bytes()); // methods_count
+        out.extend_from_slice(&0u16.to_be_bytes()); // attributes_count
+        out
+    }
+
+    /// Zip `entries` (name -> bytes) into an in-memory, Stored (uncompressed)
+    /// `jar::Jar` via the `zip` crate's own writer — a real archive, not a
+    /// hand-rolled central directory.
+    fn build_jar(entries: &[(&str, Vec<u8>)]) -> jar::Jar {
+        let mut buf = Vec::new();
+        {
+            let mut writer = zip::ZipWriter::new(Cursor::new(&mut buf));
+            let opts = zip::write::SimpleFileOptions::default()
+                .compression_method(zip::CompressionMethod::Stored);
+            for (name, data) in entries {
+                writer.start_file(*name, opts).expect("start_file");
+                writer.write_all(&data[..]).expect("write class bytes");
+            }
+            writer.finish().expect("finish zip");
+        }
+        zip::ZipArchive::new(Cursor::new(buf)).expect("valid zip")
+    }
+
+    /// `scan_jar` wires together `for_each_class`, constant-pool iteration,
+    /// `collect_textfield`, and `make_label` into the actual per-jar scan
+    /// used by `parse`. The pure `collect_textfield`/`make_label` unit
+    /// tests above don't exercise this wiring at all.
+    ///
+    /// Mutation: replace the whole function body with `vec![]` — every
+    /// dbp disc would silently lose all its stream labels regardless of
+    /// what's in the jar.
+    #[test]
+    fn scan_jar_extracts_labels_from_real_class_entries() {
+        let class_bytes = build_class(&[
+            "com/dbp/Whatever", // unrelated string — must be ignored
+            "LTextField,Audio1,English Dolby Atmos,Fontstrip_Composite,296,763",
+            "HTextField,Subtitle1,English SDH,Fontstrip_Composite,1312,763",
+            "ATextField,Subtitle0,None,Fontstrip_Composite,1312,843", // disable button, skipped
+        ]);
+        let mut archive = build_jar(&[("com/dbp/Menu.class", class_bytes)]);
+
+        let labels = scan_jar(&mut archive);
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            labels.len(),
+            2,
+            "expected one audio + one real subtitle label"
+        );
+        let audio = labels
+            .iter()
+            .find(|l| l.stream_type == StreamLabelType::Audio)
+            .expect("audio label present");
+        assert_eq!(audio.stream_number, 1);
+        assert_eq!(audio.language, "eng");
+
+        let sub = labels
+            .iter()
+            .find(|l| l.stream_type == StreamLabelType::Subtitle)
+            .expect("subtitle label present");
+        assert_eq!(sub.stream_number, 1);
+        assert_eq!(sub.qualifier, LabelQualifier::Sdh);
+    }
+
+    /// Immunity pin. Every dbp label states its own slot in the `AudioN` /
+    /// `SubtitleN` token, so the numbering survives gaps and skipped entries
+    /// intact. Nothing here counts positionally, which is what keeps this
+    /// parser out of the failure mode where a skipped entry pulls every later
+    /// label one stream forward.
+    ///
+    /// Mutation: number by iteration order → `Audio4` becomes 2 and
+    /// `Subtitle3` becomes 1, silently rebinding both to other streams.
+    #[test]
+    fn stream_numbers_come_from_the_token_not_iteration_order() {
+        let class_bytes = build_class(&[
+            "LTextField,Audio1,English Dolby Atmos,Fontstrip_Composite,296,763",
+            // Slots 2 and 3 have no menu TextField authored.
+            "LTextField,Audio4,French 5.1 Dolby Digital,Fontstrip_Composite,296,803",
+            // Not a stream: the disable-subtitles button.
+            "ATextField,Subtitle0,None,Fontstrip_Composite,1312,843",
+            // Unparseable slot token — dropped, and must shift nothing.
+            "HTextField,SubtitleX,German,Fontstrip_Composite,1312,883",
+            "HTextField,Subtitle3,English SDH,Fontstrip_Composite,1312,763",
+        ]);
+        let mut archive = build_jar(&[("com/dbp/Menu.class", class_bytes)]);
+
+        let labels = scan_jar(&mut archive);
+        let nums: Vec<(StreamLabelType, u16)> = labels
+            .iter()
+            .map(|l| (l.stream_type, l.stream_number))
+            .collect();
+        assert_eq!(
+            nums,
+            vec![
+                (StreamLabelType::Audio, 1),
+                (StreamLabelType::Audio, 4),
+                (StreamLabelType::Subtitle, 3),
+            ],
+            "unlabelled and unusable slots leave the authored numbers alone"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// A `CONSTANT_Utf8_info` carries a `u16` length (JVMS §4.4.7), so one
+    /// crafted constant contributes up to 65535 bytes and the `u16` stream
+    /// keyspace admits 65536 slots per type — ~4 GiB of retained `String` per
+    /// map from a jar that is orders of magnitude smaller.
+    ///
+    /// Boundary literals, not the constant: a 256-byte label is kept, 257 and
+    /// the JVMS maximum 65535 are refused.
+    #[test]
+    fn oversized_labels_are_not_retained() {
+        let mut audios = BTreeMap::new();
+        let mut subs = BTreeMap::new();
+
+        collect_textfield(
+            &format!("XTextField,Audio1,{},rest", "A".repeat(256)),
+            &mut audios,
+            &mut subs,
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            audios.get(&1).map(String::len),
+            Some(256),
+            "a 256-byte label must still be retained"
+        );
+
+        collect_textfield(
+            &format!("XTextField,Audio2,{},rest", "A".repeat(257)),
+            &mut audios,
+            &mut subs,
+        );
+        assert!(!audios.contains_key(&2), "a 257-byte label must be refused");
+
+        collect_textfield(
+            &format!("XTextField,Subtitle1,{},rest", "B".repeat(65_535)),
+            &mut audios,
+            &mut subs,
+        );
+        assert!(
+            !subs.contains_key(&1),
+            "a JVMS-maximum 65535-byte Utf8 label must be refused"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// The stream-slot keyspace is the full `u16` on both maps. Offer 600
+    /// distinct audio slots; exactly 512 are retained.
+    #[test]
+    fn retained_stream_slots_are_capped_per_type() {
+        let mut audios = BTreeMap::new();
+        let mut subs = BTreeMap::new();
+        for n in 1..=600u16 {
+            collect_textfield(
+                &format!("XTextField,Audio{n},English,rest"),
+                &mut audios,
+                &mut subs,
+            );
+        }
+        assert_eq!(
+            audios.len(),
+            512,
+            "600 audio slots offered, {} retained — the slot count is unbounded",
+            audios.len()
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Reaching the slot cap must not break the documented last-write-wins
+    /// behaviour for slots already held.
+    #[test]
+    fn existing_slot_is_still_overwritten_at_the_cap() {
+        let mut audios = BTreeMap::new();
+        let mut subs = BTreeMap::new();
+        for n in 1..=600u16 {
+            collect_textfield(
+                &format!("XTextField,Audio{n},English,rest"),
+                &mut audios,
+                &mut subs,
+            );
+        }
+        collect_textfield("XTextField,Audio1,Spanish,rest", &mut audios, &mut subs);
+        assert_eq!(audios.get(&1).map(String::as_str), Some("Spanish"));
+    }
+
+    /// Headroom: the longest plausible retail label must survive untouched.
+    #[test]
+    fn longest_realistic_label_survives_the_cap() {
+        let mut audios = BTreeMap::new();
+        let mut subs = BTreeMap::new();
+        let real = "Portuguese (Brazilian) 5.1 Dolby Digital Plus";
+        assert_eq!(real.len(), 45, "fixture length changed");
+        collect_textfield(
+            &format!("XTextField,Audio1,{real},Fontstrip_Composite,296,763"),
+            &mut audios,
+            &mut subs,
+        );
+        assert_eq!(audios.get(&1).map(String::as_str), Some(real));
+    }
 
     #[test]
     fn collect_extracts_audio_and_subtitle_indices() {